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Caesium-137

January 21, 2023

"Cesium 137" redirects here. For the band, see Cesium 137 (band).

Caesium-137 (137
55Cs
), cesium-137 (US),[7] or radiocaesium, is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Trace quantities also originate from spontaneous fission of uranium-238. It is among the most problematic of the short-to-medium-lifetime fission products. Caesium-137 has a relatively low boiling point of 671 °C (1,240 °F) and is volatilized easily when released suddenly at high temperature, as in the case of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and with atomic explosions, and can travel very long distances in the air. After being deposited onto the soil as radioactive fallout, it moves and spreads easily in the environment because of the high water solubility of caesium's most common chemical compounds, which are salts. Caesium-137 was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and Margaret Melhase.

Caesium-137, 137Cs
A sealed caesium-137 radioactive source
General
Symbol137Cs
Namescaesium-137, Cs-137
Protons (Z)55
Neutrons (N)82
Nuclide data
Natural abundance0 (trace)
Half-life (t1/2)30.05±0.08 years[1]
Isotope mass136.907 Da
Spin7⁄2+
Parent isotopes137Xe (β−)
Decay products137mBa
137Ba
Decay modes
Decay modeDecay energy (MeV)
β- (beta decay)0.5120[2]
γ (gamma-rays)0.6617
Isotopes of caesium
Complete table of nuclides

Decay

 
137Cs decay scheme showing half-lives, daughter nuclides, and types and proportion of radiation emitted.
 
137Cs gamma spectrum. The characteristic 662 keV peak does not originate directly from 137Cs, but from the decay of 137mBa to its stable state.

Caesium-137 has a half-life of about 30.05 years.[1] About 94.6% decays by beta emission to a metastable nuclear isomer of barium: barium-137m (137mBa, Ba-137m). The remainder directly populates the ground state of 137Ba, which is stable. Metastable Ba has a half-life of about 153 seconds, and is responsible for all of the gamma ray emissions in samples of 137Cs. Barium-137m decays to the ground state by emission of photons having energy 0.6617 MeV.[8] A total of 85.1% of 137Cs decay generates gamma ray emission in this manner. One gram of 137Cs has an activity of 3.215 terabecquerel (TBq).[9]

Uses

Caesium-137 has a number of practical uses. In small amounts, it is used to calibrate radiation-detection equipment.[10] In medicine, it is used in radiation therapy.[10] In industry, it is used in flow meters, thickness gauges,[10] moisture-density gauges (for density readings, with americium-241/beryllium providing the moisture reading),[11] and in gamma ray well logging devices.[11]

Caesium-137 is not widely used for industrial radiography because it is hard to obtain a very high specific activity material with a well defined (and small) shape as caesium from used nuclear fuel contains stable caesium-133 and also long-lived caesium-135. Isotope separation is too costly compared to cheaper alternatives. Also the higher specific activity caesium sources tend to be made from very soluble caesium chloride (CsCl), as a result if a radiography source was damaged it would increase the spread of the contamination. It is possible to make water insoluble caesium sources (with various ferrocyanide compounds such as Ni
2Fe(CN)
6, and ammonium ferric hexacyano ferrate (AFCF), Giese salt, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide) but their specific activity will be much lower. Other chemically inert Caesium compounds include Caesium-Aluminosilicate-glasses akin to the natural mineral pollucite. The latter has been used in demonstration of chemically stable water-insoluble forms of nuclear waste for disposal in deep geological repositories. A large emitting volume will harm the image quality in radiography. 192
Ir and 60
Co, are preferred for radiography, since these are chemically non-reactive metals and can be obtained with much higher specific activities by the activation of stable cobalt or iridium in high flux reactors. However, while 137
Cs is a waste product produced in great quantities in nuclear fission reactors, 192
Ir and 60
Co are specifically produced in commercial and research reactors and their life cycle entails the destruction of the involved high-value elements. Cobalt-60 decays to stable nickel, whereas iridium-192 can decay to either stable osmium or platinum. Due to the residual radioactivity and legal hurdles, the resulting material is not commonly recovered even from "spent" radioactive sources, meaning in essence that the entire mass is "lost" for non-radioactive uses.

As an almost purely human-made isotope, caesium-137 has been used to date wine and detect counterfeits[12] and as a relative-dating material for assessing the age of sedimentation occurring after 1945.[13]

Caesium-137 is also used as a radioactive tracer in geologic research to measure soil erosion and deposition.[14]

Health risk of radioactive caesium

Caesium-137 reacts with water, producing a water-soluble compound (caesium hydroxide). The biological behaviour of caesium is similar to that of potassium[15] and rubidium. After entering the body, caesium gets more or less uniformly distributed throughout the body, with the highest concentrations in soft tissue.[16] : 114  However, unlike group 2 radionuclides like radium and strontium-90, caesium does not bioaccumulate and is excreted relatively quickly. The biological half-life of caesium is about 70 days.[17]

A 1961 experiment showed that mice dosed with 21.5 μCi/g had a 50% fatality within 30 days (implying an LD50 of 245 μg/kg).[18] A similar experiment in 1972 showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg) of caesium-137 (and 950 to 1400 rads), they die within 33 days, while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year.[19] Important researches have shown a remarkable concentration of 137Cs in the exocrine cells of the pancreas, which are those most affected by cancer.[20][21] In 2003, in autopsies performed on 6 children dead in the polluted area near Chernobyl where they also reported a higher incidence of pancreatic tumors, Bandazhevsky found a concentration of 137Cs 40-45 times higher than in their liver, thus demonstrating that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium.[22] Accidental ingestion of caesium-137 can be treated with Prussian blue (FeIII
4[FeII
(CN)
6]
3), which binds to it chemically and reduces the biological half-life to 30 days.[23]

