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Global labor arbitrage

January 01, 1970

Global labor arbitrage is an economic phenomenon where, as a result of the removal of or disintegration of barriers to international trade, jobs move to nations where labor and the cost of doing business (such as environmental regulations) are inexpensive and/or impoverished labor moves to nations with higher paying jobs.[1]

Two common barriers to international trade are tariffs (politically imposed) and the costs of transporting goods across oceans. With the advent of the Internet, the decrease of the costs of telecommunications, and the possibility of near-instantaneous document transfer, the barriers to the trade of intellectual work product, which is, essentially, any kind of work that can be performed on a computer (such as computer programming) or that makes use of college education, have been greatly reduced.

Often, a prosperous nation (such as the United States) will remove its barriers to international trade, integrating its labor market with those of nations with a lower cost of labor (such as India, China, and Mexico), resulting in a shifting of jobs from the prosperous nation to the developing one. The result is an increase in the supply of labor relative to the demand for labor, which means a decrease in costs and a decrease in wages.

Forms of global labor arbitrage edit

Global labor arbitrage can take many forms, including but not limited to:

Foreign outsourcing edit

Main article: Offshore outsourcing

Capital moves to nations with cheap labor, lower taxes and or fewer environmental regulations or other costs of doing business for the purpose of producing goods and services for export to other markets.[2] The classic example is the case of a factory or office closing in Nation A and then moving to Nation B for the purpose of producing goods or services at lower labor costs for export back to Nation A's market. This can result in layoffs for workers in Nation A. For example, in the United States, the amount of manufacturing jobs has decreased while the importation of manufactured goods from other nations has increased (along with the United States' trade deficit). These trends are now affecting the service sector as well.[3]

Importation of foreign labor using work visas edit

Labor, often skilled and educated, moves to a nation on a temporary or permanent basis. This has the effect of increasing the supply of labor in that nation's market.

This type of labor importation may be advantageous. According to the National Venture Capital Association (NVCA), a registered political action committee,[4] over 25% of all startups responding to an NVCA survey, in the San Francisco Bay Area of the US in the last 15 years were "immigrant-founded" (most likely former or current H-1Bs).[5] 40% of all publicly traded and venture founded companies in high tech manufacturing were started by immigrants. These account for more than half of all jobs in this sector.

To conduct the research, we examined the Thomson Financial database of all publicly traded venture-backed companies founded since 1970. After eliminating those that had merged, been acquired, or were otherwise no longer publicly traded (or in business), we used public records, Internet research, e-mails, and phone calls to identify the nativity of the founders for the nearly 900 remaining companies.4 The companies on our final list of immigrant-founded U.S. publicly traded venture-backed companies had at least one immigrant founder.

National Venture Capital Association, American Made: The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Professionals on U.S. Competitiveness, Stuart Anderson and Micheala Platzer, Undated.[5]

Conversely, the NVCA "American Made," publication makes little mention of US-born co-founders, makes an errant claim that Intel has an immigrant founder,[6] resulting in a faulty claim of the following companies employing more than 245,000 people in 2005:[5]

Previous studies authored by Stuart Anderson, of the National Foundation for American Policy,[7] had been careful to make the distinction of, "...founded or co-founded..." whereas the National Venture Capital Association uses the term, "immigrant-founded" 55 times in its 39-page document. The publication's data tables disclose only the names of "immigrant-born founder or cofounder", American born co-founders, and the number of American co-founders, are omitted.[5] Additionally, according to Intel Corporation (99,900 employees), Hungarian born CEO Andy Grove was not an Intel co-founder.[6]

Immigration edit

Impoverished labor moves towards capital in prosperous nations. This tends to increase the supply of labor relative to capital in the prosperous nations and potentially decreases wages, according to the laws of supply and demand (of and for labor). However, this decrease can be offset by job creation due to talented immigrants, as discussed in the last section.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The "global labor arbitrage" phenomenon has been described by economist Stephen S. Roach. See Mike Whitney, "Labor arbitrage," Entrepreneur, June 2006.
  2. ^ Miszczynski, Milosz (2016-06-22). "Labour arbitrage: the lifecycle of a global production node". Journal of Organizational Ethnography. 5 (2): 106–122. doi:10.1108/JOE-04-2016-0009. ISSN 2046-6749.
  3. ^ Nadeem, S (2009) "The Uses and Abuses of Time: Globalization and Time Arbitrage in India’s Outsourcing Industries," Global Networks.
  4. ^ "National Venture Capital Assn". Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved 8 June 2015. FEC Committee ID: C00150367
  5. ^ a b c d Anderson, Stuart; Michaela Platzer. "American Made: The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Professionals on U.S. Competitiveness" (PDF). National Venture Capital Association. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  6. ^ a b "Intel Facts". Answers to our most frequent questions. Intel. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  7. ^ "About". Biographies. National Foundation for American Policy. Retrieved 1 March 2014.

