Not to be confused with Antilocapridae. "Goat-antelope" redirects here. For the species sometimes called goat antelope, see Tibetan antelope.
The subfamily Caprinae,[1] also sometimes referred to as the tribe Caprini,[2] is part of the ruminantfamilyBovidae,[3] and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. A member of this subfamily is called a caprine,[4] or, more informally, a goat-antelope (although they are not considered antelopes).
Prominent members include sheep and goats. Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae (with the members being caprids), but now it is usually considered either a subfamily within the Bovidae, or a tribe within the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae, with caprines being a type of bovid.
Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial (Ovis orientalis) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep (Ovis aries).
Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors:
Five are classified as endangered,
Eight as vulnerable,
Seven as of concern and needing conservation measures, but at lower risk, and
Seven species are secure.
Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over 1 m (3 ft) long for a full-grown grey goral (Nemorhaedus goral), to almost 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long for a musk ox, and from under 30 kg (66 lb) to more than 350 kg (770 lb). Musk oxen in captivity have reached over 650 kg (1,430 lb).[citation needed]
The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area.
The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller in size, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew tso'n meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other.
EvolutionEdit
Palaeoreas lindermayeri fossil
The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form.[5] The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region.
The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage.
^Gomez, W.; Patterson, T. A.; Swinton, J.; Berini, J. "Bovidae: antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
^"Definition of CAPRINE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
^Geist, Valerius (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 584–587. ISBN0-87196-871-1.
^Bover, Pere; Llamas, Bastien; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Alcover, Josep Antoni; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Cooper, Alan; Pons, Joan (July 2019). "Unraveling the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct bovid Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 from the Balearic Islands". Quaternary Science Reviews. 215: 185–195. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.005. S2CID 189965070.
^Hassanin, Alexandre; Ropiquet, Anne; Couloux, Arnaud; Cruaud, Corinne (2009-04-01). "Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genome in Mammals Living at High Altitude: New Insights from a Study of the Tribe Caprini (Bovidae, Antilopinae)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 68 (4): 293–310. doi:10.1007/s00239-009-9208-7. ISSN 1432-1432. PMID 19294454. S2CID 27622204.
^Calamari, Zachary T. (June 2021). "Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)". American Museum Novitates (3970): 1–38. doi:10.1206/3970.1. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 235441087.
^. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
October 21, 2023
caprinae, confused, with, antilocapridae, goat, antelope, redirects, here, species, sometimes, called, goat, antelope, tibetan, antelope, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliab. Not to be confused with Antilocapridae Goat antelope redirects here For the species sometimes called goat antelope see Tibetan antelope This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Caprinae news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message The subfamily Caprinae 1 also sometimes referred to as the tribe Caprini 2 is part of the ruminant family Bovidae 3 and consists of mostly medium sized bovids A member of this subfamily is called a caprine 4 or more informally a goat antelope although they are not considered antelopes CaprinaeTemporal range Late Miocene present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NStone sheep Ovis dalli stonei in British Columbia 2009Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaFamily BovidaeSubfamily CaprinaeJ E Gray 1821TribesCaprini Ovibovini PantholopiniProminent members include sheep and goats Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae with the members being caprids but now it is usually considered either a subfamily within the Bovidae or a tribe within the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae with caprines being a type of bovid Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Evolution 3 Species 4 Fossil genera 5 ReferencesCharacteristics Edit nbsp Skeleton of a Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia on display at the Museum of OsteologyAlthough most goat antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds they diverge in many other ways the muskox Ovibos moschatus is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra the mountain goat Oreamnos americanus of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain the urial Ovis orientalis occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran including much desert country The Armenian mouflon Ovis gmelini gmelini is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep Ovis aries Many species have become extinct since the last ice age probably largely because of human interaction Of the survivors Five are classified as endangered Eight as vulnerable Seven as of concern and needing conservation measures but at lower risk and Seven species are secure Members of the group vary considerably in size from just over 1 m 3 ft long for a full grown grey goral Nemorhaedus goral to almost 2 5 m 8 ft 2 in long for a musk ox and from under 30 kg 66 lb to more than 350 kg 770 lb Musk oxen in captivity have reached over 650 kg 1 430 lb citation needed The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes resource defenders which are territorial and defend a small food rich area against other members of the same species and grazers which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger usually relatively infertile area The resource defenders are the more primitive group they tend to be smaller in size dark