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Santa Sabina

December 01, 2023

For other uses, see Santa Sabina (disambiguation).

The Basilica of Saint Sabina (Latin: Basilica Sanctae Sabinae, Italian: Basilica di Santa Sabina all'Aventino) is a historic church on the Aventine Hill in Rome, Italy. It is a titular minor basilica and mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Preachers, better known as the Dominicans.

Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine
  • Basilica di Santa Sabina all'Aventino (Italian)
  • Basilica Sanctae Sabinae (Latin)
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
41°53′04″N 12°28′47″E / 41.884444444444°N 12.479722222222°E / 41.884444444444; 12.479722222222
LocationPiazza Pietro d’Illiria 1
Rome
CountryItaly
DenominationCatholic
WebsiteGeneral Curia of the Order of the Preachers
History
StatusMinor basilica, titular church
DedicationSaint Sabina
Architecture
StylePaleochristian, Baroque, Neoclassical
Groundbreaking422
Completed432
Specifications
Length60 m (200 ft)
Width30 m (98 ft)
Nave width17 metres (56 ft)
Clergy
Cardinal protectorVacant

Santa Sabina is the oldest extant ecclesiastical basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan with apse and architectural style. Its decorations have been restored to their original restrained design. Other basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore, have been ornately decorated in later centuries. Because of its simplicity, the Santa Sabina represents the adaptation of the architecture of the roofed Roman forum or basilica to the basilica churches of Christendom. It is especially well-known for its cypress wood doors carved in AD 430-432 with Biblical scenes, the most famous being the first known publicly displayed depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the two thieves.

Santa Sabina is perched high above the Tiber to the north and the Circus Maximus to the east. It is next to the small public park of Giardino degli Aranci ("Garden of Oranges"), which has a scenic terrace overlooking Rome. It is a short distance from the headquarters of the Knights of Malta.

Its last cardinal priest was Jozef Tomko until his death on 8 August 2022. It is the stational church for Ash Wednesday.

History edit

The church was built on the site of early Imperial houses, one of which is said to be of Sabina, a Roman matron originally from Avezzano in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Sabina was beheaded in AD 126 under Emperor Hadrian, because she had been converted to Christianity by her servant Serapia, who also had been beheaded in AD 119. Sabina and Serapia were later declared Catholic saints.

Santa Sabina was built by Peter of Illyria, a Dalmatian priest, between 422 and 432[1] near a temple of Juno on the Aventine Hill in Rome.

Pope Celestine I established the cardinal title of Santa Sabina with its seat here in 423.

In the 9th century, it was enclosed in a fortification area.

in 1216 Pope Honorius III approved the Order of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, which was "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission".[2] Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the Order of Preachers, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220.[3] The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale, the first Dominican studium in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220.[4]

The church was the seat of a papal conclave in 1287, although the prelates left the church after an epidemic killed six of them. They later returned to the church, and elected Nicholas IV as pope on February 22, 1288.[5]

Its interior was renovated by Domenico Fontana in 1587 (after being commissioned by Pope Sixtus V in 1586) and Francesco Borromini in 1643.

The Kingdom of Italy conquered Rome in 1870; expelled the Dominicans; and converted the church into a lazaretto (quarantine station for maritime travelers).

Italian architect and art historian Antonio Muñoz (1884-1960) restored the original simplistic medieval appearance of the church in 1914-1919. French architect P. Berthier completed its restoration in 1936-1938.

Among those who have lived in its adjacent convent were Saint Dominic (1220-1221), St Thomas Aquinas (1265-1268), Blessed Ceslaus, Saint Hyacinth, and Pope Pius V.

Architecture edit

 
The interior.
 
The apse and triumphal arch.

Exterior edit

The Minor Basilica of Santa Sabina is built in the manner of an Ancient Roman secular basilica, or covered forum. The characteristics are a long central nave with a lower aisle on each side. Above the aisles, the walls of the nave are pierced by a row of large clerestory windows. The brick walls are mostly unrendered, and the windows are made of selenite, not glass, making the building look much as it did when it was built in the 5th century.

The building has a colonnaded porch opening onto a cloister, and at the other end, a semi-circular apse.

The campanile (bell tower) was originally built in the 10th century; but was rebuilt in the 17th century in the Baroque style.

The wooden door of the basilica is generally agreed to be the original door from 430 to 432, although it was apparently not constructed for this doorway. Eighteen of its wooden panels survive — all but one depicting scenes from the Bible. Most famous among these is one of the earliest certain depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the 2 thieves. Other panels have also been the subjects of extensive analysis because of their importance to the study of Christian iconography.

Above the doorway, the interior preserves an original dedication in Latin hexameters.

Interior edit

The interior has basilical form, with a central nave divided from the side aisle by two rows of columns,on which rests an arcade. Above the arcade is a row of large clerestory windows. The twenty four columns of Proconnesian marble with perfectly matched Corinthian capitals and bases, were reused from the Temple of Juno. A framed hole in the floor exposes a Roman era temple column that pre-dates Santa Sabina. This appears to be the remnant of the Temple of Juno erected on the hilltop site during Roman times, which was likely razed to allow construction of the basilica.