January 01, 1970
global, labor, arbitrage, examples, perspective, this, article, deal, primarily, with, united, states, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, january, 2013, learn, when, remove, th. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate January 2013 Learn how and when to remove this message Global labor arbitrage is an economic phenomenon where as a result of the removal of or disintegration of barriers to international trade jobs move to nations where labor and the cost of doing business such as environmental regulations are inexpensive and or impoverished labor moves to nations with higher paying jobs 1 Two common barriers to international trade are tariffs politically imposed and the costs of transporting goods across oceans With the advent of the Internet the decrease of the costs of telecommunications and the possibility of near instantaneous document transfer the barriers to the trade of intellectual work product which is essentially any kind of work that can be performed on a computer such as computer programming or that makes use of college education have been greatly reduced Often a prosperous nation such as the United States will remove its barriers to international trade integrating its labor market with those of nations with a lower cost of labor such as India China and Mexico resulting in a shifting of jobs from the prosperous nation to the developing one The result is an increase in the supply of labor relative to the demand for labor which means a decrease in costs and a decrease in wages Contents 1 Forms of global labor arbitrage 1 1 Foreign outsourcing 1 2 Importation of foreign labor using work visas 1 3 Immigration 2 See also 3 NotesForms of global labor arbitrage editGlobal labor arbitrage can take many forms including but not limited to Foreign outsourcing edit Main article Offshore outsourcing Capital moves to nations with cheap labor lower taxes and or fewer environmental regulations or other costs of doing business for the purpose of producing goods and services for export to other markets 2 The classic example is the case of a factory or office closing in Nation A and then moving to Nation B for the purpose of producing goods or services at lower labor costs for export back to Nation A s market This can result in layoffs for workers in Nation A For example in the United States the amount of manufacturing jobs has decreased while the importation of manufactured goods from other nations has increased along with the United States trade deficit These trends are now affecting the service sector as well 3 Importation of foreign labor using work visas edit Labor often skilled and educated moves to a nation on a temporary or permanent basis This has the effect of increasing the supply of labor in that nation s market This type of labor importation may be advantageous According to the National Venture Capital Association NVCA a registered political action committee 4 over 25 of all startups responding to an NVCA survey in the San Francisco Bay Area of the US in the last 15 years were immigrant founded most likely former or current H 1Bs 5 40 of all publicly traded and venture founded companies in high tech manufacturing were started by immigrants These account for more than half of all jobs in this sector To conduct the research we examined the Thomson Financial database of all publicly traded venture backed companies founded since 1970 After eliminating those that had merged been acquired or were otherwise no longer publicly traded or in business we used public records Internet research e mails and phone calls to identify the nativity of the founders for the nearly 900 remaining companies 4 The companies on our final list of immigrant founded U S publicly traded venture backed companies had at least one immigrant founder National Venture Capital Association American Made The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Professionals on U S Competitiveness Stuart Anderson and Micheala Platzer Undated 5 Conversely the NVCA American Made publication makes little mention of US born co founders makes an errant claim that Intel has an immigrant founder 6 resulting in a faulty claim of the following companies employing more than 245 000 people in 2005 5 Intel co founders Gordon Moore US Robert Noyce US Sun Microsystems 1982 2010 co founders Vinod Khosla India Andy Bechtolsheim Germany Bill Joy US Scott McNealy US Google co founders Larry Page US Sergey Brin Russia Yahoo co founders David Filo US Jerry Yang Taiwan eBay founder Pierre Omidyar France Previous studies authored by Stuart Anderson of the National Foundation for American Policy 7 had been careful to make the distinction of founded or co founded whereas the National Venture Capital Association uses the term immigrant founded 55 times in its 39 page document The publication s data tables disclose only the names of immigrant born founder or cofounder American born co founders and the number of American co founders are omitted 5 Additionally according to Intel Corporation 99 900 employees Hungarian born CEO Andy Grove was not an Intel co founder 6 Immigration edit Impoverished labor moves towards capital in prosperous nations This tends to increase the supply of labor relative to capital in the prosperous nations and potentially decreases wages according to the laws of supply and demand of and for labor However this decrease can be offset by job creation due to talented immigrants as discussed in the last section See also editBalance of trade Absolute advantage Global workforceNotes edit The global labor arbitrage phenomenon has been described by economist Stephen S Roach See Mike Whitney Labor arbitrage Entrepreneur June 2006 Miszczynski Milosz 2016 06 22 Labour arbitrage the lifecycle of a global production node Journal of Organizational Ethnography 5 2 106 122 doi 10 1108 JOE 04 2016 0009 ISSN 2046 6749 Nadeem S 2009 The Uses and Abuses of Time Globalization and Time Arbitrage in India s Outsourcing Industries Global Networks National Venture Capital Assn Center for Responsive Politics Retrieved 8 June 2015 FEC Committee ID C00150367 a b c d Anderson Stuart Michaela Platzer American Made The Impact of Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Professionals on U S Competitiveness PDF National Venture Capital Association Retrieved 22 July 2012 a b Intel Facts Answers to our most frequent questions Intel Retrieved 1 March 2014 About Biographies National Foundation for American Policy Retrieved 1 March 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Global labor arbitrage amp oldid 1193156396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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