in colour males and females fairly alike have long tessellated ears long manes and dagger shaped horns The grazers sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids from the Hebrew tso n meaning sheep and goats evolved more recently They tend to be larger highly social and rather than mark territory with scent glands they have highly evolved dominance behaviours No sharp line divides the groups but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep true goats and musk oxen at the other Evolution Edit nbsp Palaeoreas lindermayeri fossilThe goat antelope or caprid group is known from as early as the Miocene when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form 5 The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages when many of its members became specialised for marginal often extreme environments mountains deserts and the subarctic region The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats both rather vague and ill defined terms are thought to have moved into mountainous regions sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage Internal relationships of Caprinae based on mitochondrial DNA 6 BosCaprinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope Bootherium Helmeted muskox Ovibos Musk ox Capricornis Serow Naemorhedus Goral Ovis Sheep Oreamnos Mountain goat Budorcas Takin Myotragus Balearic Islands goat Rupicapra Chamois Ammotragus Barbary sheep Arabitragus Arabian tahr Pseudois Bharal Hemitragus Himalayan tahr Capra Turs markhor ibexes goats Species EditPhylogeny based on Hassanin et al 2009 and Calamari 2021 7 8 See also List of bovids Family Bovidae Subfamily Caprinae or Tribe CapriniTribe or Subtribe Image Genus SpeciesCaprini or Caprina nbsp Ammotragus Blyth 1840 Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia nbsp Arabitragus Ropiquet amp Hassanin 2005 Arabian tahr Arabitragus jayakari nbsp Budorcas Hodgson 1850 Takin Budorcas taxicolor nbsp Capra Linnaeus 1758 West Asian ibex Capra aegagrus Bezoar ibex Capra aegagrus aegagrus Sindh ibex Capra aegagrus blythi West Caucasian tur Capra caucasica East Caucasian tur Capra cylindricornis Markhor Capra falconeri Domestic goat Capra hircus Alpine ibex Capra ibex Nubian ibex Capra nubiana Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica Western Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica victoriae Southeastern Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica hispanica Portuguese ibex Capra pyreneaica lusitanica Pyrenean ibex Capra pyreneaica pyrenaica Siberian ibex Capra sibirica Walia ibex Capra walie nbsp Hemitragus Hodgson 1841 Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus nbsp Nilgiritragus Ropiquet amp Hassanin 2005 Nilgiri tahr Nilgiritragus hylocrius nbsp Oreamnos Rafinesque 1817 Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus nbsp Ovis Linnaeus 1758 Argali Ovis ammon Marco Polo sheep Ovis ammon polii Domestic sheep Ovis aries Bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis Dall sheep Ovis dalli Mouflon Ovis gmelini Snow sheep Ovis nivicola Urial Ovis vignei nbsp Pseudois Hodgson 1846 Bharal Himalayan blue sheep Pseudois nayaur nbsp Rupicapra Garsault 1764 Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra nbsp Myotragus Bate 1909 Myotragus balearicusOvibovini or Ovibovina nbsp Capricornis Ogilby 1837 Japanese serow Capricornis crispus Chinese serow Capricornis milneedwardsii Red serow Capricornis rubidus Sumatran serow Capricornis sumatraensis Taiwan serow Capricornis swinhoei Himalayan serow Capricornis thar nbsp Nemorhaedus Hamilton Smith 1827 Red goral Nemorhaedus baileyi Long tailed goral Naemorhedus caudatus Gray goral Nemorhaedus goral Chinese goral Nemorhaedus griseus nbsp Ovibos Blainville 1816 Muskox Ovibos moschatusPantholopini or Pantholopina nbsp Pantholops Hodgson 1834 Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoniiFossil genera EditThe following extinct genera of Caprinae have been identified 9 10 Tribe Caprini Genus Myotragus Myotragus balearicus Tribe Ovibovini Genus Bootherium Bootherium bombifrons Genus Euceratherium Euceratherium collinum Genus Makapania Makapania broomi Genus Megalovis Genus Soergelia Soergelia mayfieldi Genus Tsaidamotherium Tsaidamotherium brevirostrum Tsaidamotherium hedini Unsorted Benicerus Boopsis Capraoryx Caprotragoides Criotherium Damalavus Gallogoral Lyrocerus Mesembriacerus Neotragocerus Nesogoral Norbertia Numidocapra Oioceros Olonbulukia Pachygazella Pachytragus Palaeoreas Palaeoryx Paraprotoryx Parapseudotragus Parurmiatherium Praeovibos Procamptoceras Prosinotragus Protoryx Protovis Pseudotragus Qurliqnoria Samotragus Sinocapra Sinomegoceros Sinopalaeoceros Sinotragus Sivacapra Sporadotragus Tethytragus Tossunnoria Turcocerus UrmiatheriumReferences Edit Caprinae IUCN Retrieved 31 January 2022 Database Mammal Diversity 2021 11 06 Mammal Diversity Database doi 10 5281 zenodo 5651212 retrieved 2022 01 30 Gomez W Patterson T A Swinton J Berini J Bovidae antelopes cattle gazelles goats sheep and relatives Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Retrieved 7 October 2014 Definition of CAPRINE www merriam webster com Retrieved 2019 12 11 Geist Valerius 1984 Macdonald D ed The Encyclopedia of Mammals New York Facts on File pp 584 587 ISBN 0 87196 871 1 Bover Pere Llamas Bastien Mitchell Kieren J Thomson Vicki A Alcover Josep Antoni Lalueza Fox Carles Cooper Alan Pons Joan July 2019 Unraveling the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct bovid Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 from the Balearic Islands Quaternary Science Reviews 215 185 195 doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2019 05 005 S2CID 189965070 Hassanin Alexandre Ropiquet Anne Couloux Arnaud Cruaud Corinne 2009 04 01 Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genome in Mammals Living at High Altitude New Insights from a Study of the Tribe Caprini Bovidae Antilopinae Journal of Molecular Evolution 68 4 293 310 doi 10 1007 s00239 009 9208 7 ISSN 1432 1432 PMID 19294454 S2CID 27622204 Calamari Zachary T June 2021 Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae Mammalia Artiodactyla American Museum Novitates 3970 1 38 doi 10 1206 3970 1 ISSN 0003 0082 S2CID 235441087 tolweb org palaeos org Archived from the original on 2013 11 09 Retrieved 2010 08 11 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caprinae amp oldid 1178696698, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