There is an apse at the eastern end. The original fifth-century apse mosaic was replaced in 1559 by a fresco by Taddeo Zuccari. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ is flanked by a good thief and a bad thief, seated on a hill while lambs drink from a stream at its base. The iconography of the mosaic was very similar to another 5th-century mosaic, destroyed in the 17th century, in Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara.

Convent edit

The interior cells of the Dominican convent are little changed since the earliest days of the Order of Preachers. The cell of St. Dominic is still identified, though it has since been enlarged and converted to a chapel. Also, the original dining room still remains, in which St. Thomas Aquinas would dine when he lived in Rome.

 
The side portico.

Doors edit

 
The doors.
 
A depiction of the crucifixion on the wooden door of Santa Sabina. This is one of the earliest surviving depictions of the crucifixion of Christ.

The doors on the exterior of Santa Sabina are made of cypress wood, and originally had a layout of twenty-eight panels. Out of these panels, ten of the original have been lost, and are left without ornamentation.[6]

Seventeen out of the original remaining eighteen panels depict a scene from the Old Testament or the New Testament, leaving one panel that does not directly correlate to a Biblical story.[6] This panel, found near the bottom of the door, depicts an homage to a man wearing a chlamys, and is thought to depict a historical event relating to a powerful ruler, though the exact story depicted is unknown.[7]

One of the smaller top panels depicts the crucifixion of Jesus and two other figures in front of a building that alludes to the architecture of a Roman mausoleum.[8] This panel is the first known publicly displayed image of the crucifixion of Christ.[9] The panels are carved in two distinct styles, one including more detail and adherence to the style of classical art, and one adopting a simpler style, indicating that several artists may have worked on the doors. The abstract vegetal designs on the panels' frames are consistent with a Mesopotamian style, suggesting the origin of at least one of the artists was from this region.[6]

Due to the cramped composition of the panels and the thin outer frame, it is likely that the door was originally bigger, then cut down to fit into the frame of Santa Sabina. This makes it unclear as to whether the door was initially intended to be used for this specific structure. It may have been designed for a different Roman building with larger doorway dimensions, but then been transferred to Santa Sabina for unknown reasons.[6]

However, the door was most likely constructed near the same time as the erection of the Church of Santa Sabina in 432, as the powerful figure in the chlamys scene carving shares stylistic similarities with depictions of Theodosius II, the emperor at the time of the consecration of Santa Sabina.[6] Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon dating confirmed that the wood used for the door panels is from the beginning of the 5th century, therefore the carvings could date from the reigns of Celestine I (421–431) or Sixtus III (431–440).[10]

Convent and Studium of the Dominican Order edit

In 1216 the Order of Preachers, now commonly known as the Dominicans, was approved by Pope Honorius as "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission".[2] Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the Order of Preachers, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220.[3] The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale, the first Dominican studium in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220.

Some scholars have written that Honorius III was a member of the Savelli family and that the church and associated buildings formed part of the holdings of the Savelli, thereby explaining why Honorius III donated Santa Sabina to the Dominicans.[11] In fact, Honorius III was not a Savelli. These scholars may have confused later Pope Honorius IV, who was a Savelli, and Honorius III.[12] In any case, the church was given over to the Dominicans and it has since then served as their headquarters in Rome.

In 1265 in accordance with the injunction of the Chapter of the Roman province of the Order of Preachers at Anagni, Thomas Aquinas was assigned as regent master at the studium conventuale at Santa Sabina: “Fr. Thome de Aquino iniungimus in remissionem peccatorum quod teneat studium Rome, et volumus quod fratribus qui stant secum ad studendum provideatur in necessariis vestimentis a conventibus de quorum predicatione traxerunt originem. Si autem illi studentes inventi fuerint negligentes in studio, damus potestatem fr. Thome quod ad conventus suos possit eos remittere”.[13]

At this time the existing studium conventuale at Santa Sabina was transformed into the Order's first studium provinciale, an intermediate school between the studium conventuale and the studium generale. "Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort, no arts, no philosophy; only simple convent schools, with their basic courses in theology for resident friars, were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first several decades of the order's life. But the new studium at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province," a studium provinciale.[14] Tolomeo da Lucca, an associate and early biographer of Aquinas, tells us that at the Santa Sabina studium Aquinas taught the full range of philosophical subjects, both moral and natural.[15]

With the departure of Aquinas for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time the pedagogical activities of the studium provinciale at Santa Sabina were divided between two campuses. A new convent of the Order at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva had a modest beginning in 1255 as a community for women converts, but grew rapidly in size and importance after being given to the Dominicans in 1275.[16]

