Chick sexing
Chick sexing is the method of distinguishing the sex of chickens and other hatchlings, usually by a trained person called a chick sexer or chicken sexer.[1] Chicken sexing is practiced mostly by large commercial hatcheries to separate female chicks or "pullets" (destined to lay eggs for commercial sale) from the males or "cockerels" (most of which are killed within days of hatching because they are irrelevant to egg production). The females and a limited number of males kept for meat production are then put on different feeding programs appropriate for their commercial roles.
Different segments of the poultry industry sex chickens for various reasons. In farms that produce eggs, males are unwanted; for meat production, separate male and female lines for breeding are maintained to produce the hybrid birds that are sold for the table, and chicks of the wrong sex in either line are unwanted. Chicks of an unwanted sex are killed almost immediately to reduce costs to the breeder.[2][3]
Methods of chick sexing
Several methods are used to determine the sex of a day-old chick. Some are effective only with certain breeds or crosses, while others are universal. The two chief methods of sexing chicks are feather sexing and vent sexing.
Vent sexing
Vent sexing, also known simply as venting, involves squeezing the feces out of the chick, which opens up the chick's anal vent (called a cloaca) slightly, allowing the chicken sexer to see if the chick has a small "bump", which would indicate that the chick is a male. Some females also have bumps, though they are rarely as large as those of male chicks.[4]
The eminence or genital organ is found midway on the lower rim of the vent, and looks like a very small pimple. Most males have a relatively prominent eminence, most females have none. However, a small proportion of both males and female have relatively small eminences. Sexing these chickens can be quite difficult, but with regular practice, the sexer will eventually learn to identify the differences.
When learning to sex chickens, it is best to assume that chickens with small eminences are female. The male eminence is solid and will not disappear upon gentle rubbing with one's thumb.
A paper about vent sexing was published in Japan in 1933 by Professors Masui and Hashimoto, which was soon translated into English under the title sexing baby chicks. After their discovery, interested poultry breeders hired those who had been trained in Masui and Hashimoto's technique, or sent representatives to Japan to learn it.[5]
Feather sexing
(See also Delayed feathering in chickens for a description of the genes involved.)
The sex-linked slow-feathering gene can be used for crosses where the sex of the chicks can be determined at hatching time by the length of the wing feathers. A cross between a fast-feathering male and a slow-feathering female results in offspring where the female chicks have primary wing feathers that are significantly longer than the coverts. The male chicks have primary wing feathers that are shorter, about the same length as the coverts.[6]
Colour sexing
The sex-linked silver/gold (Ss) gene can also be used to sex newly hatched chicks. An S female mated to an s male produces offspring where the females have a darker, buff down color, while the males have a lighter, whiter down colour. If not obscured by other coloration (controlled by other genes), the chicks can accurately be sexed with little or no training.[7]
Semi-auto-sexing breeds
Chicks of some breeds can be sexed with fair accuracy soon after hatching. In Barred Rock chickens, male chicks tend to have a large and distinct pale spot on the head, while hen chicks have a smaller and less defined spot. This is due to the effects of the incompletely dominant barred (B) gene.[7] Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire Red chicks with chipmunk stripes are almost always females.[8]
Auto-sexing breeds
The effects of the barred gene are more clearly seen in chicks with pale down. From the late 1920s, auto-sexing breeds were created at the University of Cambridge by cross-breeding Barred Rocks with a wide range of other breeds; the first of these was the Cambar, created by Reginald Punnett in 1928. In male chicks the pale head spot spreads over much of the body, which is pale; hen chicks have darker markings to the head.[9] One example of an auto-sexing breed is the California Gray, developed by Dryden Farms in the 1950s.
Alternative methods
Small poultry farmers whose operations are not of sufficient size to warrant hiring a chicken sexer must wait until the hatchlings are four to six weeks old before learning the sexes of their chickens. At that time, their secondary sex characteristics begin to appear, making it possible for anyone with a minimal amount of training to sex a chicken.
In-ovo sexing
Automated systems to determine the sex of the developing chick long before hatching have been announced but not widely deployed as of July 2016[update].[10]
A 97% accurate 14-day in-ovo experiment was reported in 2017. The system relies on candling eggs and using spectroscopy to determine feather colour, and hence is suitable only for strains with sex-linked feather colouration.[11]
Machine sexing
Instrument or machine sexing of chickens has almost disappeared, because the instruments are no longer available, and spare parts cannot be obtained. The Keeler Optical (English) or Chicktester (Japanese) machine features a blunt-ended telescopic tube, containing a light. The sexer inserts the tube into the evacuated cloaca and with the help of the light can identify either testis or ovaries. Successful development of this technique depends on the capability of the students and their level of experience.
Cultural references
- Chick sexing was an important mode of employment for second-generation Japanese Americans (Nisei), who dominated the trade between the late 1930s and 1950s.
- The 'example of the chicken sexers'[12][13] is famous in several debates in philosophy, especially in the internalism/externalism debate in epistemology. As the chick sexer does not “experience the chicken as being male or female,” the exact nature of the source of their knowledge becomes a matter of discussion to explore the relationship between experience, perception, and inference.[14]
See also
References
- ^ Kemsley, Max (3 June 2010). . Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Queensland). Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ Hatchery Horrors: The Egg Industry's tiniest victims. Mercy for Animals.
- ^ New Investigation Reveals Horrific Cruelty at 'Humane' Chicken Hatchery 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Mercy for Animals. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ Robinson Bosk, Beth. "Sexing Day-Old Chicks: How to Identify Pullets and Cockerels". motherearthnews.com. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- ^ Lloyd, E.A. "Sexing Baby Chicks". AG Annex. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- ^ Card, Leslie E. (February 2016). Poultry Production. Norton Creek Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-1938099021.
- ^ a b Hutt, F. B. (May 2003). Genetics of the Fowl. Norton Creek Press. pp. 184–186. ISBN 978-0972177030.
- ^ Plamondon, Robert (20 February 2010). "Chicken FAQ: How to Magically Select Pullet Chicks at the Feed Store". plamondon.com. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
- ^ Hutt, F. B. (May 2003). Genetics of the Fowl. Norton Creek Press. pp. 209–212. ISBN 978-0972177030.
- ^ Fassler, Joe; DiPrinzio, Harry (15 July 2016). "The cure for culling". The New Food Economy. Retrieved 18 August 2016 – via newfoodeconomy.com/.
- ^ Göhler, Doreen; Fischer, Björn; Meissner, Sven (2017). "In-ovo sexing of 14-day-old chicken embryos by pattern analysis in hyperspectral images (VIS/NIR spectra): A non-destructive method for layer lines with gender-specific down feather color". Poultry Science. 96 (1): 1–4. doi:10.3382/ps/pew282. PMID 27591278.
- ^ Armstrong, D. M. (1963). "Is Introspective Knowledge Incorrigible?". The Philosophical Review. 72 (4): 417–432. doi:10.2307/2183028. ISSN 0031-8108. JSTOR 2183028.
- ^ Kornblith, Hilary (1 September 1982). "The psychological turn". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 60 (3): 238–253. doi:10.1080/00048408212340661. ISSN 0004-8402.
- ^ Roessler, J. (1 October 2009). "Perceptual Experience and Perceptual Knowledge". Mind. 118 (472): 1013–1041. doi:10.1093/mind/fzp131. ISSN 0026-4423. S2CID 170957609.
External links
- Poultry: Sexing of day-old chicks as a sport
- How to tell the sex of Chicks - including general signs, breed specific tips and old wives tales.
- The art of chicken sexing - full article (PDF)