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Cichyrus

January 26, 2023

Coordinates: 39°14′33″N 20°31′53″E / 39.242391°N 20.53143°E / 39.242391; 20.53143

Cichyrus (Ancient Greek: Κίχυρος, Kichyros), earlier called Ephyra (Ἐφύρα or Ἐφύρη),[1] was the capital of ancient Thesprotia, according to the myth built by the Arcadian leader Thesprotos. Thucydides describes it as situated in the district Elaeatis in Thesprotia, away from the sea.[2] At its site is the famous Necromanteion (Νεκρομαντεῖον, "Oracle of the Dead"). First settled during the Bronze Age and resettled in the 14th century BC by colonists most probably from Chaonia and the west Peloponnese region. The city is about 800 m north of the junction of the Kokytos River with the Acheron, and about 4.5 km east of the bay of Ammoudia. Near it was the outlet into the sea of the Acherusian Lake. Strabo (7.7.5) gives the same information and adds that in his time Ephyra was called Kichyros. The name had been changed from Ephyra back to the more ancient name about 200 years earlier.[3]

Epirus in antiquity

Mythology

In Greek mythology, Neoptolemos was said to have landed at Kichyros (Ephyra) on his return from Troy (Pind. Nem. 7.37-39) and Odysseus went there earlier, before leaving for Troy (Od. 1 .210-211) to get poison for his arrows (Od. 1 .259f).[4] Theseus and Perithoos came to snatch away Persephone, wife of Aidoneus, King of Ephyra. These were none other than Persephone and Hades, the gods of the underworld, who had a shrine and an oracle at Ephyra.[5] Heracles subjugated Ephyra and fathered a child by Princess Astyoche, Tlepolemus, who became king of Rhodes.[6] Thyestes came there looking for his brother, Atreus. Atreus was not there, but the daughter of Thyestes, Pelopia, was there, and Thyestes, not recognizing her, took her as a wife. Their union produced Aegisthus.[7]

History

The Thesprotian Kichyros/Ephyra appears to be the town mentioned in two passages of the Odyssey (i. 259, ii. 328). The Ephyri, mentioned in a passage of the Iliad (xiii. 301), were supposed by Pausanias to be the Thesprotians inhabitants of the town.[8] but Strabo maintained that the poet referred to the Thessalian Ephyra (Strab. ix. p. 442). Some commentators even supposed the Ephyra on the Selleeis[9] to be the Thesprotian town, but Strabo expressly maintains that Homer alludes in these passages to the Eleian town.[10] Pausanias represents Cichyrus as the capital of the ancient kings of Thesprotia, where Theseus and Peirithous were thrown into chains by Aidoneus; and its celebrity in the most ancient times may also be inferred from a passage of Pindar.[11]

Information on the location

The site of Ephyra is confirmed by the excavation of the ancient oracle of the dead, Necromanteion, on the hill of Agios Ioannis near the village of Mesopotamo, 150 m north of the junction of the Kokytos with the Acheron. The remains of three ancient wall circuits are preserved on the limestone nearby hill of Xylokastro. The finds within the acropolis, chiefly sherds of local pottery of the Bronze Age and Mycenaean sherds, together with the worship of the chthonic goddess Persephone. After the surrender of the Elean colonies in Kassopaia to Philip II of Macedon in 343-342 BC, (Dem. 7.32) and their subjection to the Thesprotians, Ephyra appears to have reverted to its original name, Kichyros, which had been kept alive in some neighboring Thesprotian settlement.[12] Some finds, chiefly pottery of the 1st century BC, confirm the statement of Pausanias (1.17.5) that Kichyros was in existence in his time.

Archaeology

 
Part of the remains of Necromanteion, with the church of the monastery Agios Ioannis in the background on the right.

The remains of the ancient Ephira are near the present Ioannina. In the period between 1958 and 1987, several excavations were conducted by a team from the University of Ioannina that were later expanded between 2006 and 2008. In them, archaeologists found remains of the only Mycenaean acropolis whose existence has been confirmed within the region of Epirus. Two of the three walls of the fortification that were found in the southern part of the acropolis, were built in stone with Cyclopean style in the fourteenth or early thirteenth century BC, while the third is much later, of the Hellenistic period. On the other hand, on a plateau on the western side of the acropolis, three large funerary burial mounds of the 12th century BC have been found.[13]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Strabo. Geographica. Vol. vii, p. 324. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  2. ^ For a map of this region in northwestern Greece, see map 20 in Pedro Olalla's Mythological Atlas of Greece (Athens: Road Editions, 2002).
  3. ^ Olalla, op.cit. p. 39.
  4. ^ Strabo considered that the Ephyra meant here by the poet, was Ephyra (Thessaly), not the Thesprotian town. Strabo. Geographica. Vol. ix, p. 442. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  5. ^ Pausanias 1.17.4-5, 9.36.3; Plut. Theseus 31.35.
  6. ^ Olalla, op.cit., p. 161.
  7. ^ Olalla, op.cit. p. 89.
  8. ^ Pausanias ix. 36.3.
  9. ^ Homer. Iliad, ii.659, xv.531.
  10. ^ Strabo vii. p. 328,; comp. viii. p. 338.
  11. ^ Pausanias i.17.4; Pind. Nem. vii.55.; William Martin Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 7, vol. iv. pp. 53, 175.
  12. ^ Kichyros, the former Ephyra: Strabo 7.7.5, 8.3.5.
  13. ^ = 19870 Page of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Greece: Ephyra (in Greek)

Sources

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Ephyra". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