In 1288 the theology component of the provincial curriculum was relocated from the Santa Sabina studium provinciale to the studium conventuale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva which was redesignated as a studium particularis theologiae.[17] Thus, the studium at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Following the curriculum of studies laid out in the capitular acts of 1291 the Santa Sabina studium was redesignated as one of three studia nove logice intended to offer courses of advanced logic covering the logica nova, the Aristotelian texts recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century, the Topics, Sophistical Refutations, and the Prior and Second Analytics of Aristotle. This was an advance over the logica antiqua, which treated the Isagoge of Porphyry, Divisions and Topics of Boethius, the Categories and On Interpretation of Aristotle, and the Summule logicales of Peter of Spain.[17]

Milone da Velletri was the lector at the Santa Sabina studium in 1293.[18] In 1310 the Florentine Giovanni dei Tornaquinci was the lector at Santa Sabina.[19] In 1331 at the Santa Sabina studium Nerius de Tertia was the lector,[20] and Giovanni Zocco da Spoleto was a student of logic.[21]

List of cardinal priests edit

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 245. ISBN 978-0-06-430158-9.
  2. ^ a b Pirerre Mandonnet, "Order of Preachers" Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913; . Archived from the original on 2012-05-06. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  3. ^ a b The Order of the Preachers. "General Curia". Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  4. ^ Pierre Mandonnet, O.P., St. Dominic and His Work, Translated by Sister Mary Benedicta Larkin, O.P., B. Herder Book Co., St. Louis/London, 1948, Chapt. III,[page needed] note 50: "If the installation at Santa Sabina does not date from 1220, at least it is from 1221. The official grant was made only in June, 1222 (Bullarium O.P., I, 15). But the terms of the bull show that there had been a concession earlier. Before that concession the Pope said that the friars had no hospitium in Rome. At that time St. Sixtus was no longer theirs; Conrad of Metz could not have alluded to St. Sixtus, therefore, when he said in 1221: "the Pope has conferred on them a house in Rome" (Laurent no. 136). It is possible that the Pope was waiting for the completion of the building that he was having done at Santa Sabina, before giving the title to the property, on June 5, 1222, to the new Master of the Order, elected not many days before." http://opcentral.org/resources/2012/08/23/years-of-experimental-activity-1215-19/ Accessed 2016-2-27.
  5. ^ Rendina, Claudio (2002). La grande guida dei monumenti di Roma: storia, arte, segreti, leggende, curiosità. Rome: Newton Compton. p. 546. ISBN 978-88-541-1981-9.
  6. ^ a b c d e Delbrueck, Richard (June 1952). "Notes on the Wooden Doors of Santa Sabina". The Art Bulletin. 34 (2): 139–145. doi:10.2307/3047407. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3047407.
  7. ^ Kantorowicz, Ernst H. (December 1944). "The "King's Advent": And The Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of Santa Sabina". The Art Bulletin. 26 (4): 207–231. doi:10.2307/3046963. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3046963.
  8. ^ Coon, Lynda (2016-04-01). "Gendering Dark Age Jesus". Gender & History. 28 (1): 8–33. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12175. ISSN 1468-0424. S2CID 147252502.
  9. ^ Leith, Mary Joan Winn; Sheckler, Allyson Everingham (January 2010). "The Crucifixion Conundrum and the Santa Sabina Doors*". Harvard Theological Review. 103 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1017/S0017816009990319. ISSN 0017-8160. S2CID 162503435.
  10. ^ Foletti, Ivan; Romagnoli, Manuela; Liccioli, Lucia; Fedi, Mariaelena; Saccuman, Roberto (31 January 2019). "Wiggle Matching Analysis of the Doors of Santa Sabina in Rome". RIHA Journal.
  11. ^ J. J. Berthier, L'Eglise de Sainte-Sabine a Rome (Rome: M. Bretschneider, 1910)[page needed].
  12. ^ Joan Barclay Lloyd, "Medieval Dominican Architecture at Santa Sabina in Rome, c. 1219 – c. 1320." Papers of the British School at Rome. 2004. v. 72, pp. 231–292, 379.
  13. ^ Acta Capitulorum Provincialium, Provinciae Romanae Ordinis Praedicatorum, 1265, n. 12, in Corpus Thomisticum, http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/a65.html Accessed 8 April 2011
  14. ^ Mulchahey, M. Michèle; Studies, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval (1998). "First the Bow is Bent in Study-- ": Dominican Education Before 1350. PIMS. ISBN 978-0-88844-132-4.
  15. ^ "Tenuit studium Rome, quasi totam Philosophiam, sive Moralem, sive Naturalem exposuit." Ptolomaei Lucensis historia ecclesiastica nova, xxii, c. 24, in In Gregorovius' History of the City of Rome In the Middle Ages, Vol V, part II, 617, note 2. http://www.third-millennium-library.com/PDF/Authors/Gregorovius/history-of-rome-city_5_2.pdf Accessed 5 June 2011.
  16. ^ Walz, Angelus (1930). Compendium historiae Ordinis Praedicatorum [microform]. Internet Archive. Romae : Herder.
  17. ^ a b Mulchahey, M. Michèle; Studies, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval (1998). "First the Bow is Bent in Study-- ": Dominican Education Before 1350. PIMS. ISBN 978-0-88844-132-4.
  18. ^ "Cronologia remigiana 1302-1303". www.e-theca.net. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  19. ^ "Cronologia remigiana 1311". www.e-theca.net. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  20. ^ "(2006) CrOv, testo n° 148-193". www.e-theca.net. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  21. ^ "(1994) Arezzo1326 §5 le tribolazioni degli spoletini, Pieve San Fortunato di Montefalco". www.e-theca.net. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  22. ^ Giovanni Domenico Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, vol. XII, Florence 1766, col. 265.
  23. ^ Merola, Alberto (1964). "BARBERINI, Francesco". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 6.

Sources edit

  • Krautheimer, Richard (1984). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 171–174. ISBN 978-0-300-05294-7.
  • Richard Delbrueck. "Notes on the Wooden Doors of Santa Sabina", The Art Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 2. (Jun., 1952), pp. 139–145.
  • Ernst H. Kantorowicz, "The 'King's Advent': And The Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of Santa Sabina", The Art Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 4. (Dec., 1944), pp. 207–231.
  • Alexander Coburn Soper. "The Italo-Gallic School of Early Christian Art", The Art Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1938), pp. 145–192.
  • Richard Delbrueck. "The Acclamation Scene on the Doors of Santa Sabina" (in Notes), The Art Bulletin, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep., 1949), pp. 215–217.
  • Allyson E. Sheckler and Mary Joan Winn Leith, “The Crucifixion Conundrum and the Santa Sabina Doors,” Harvard Theological Review 103 (January 2010), pp. 67–88.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, nos. 247, 438 & 586, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN 9780870991790; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries

External links edit

External videos
  Santa Sabina, Smarthistory
  • Thayer's Gazetteer, with Mario Armellini's
  • Le Chiese di Roma
  • Door Panels of Santa Sabina analyzed.

  Media related to Santa Sabina (Rome) - Gallery at Wikimedia Commons
  Media related to Santa Sabina (Rome) - Category at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by
San Saba, Rome 		Landmarks of Rome
Santa Sabina 		Succeeded by
Sacro Cuore di Maria