External links

  • The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites

January 26, 2023
cichyrus, coordinates, 242391, 53143, 242391, 53143, ancient, greek, Κίχυρος, kichyros, earlier, called, ephyra, Ἐφύρα, Ἐφύρη, capital, ancient, thesprotia, according, myth, built, arcadian, leader, thesprotos, thucydides, describes, situated, district, elaeat. Coordinates 39 14 33 N 20 31 53 E 39 242391 N 20 53143 E 39 242391 20 53143 Cichyrus Ancient Greek Kixyros Kichyros earlier called Ephyra Ἐfyra or Ἐfyrh 1 was the capital of ancient Thesprotia according to the myth built by the Arcadian leader Thesprotos Thucydides describes it as situated in the district Elaeatis in Thesprotia away from the sea 2 At its site is the famous Necromanteion Nekromanteῖon Oracle of the Dead First settled during the Bronze Age and resettled in the 14th century BC by colonists most probably from Chaonia and the west Peloponnese region The city is about 800 m north of the junction of the Kokytos River with the Acheron and about 4 5 km east of the bay of Ammoudia Near it was the outlet into the sea of the Acherusian Lake Strabo 7 7 5 gives the same information and adds that in his time Ephyra was called Kichyros The name had been changed from Ephyra back to the more ancient name about 200 years earlier 3 Epirus in antiquity Contents 1 Mythology 2 History 3 Information on the location 4 Archaeology 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Sources 7 External linksMythology EditIn Greek mythology Neoptolemos was said to have landed at Kichyros Ephyra on his return from Troy Pind Nem 7 37 39 and Odysseus went there earlier before leaving for Troy Od 1 210 211 to get poison for his arrows Od 1 259f 4 Theseus and Perithoos came to snatch away Persephone wife of Aidoneus King of Ephyra These were none other than Persephone and Hades the gods of the underworld who had a shrine and an oracle at Ephyra 5 Heracles subjugated Ephyra and fathered a child by Princess Astyoche Tlepolemus who became king of Rhodes 6 Thyestes came there looking for his brother Atreus Atreus was not there but the daughter of Thyestes Pelopia was there and Thyestes not recognizing her took her as a wife Their union produced Aegisthus 7 History EditThe Thesprotian Kichyros Ephyra appears to be the town mentioned in two passages of the Odyssey i 259 ii 328 The Ephyri mentioned in a passage of the Iliad xiii 301 were supposed by Pausanias to be the Thesprotians inhabitants of the town 8 but Strabo maintained that the poet referred to the Thessalian Ephyra Strab ix p 442 Some commentators even supposed the Ephyra on the Selleeis 9 to be the Thesprotian town but Strabo expressly maintains that Homer alludes in these passages to the Eleian town 10 Pausanias represents Cichyrus as the capital of the ancient kings of Thesprotia where Theseus and Peirithous were thrown into chains by Aidoneus and its celebrity in the most ancient times may also be inferred from a passage of Pindar 11 Information on the location EditThe site of Ephyra is confirmed by the excavation of the ancient oracle of the dead Necromanteion on the hill of Agios Ioannis near the village of Mesopotamo 150 m north of the junction of the Kokytos with the Acheron The remains of three ancient wall circuits are preserved on the limestone nearby hill of Xylokastro The finds within the acropolis chiefly sherds of local pottery of the Bronze Age and Mycenaean sherds together with the worship of the chthonic goddess Persephone After the surrender of the Elean colonies in Kassopaia to Philip II of Macedon in 343 342 BC Dem 7 32 and their subjection to the Thesprotians Ephyra appears to have reverted to its original name Kichyros which had been kept alive in some neighboring Thesprotian settlement 12 Some finds chiefly pottery of the 1st century BC confirm the statement of Pausanias 1 17 5 that Kichyros was in existence in his time Archaeology Edit Part of the remains of Necromanteion with the church of the monastery Agios Ioannis in the background on the right The remains of the ancient Ephira are near the present Ioannina In the period between 1958 and 1987 several excavations were conducted by a team from the University of Ioannina that were later expanded between 2006 and 2008 In them archaeologists found remains of the only Mycenaean acropolis whose existence has been confirmed within the region of Epirus Two of the three walls of the fortification that were found in the southern part of the acropolis were built in stone with Cyclopean style in the fourteenth or early thirteenth century BC while the third is much later of the Hellenistic period On the other hand on a plateau on the western side of the acropolis three large funerary burial mounds of the 12th century BC have been found 13 See also EditList of ancient Greek cities List of cities in ancient EpirusReferences EditCitations Edit Strabo Geographica Vol vii p 324 Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon s edition For a map of this region in northwestern Greece see map 20 in Pedro Olalla s Mythological Atlas of Greece Athens Road Editions 2002 Olalla op cit p 39 Strabo considered that the Ephyra meant here by the poet was Ephyra Thessaly not the Thesprotian town Strabo Geographica Vol ix p 442 Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon s edition Pausanias 1 17 4 5 9 36 3 Plut Theseus 31 35 Olalla op cit p 161 Olalla op cit p 89 Pausanias ix 36 3 Homer Iliad ii 659 xv 531 Strabo vii p 328 comp viii p 338 Pausanias i 17 4 Pind Nem vii 55 William Martin Leake Northern Greece vol iii p 7 vol iv pp 53 175 Kichyros the former Ephyra Strabo 7 7 5 8 3 5 19870 Page of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Greece Ephyra in Greek Sources Edit This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Smith William ed 1854 1857 Ephyra Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography London John Murray External links EditThe Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cichyrus amp oldid 1121111374, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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