December 01, 2023
santa, sabina, other, uses, disambiguation, basilica, saint, sabina, latin, basilica, sanctae, sabinae, italian, basilica, aventino, historic, church, aventine, hill, rome, italy, titular, minor, basilica, mother, church, roman, catholic, order, preachers, bet. For other uses see Santa Sabina disambiguation The Basilica of Saint Sabina Latin Basilica Sanctae Sabinae Italian Basilica di Santa Sabina all Aventino is a historic church on the Aventine Hill in Rome Italy It is a titular minor basilica and mother church of the Roman Catholic Order of Preachers better known as the Dominicans Basilica of Saint Sabina at the AventineBasilica di Santa Sabina all Aventino Italian Basilica Sanctae Sabinae Latin Click on the map for a fullscreen view41 53 04 N 12 28 47 E 41 884444444444 N 12 479722222222 E 41 884444444444 12 479722222222LocationPiazza Pietro d Illiria 1RomeCountryItalyDenominationCatholicWebsiteGeneral Curia of the Order of the PreachersHistoryStatusMinor basilica titular churchDedicationSaint SabinaArchitectureStylePaleochristian Baroque NeoclassicalGroundbreaking422Completed432SpecificationsLength60 m 200 ft Width30 m 98 ft Nave width17 metres 56 ft ClergyCardinal protectorVacantSanta Sabina is the oldest extant ecclesiastical basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan with apse and architectural style Its decorations have been restored to their original restrained design Other basilicas such as Santa Maria Maggiore have been ornately decorated in later centuries Because of its simplicity the Santa Sabina represents the adaptation of the architecture of the roofed Roman forum or basilica to the basilica churches of Christendom It is especially well known for its cypress wood doors carved in AD 430 432 with Biblical scenes the most famous being the first known publicly displayed depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the two thieves Santa Sabina is perched high above the Tiber to the north and the Circus Maximus to the east It is next to the small public park of Giardino degli Aranci Garden of Oranges which has a scenic terrace overlooking Rome It is a short distance from the headquarters of the Knights of Malta Its last cardinal priest was Jozef Tomko until his death on 8 August 2022 It is the stational church for Ash Wednesday Contents 1 History 2 Architecture 2 1 Exterior 2 2 Interior 2 3 Convent 3 Doors 4 Convent and Studium of the Dominican Order 5 List of cardinal priests 6 Notes and references 7 Sources 8 External linksHistory editThe church was built on the site of early Imperial houses one of which is said to be of Sabina a Roman matron originally from Avezzano in the Abruzzo region of Italy Sabina was beheaded in AD 126 under Emperor Hadrian because she had been converted to Christianity by her servant Serapia who also had been beheaded in AD 119 Sabina and Serapia were later declared Catholic saints Santa Sabina was built by Peter of Illyria a Dalmatian priest between 422 and 432 1 near a temple of Juno on the Aventine Hill in Rome Pope Celestine I established the cardinal title of Santa Sabina with its seat here in 423 In the 9th century it was enclosed in a fortification area in 1216 Pope Honorius III approved the Order of Preachers now commonly known as the Dominicans which was the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission 2 Honorius III invited Saint Dominic the founder of the Order of Preachers to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220 3 The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale the first Dominican studium in Rome occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220 4 The church was the seat of a papal conclave in 1287 although the prelates left the church after an epidemic killed six of them They later returned to the church and elected Nicholas IV as pope on February 22 1288 5 Its interior was renovated by Domenico Fontana in 1587 after being commissioned by Pope Sixtus V in 1586 and Francesco Borromini in 1643 The Kingdom of Italy conquered Rome in 1870 expelled the Dominicans and converted the church into a lazaretto quarantine station for maritime travelers Italian architect and art historian Antonio Munoz 1884 1960 restored the original simplistic medieval appearance of the church in 1914 1919 French architect P Berthier completed its restoration in 1936 1938 Among those who have lived in its adjacent convent were Saint Dominic 1220 1221 St Thomas Aquinas 1265 1268 Blessed Ceslaus Saint Hyacinth and Pope Pius V Architecture edit nbsp The interior nbsp The apse and triumphal arch Exterior edit The Minor Basilica of Santa Sabina is built in the manner of an Ancient Roman secular basilica or covered forum The characteristics are a long central nave with a lower aisle on each side Above the aisles the walls of the nave are pierced by a row of large clerestory windows The brick walls are mostly unrendered and the windows are made of selenite not glass making the building look much as it did when it was built in the 5th century The building has a colonnaded porch opening onto a cloister and at the other end a semi circular apse The campanile bell tower was originally built in the 10th century but was rebuilt in the 17th century in the Baroque style The wooden door of the basilica is generally agreed to be the original door from 430 to 432 although it was apparently not constructed for this doorway Eighteen of its wooden panels survive all but one depicting scenes from the Bible Most famous among these is one of the earliest certain depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the 2 thieves Other panels have also been the subjects of extensive analysis because of their importance to the study of Christian iconography Above the doorway the interior preserves an original dedication in Latin hexameters Interior edit The interior has basilical form with a central nave divided from the side aisle by two rows of columns on which rests an arcade Above the arcade is a row of large clerestory windows The twenty four columns of Proconnesian marble with perfectly matched Corinthian capitals and bases were reused from the Temple of Juno A framed hole in the floor exposes a Roman era temple column that pre dates Santa Sabina This appears to be the remnant of the Temple of Juno erected on the hilltop site during Roman times which was likely razed to allow construction of the basilica There is an apse at the eastern end The original fifth century apse mosaic was replaced in 1559 by a fresco by Taddeo Zuccari The composition probably remained unchanged Christ is flanked by a good thief and a bad thief seated on a hill while lambs drink from a stream at its base The iconography of the mosaic was very similar to another 5th century mosaic destroyed in the 17th century in Sant Andrea in Catabarbara Convent edit The interior cells of the Dominican convent are little changed since the earliest days of the Order of Preachers The cell of St Dominic is still identified though it has since been enlarged and converted to a chapel Also the original dining room still remains in which St Thomas Aquinas would dine when he lived in Rome nbsp The side portico Doors edit nbsp The doors nbsp A depiction of the crucifixion on the wooden door of Santa Sabina This is one of the earliest surviving depictions of the crucifixion of Christ The doors on the exterior of Santa Sabina are made of cypress wood and originally had a layout of twenty eight panels Out of these panels ten of the original have been lost and are left without ornamentation 6 Seventeen out of the original remaining eighteen panels depict a scene from the Old Testament or the New Testament leaving one panel that does not directly correlate to a Biblical story 6 This panel found near the bottom of the door depicts an homage to a man wearing a chlamys and is thought to depict a historical event relating to a powerful ruler though the exact story depicted is unknown 7 One of the smaller top panels depicts the crucifixion of Jesus and two other figures in front of a building that alludes to the architecture of a Roman mausoleum 8 This panel is the first known publicly displayed image of the crucifixion of Christ 9 The panels are carved in two distinct styles one including more detail and adherence to the style of classical art and one adopting a simpler style indicating that several artists may have worked on the doors The abstract vegetal designs on the panels frames are consistent with a Mesopotamian style suggesting the origin of at least one of the artists was from this region 6 Due to the cramped composition of the panels and the thin outer frame it is likely that the door was originally bigger then cut down to fit into the frame of Santa Sabina This makes it unclear as to whether the door was initially intended to be used for this specific structure It may have been designed for a different Roman building with larger doorway dimensions but then been transferred to Santa Sabina for unknown reasons 6 However the door was most likely constructed near the same time as the erection of the Church of Santa Sabina in 432 as the powerful figure in the chlamys scene carving shares stylistic similarities with depictions of Theodosius II the emperor at the time of the consecration of Santa Sabina 6 Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon dating confirmed that the wood used for the door panels is from the beginning of the 5th century therefore the carvings could date from the reigns of Celestine I 421 431 or Sixtus III 431 440 10 Convent and Studium of the Dominican Order editIn 1216 the Order of Preachers now commonly known as the Dominicans was approved by Pope Honorius as the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission 2 Honorius III invited Saint Dominic the founder of the Order of Preachers to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220 3 The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale the first Dominican studium in Rome occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220 Some scholars have written that Honorius III was a member of the Savelli family and that the church and associated buildings formed part of the holdings of the Savelli thereby explaining why Honorius III donated Santa Sabina to the Dominicans 11 In fact Honorius III was not a Savelli These scholars may have confused later Pope Honorius IV who was a Savelli and Honorius III 12 In any case the church was given over to the Dominicans and it has since then served as their headquarters in Rome In 1265 in accordance with the injunction of the Chapter of the Roman province of the Order of Preachers at Anagni Thomas Aquinas was assigned as regent master at the studium conventuale at Santa Sabina Fr Thome de Aquino iniungimus in remissionem peccatorum quod teneat studium Rome et volumus quod fratribus qui stant secum ad studendum provideatur in necessariis vestimentis a conventibus de quorum predicatione traxerunt originem Si autem illi studentes inventi fuerint negligentes in studio damus potestatem fr Thome quod ad conventus suos possit eos remittere 13 At this time the existing studium conventuale at Santa Sabina was transformed into the Order s first studium provinciale an intermediate school between the studium conventuale and the studium generale Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort no arts no philosophy only simple convent schools with their basic courses in theology for resident friars were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first several decades of the order s life But the new studium at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province a studium provinciale 14 Tolomeo da Lucca an associate and early biographer of Aquinas tells us that at the Santa Sabina studium Aquinas taught the full range of philosophical subjects both moral and natural 15 With the departure of Aquinas for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time the pedagogical activities of the studium provinciale at Santa Sabina were divided between two campuses A new convent of the Order at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva had a modest beginning in 1255 as a community for women converts but grew rapidly in size and importance after being given to the Dominicans in 1275 16 In 1288 the theology component of the provincial curriculum was relocated from the Santa Sabina studium provinciale to the studium conventuale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva which was redesignated as a studium particularis theologiae 17 Thus the studium at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva Following the curriculum of studies laid out in the capitular acts of 1291 the Santa Sabina studium was redesignated as one of three studia nove logice intended to offer courses of advanced logic covering the logica nova the Aristotelian texts recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century the Topics Sophistical Refutations and the Prior and Second Analytics of Aristotle This was an advance over the logica antiqua which treated the Isagoge of Porphyry Divisions and Topics of Boethius the Categories and On Interpretation of Aristotle and the Summule logicales of Peter of Spain 17 Milone da Velletri was the lector at the Santa Sabina studium in 1293 18 In 1310 the Florentine Giovanni dei Tornaquinci was the lector at Santa Sabina 19 In 1331 at the Santa Sabina studium Nerius de Tertia was the lector 20 and Giovanni Zocco da Spoleto was a student of logic 21 List of cardinal priests editPeter the Illyrian 425 Valens 494 Basil 523 Felix 590 before 612 Marinus 612 Marinus fl 721 22 Tordonus 741 before 745 Theophilus 745 757 Theophilus 757 761 Peter William 761 Eugenio Savelli 816 May 824 elected pope Gioviniano 853 Stefano 964 Martino 1033 before 1058 Bruno 1058 before 1088 Alberico 1088 circa 1092 Bruno 1092 circa 1099 Alberto 1099 1100 Vitale 1105 before 1112 Uberto 1112 circa 1117 Roberto 1120 1122 Gregorio 1126 circa 1137 deceased Stanzio 1137 1143 deceased Manfredo 17 December 1143 circa 1158 deceased Galdino Valvassi della Sala 15 December 1165 18 April 1176 deceased Pietro December 1176 1178 deceased Guillaume aux Blanches Mains March 1179 7 September 1202 deceased Thomas of Capua 13 June 1216 22 August 1243 deceased Hughes de Saint Cher 28 May 1244 24 December 1261 named cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri Bertrand de Saint Martin 1273 29 March 1277 deceased Hughes Seguin de Billom 16 May 1288 August 1294 in commendam August 1294 30 December 1298 deceased Niccolo Boccassini 4 December 1298 2 March 1300 named cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri William Marsfeld 1303 1304 deceased Walter Winterbourne 19 February 1304 24 September 1305 deceased Thomas Jorz 15 December 1305 13 December 1310 deceased Nicolas Caignet de Freauville 1310 15 January 1323 deceased Gerard Domar 20 September 1342 27 September 1343 deceased Jean de la Molineyrie 17 December 1350 23 February 1353 deceased Francesco Tebaldeschi 22 September 1368 20 August 1378 deceased Giovanni da Amelia 18 September 1378 December 1385 deceased Tommaso di Casasco 30 May 1382 17 June 1390 deceased pseudocardinal of Antipope Clement VII Balint Alsani 9 February 1385 1386 named cardinal priest of Santi Quattro Coronati Giuliano Cesarini circa 1440 7 March 1444 named cardinal bishop of Frascati Giovanni de Primis 16 December 1446 21 January 1449 deceased Guillaume Hugues d Estaing 12 January 1450 28 October 1455 deceased Enea Silvio Piccolomini 18 December 1456 19 August 1458 elected pope Berardo Eroli 19 March 1460 23 May 1474 named cardinal bishop of Sabina Ausias Despuig 12 December 1477 2 September 1483 deceased Giovanni d Aragona in commendam 10 September 1483 17 October 1485 deceased Vacante 1485 1493 Jean Bilheres de Lagraulas 23 September 1493 6 August 1499 deceased Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Quinones 5 October 1500 14 October 1502 deceased Francisco Lloris y de Borja diacon pro illa vice 12 June 1503 17 December 1505 named cardinal deacon of Santa Maria Nuova Fazio Giovanni Santori 17 December 1505 22 March 1510 deceased Rene de Prie 17 March 1511 24 October 1511 deposto Bandinello Sauli 24 October 1511 18 July 1516 named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere Giovanni Piccolomini 6 July 1517 11 June 1521 named cardinal priest of Santa Balbina Vacante 1521 1533 Louis II de Bourbon Vendome 3 March 1533 24 February 1550 named cardinal bishop of Palestrina Ottone di Waldburg 28 February 1550 14 April 1561 named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere Michele Ghislieri 14 April 1561 15 May 1565 named cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva Simone Pasqua 15 May 1565 4 September 1565 named cardinal priest of San Pancrazio Stanislaw Hosius 4 September 1565 7 September 1565 named cardinal priest pro hac vice of San Teodoro Benedetto Lomellini 7 September 1565 24 July 1579 deceased Vincenzo Giustiniani 3 August 1579 28 October 1582 deceased Filippo Spinola 20 February 1584 20 August 1593 deceased Ottavio Bandini 21 June 1596 16 September 1615 named cardinal priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina Giulio Savelli 11 January 1616 10 November 1636 named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere Francesco Barberini 1645 1652 23 Alessandro Bichi 7 December 1637 25 May 1657 deceased Scipione Pannocchieschi d Elci 6 May 1658 12 April 1670 deceased Luis Manuel Fernandez de Portocarrero 19 May 1670 27 January 1698 named cardinal bishop of Palestrina Francesco del Giudice 30 March 1700 12 February 1717 named cardinal bishop of Palestrina Mihaly Frigyes Michele Federico Althan 16 September 1720 20 June 1734 deceased Vacante 1734 1738 Raniero d Elci 23 July 1738 10 April 1747 in commendam 10 April 1747 22 June 1761 deceased Vacante 1761 1775 Leonardo Antonelli 29 May 1775 21 February 1794 named cardinal bishop of Palestrina Giulio Maria della Somaglia 22 September 1795 20 July 1801 named cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva Vacante 1801 1818 Kasimir Johann Baptist von Haffelin 25 May 1818 19 April 1822 named cardinal priest of Sant Anastasia Luigi Pandolfi 16 May 1823 2 February 1824 deceased Vacante 1824 1829 Gustave Maximilien Juste de Croy Solre 21 May 1829 1º January 1844 deceased Sisto Riario Sforza 16 April 1846 29 September 1877 deceased Vincenzo Moretti 31 December 1877 6 October 1881 deceased Edward MacCabe 30 March 1882 11 February 1885 deceased Serafino Vannutelli 26 May 1887 11 February 1889 named cardinal priest of San Girolamo of Croati Agostino Bausa 14 February 1889 15 April 1899 deceased Francois Desire Mathieu 22 June 1899 26 October 1908 deceased Leon Adolphe Amette 30 November 1911 29 August 1920 deceased Francisco de Asis Vidal y Barraquer 16 June 1921 13 September 1943 deceased Vacante 1942 1946 Ernesto Ruffini 22 February 1946 11 June 1967 deceased Gabriel Marie Garrone 29 June 1967 15 January 1994 deceased Jozef Tomko 29 January 1996 8 August 2022 deceased Notes and references edit Roth Leland M 1993 Understanding Architecture Its Elements History and Meaning First ed Boulder CO Westview Press pp 245 ISBN 978 0 06 430158 9 a b Pirerre Mandonnet Order of Preachers Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia 1913 Order of Preachers Part 1 Archived from the original on 2012 05 06 Retrieved 2012 08 19 a b The Order of the Preachers General Curia Retrieved 2009 01 29 Pierre Mandonnet O P St Dominic and His Work Translated by Sister Mary Benedicta Larkin O P B Herder Book Co St Louis London 1948 Chapt III page needed note 50 If the installation at Santa Sabina does not date from 1220 at least it is from 1221 The official grant was made only in June 1222 Bullarium O P I 15 But the terms of the bull show that there had been a concession earlier Before that concession the Pope said that the friars had no hospitium in Rome At that time St Sixtus was no longer theirs Conrad of Metz could not have alluded to St Sixtus therefore when he said in 1221 the Pope has conferred on them a house in Rome Laurent no 136 It is possible that the Pope was waiting for the completion of the building that he was having done at Santa Sabina before giving the title to the property on June 5 1222 to the new Master of the Order elected not many days before http opcentral org resources 2012 08 23 years of experimental activity 1215 19 Accessed 2016 2 27 Rendina Claudio 2002 La grande guida dei monumenti di Roma storia arte segreti leggende curiosita Rome Newton Compton p 546 ISBN 978 88 541 1981 9 a b c d e Delbrueck Richard June 1952 Notes on the Wooden Doors of Santa Sabina The Art Bulletin 34 2 139 145 doi 10 2307 3047407 ISSN 0004 3079 JSTOR 3047407 Kantorowicz Ernst H December 1944 The King s Advent And The Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of Santa Sabina The Art Bulletin 26 4 207 231 doi 10 2307 3046963 ISSN 0004 3079 JSTOR 3046963 Coon Lynda 2016 04 01 Gendering Dark Age Jesus Gender amp History 28 1 8 33 doi 10 1111 1468 0424 12175 ISSN 1468 0424 S2CID 147252502 Leith Mary Joan Winn Sheckler Allyson Everingham January 2010 The Crucifixion Conundrum and the Santa Sabina Doors Harvard Theological Review 103 1 67 88 doi 10 1017 S0017816009990319 ISSN 0017 8160 S2CID 162503435 Foletti Ivan Romagnoli Manuela Liccioli Lucia Fedi Mariaelena Saccuman Roberto 31 January 2019 Wiggle Matching Analysis of the Doors of Santa Sabina in Rome RIHA Journal J J Berthier L Eglise de Sainte Sabine a Rome Rome M Bretschneider 1910 page needed Joan Barclay Lloyd Medieval Dominican Architecture at Santa Sabina in Rome c 1219 c 1320 Papers of the British School at Rome 2004 v 72 pp 231 292 379 Acta Capitulorum Provincialium Provinciae Romanae Ordinis Praedicatorum 1265 n 12 in Corpus Thomisticum http www corpusthomisticum org a65 html Accessed 8 April 2011 Mulchahey M Michele Studies Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval 1998 First the Bow is Bent in Study Dominican Education Before 1350 PIMS ISBN 978 0 88844 132 4 Tenuit studium Rome quasi totam Philosophiam sive Moralem sive Naturalem exposuit Ptolomaei Lucensis historia ecclesiastica nova xxii c 24 in In Gregorovius History of the City of Rome In the Middle Ages Vol V part II 617 note 2 http www third millennium library com PDF Authors Gregorovius history of rome city 5 2 pdf Accessed 5 June 2011 Walz Angelus 1930 Compendium historiae Ordinis Praedicatorum microform Internet Archive Romae Herder a b Mulchahey M Michele Studies Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval 1998 First the Bow is Bent in Study Dominican Education Before 1350 PIMS ISBN 978 0 88844 132 4 Cronologia remigiana 1302 1303 www e theca net Retrieved 6 April 2012 Cronologia remigiana 1311 www e theca net Retrieved 5 April 2012 2006 CrOv testo n 148 193 www e theca net Retrieved 5 April 2012 1994 Arezzo1326 5 le tribolazioni degli spoletini Pieve San Fortunato di Montefalco www e theca net Retrieved 5 July 2011 Giovanni Domenico Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio vol XII Florence 1766 col 265 Merola Alberto 1964 BARBERINI Francesco Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani in Italian Vol 6 Sources editKrautheimer Richard 1984 Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture New Haven Yale University Press pp 171 174 ISBN 978 0 300 05294 7 Richard Delbrueck Notes on the Wooden Doors of Santa Sabina The Art Bulletin Vol 34 No 2 Jun 1952 pp 139 145 Ernst H Kantorowicz The King s Advent And The Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of Santa Sabina The Art Bulletin Vol 26 No 4 Dec 1944 pp 207 231 Alexander Coburn Soper The Italo Gallic School of Early Christian Art The Art Bulletin Vol 20 No 2 Jun 1938 pp 145 192 Richard Delbrueck The Acclamation Scene on the Doors of Santa Sabina in Notes The Art Bulletin Vol 31 No 3 Sep 1949 pp 215 217 Allyson E Sheckler and Mary Joan Winn Leith The Crucifixion Conundrum and the Santa Sabina Doors Harvard Theological Review 103 January 2010 pp 67 88 Weitzmann Kurt ed Age of spirituality late antique and early Christian art third to seventh century nos 247 438 amp 586 1979 Metropolitan Museum of Art New York ISBN 9780870991790 full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art LibrariesExternal links editExternal videos nbsp Santa Sabina SmarthistoryThayer s Gazetteer with Mario Armellini s Le Chiese di Roma Door Panels of Santa Sabina analyzed nbsp Media related to Santa Sabina Rome Gallery at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Media related to Santa Sabina Rome Category at Wikimedia Commons Preceded bySan Saba Rome Landmarks of RomeSanta Sabina Succeeded bySacro Cuore di Maria Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Santa Sabina amp oldid 1182625598, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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