Radioactive caesium in the environment

 
The ten highest deposits of caesium-137 from U.S. nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site. Test explosions "Simon" and "Harry" were both from Operation Upshot–Knothole in 1953, while the test explosions "George" and "How" were from Operation Tumbler–Snapper in 1952.
Medium-lived
fission products[further explanation needed]
t½
(year) 		Yield
(%) 		Q
(keV) 		βγ
155Eu  4.76 0.0803  252 βγ
85Kr 10.76 0.2180  687 βγ
113mCd 14.1  0.0008  316 β
90Sr 28.9  4.505   2826 β
137Cs 30.23 6.337   1176 βγ
121mSn 43.9  0.00005 390 βγ
151Sm 88.8  0.5314  77 β

Caesium-137, along with other radioactive isotopes caesium-134, iodine-131, xenon-133, and strontium-90, were released into the environment during nearly all nuclear weapon tests and some nuclear accidents, most notably the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster.

Caesium-137 in the environment is substantially anthropogenic (human-made). Caesium-137 is produced from the nuclear fission of plutonium and uranium, and decays into barium-137.[24] Before the construction of the first artificial nuclear reactor in late 1942 (the Chicago Pile-1), caesium-137 had not occurred on Earth in significant amounts for about 1.7 billion years. By observing the characteristic gamma rays emitted by this isotope, one can determine whether the contents of a given sealed container were made before or after the first atomic bomb explosion (Trinity test, 16 July 1945), which spread some of it into the atmosphere, quickly distributing trace amounts of it around the globe. This procedure has been used by researchers to check the authenticity of certain rare wines, most notably the purported "Jefferson bottles".[25] Surface soils and sediments are also dated by measuring the activity of 137Cs.

Chernobyl disaster

Main article: Chernobyl disaster

As of today and for the next few hundred years or so, caesium-137 and strontium-90 continue to be the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, and pose the greatest risk to health, owing to their approximately 30 year half-life and biological uptake. The mean contamination of caesium-137 in Germany following the Chernobyl disaster was 2000 to 4000 Bq/m2.[citation needed] This corresponds to a contamination of 1 mg/km2 of caesium-137, totaling about 500 grams deposited over all of Germany. In Scandinavia, some reindeer and sheep exceeded the Norwegian legal limit (3000 Bq/kg) 26 years after Chernobyl.[26] As of 2016, the Chernobyl caesium-137 has decayed by half, but could have been locally concentrated by much larger factors.

Fukushima Daiichi disaster

Main article: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
 
Calculated caesium-137 concentration in the air after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, 25 March 2011.

In April 2011, elevated levels of caesium-137 were also being found in the environment after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disasters in Japan. In July 2011, meat from 11 cows shipped to Tokyo from Fukushima Prefecture was found to have 1,530 to 3,200 becquerels per kilogram of 137Cs, considerably exceeding the Japanese legal limit of 500 becquerels per kilogram at that time.[27] In March 2013, a fish caught near the plant had a record 740,000 becquerels per kilogram of radioactive caesium, above the 100 becquerels per kilogram government limit.[28] A 2013 paper in Scientific Reports found that for a forest site 50 km from the stricken plant, 137Cs concentrations were high in leaf litter, fungi and detritivores, but low in herbivores.[29] By the end of 2014, "Fukushima-derived radiocaesium had spread into the whole western North Pacific Ocean", transported by the North Pacific current from Japan to the Gulf of Alaska. It has been measured in the surface layer down to 200 meters and south of the current area down to 400 meters.[30]

Caesium-137 is reported to be the major health concern in Fukushima. A number of techniques are being considered that will be able to strip out 80% to 95% of the caesium from contaminated soil and other materials efficiently and without destroying the organic material in the soil. These include hydrothermal blasting. The caesium precipitated with ferric ferrocyanide (Prussian blue) would be the only waste requiring special burial sites.[31] The aim is to get annual exposure from the contaminated environment down to 1 mSv above background. The most contaminated area where radiation doses are greater than 50 mSv/year must remain off limits, but some areas that are currently less than 5 mSv/year may be decontaminated, allowing 22,000 residents to return.[citation needed]

Incidents and accidents

Caesium-137 gamma sources have been involved in several radiological accidents and incidents.

1987 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

In the Goiânia accident of 1987, an improperly disposed of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in Goiânia, Brazil, was removed then cracked to be sold in junkyards, and the glowing caesium salt sold to curious, unadvised buyers.[32] This led to four confirmed deaths and several serious injuries from radiation contamination.[33][34] Caesium gamma-ray sources that have been encased in metallic housings can be mixed in with scrap metal on its way to smelters, resulting in production of steel contaminated with radioactivity.[35]

1989 Kramatorsk, Donetsk, Ukraine

The Kramatorsk radiological accident happened in 1989 when a small capsule containing highly radioactive caesium-137 was found inside the concrete wall of an apartment building in Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR. It is believed that the capsule, originally a part of a measurement device, was lost in the late 1970s and ended up mixed with gravel used to construct the building in 1980. Over 9 years, two families had lived in the apartment. By the time the capsule was discovered, 6 residents of the building had died from leukemia and 17 more had received varying doses of radiation.[36]

1997, Georgia

In 1997, several Georgian soldiers suffered radiation poisoning and burns. They were eventually traced back to training sources abandoned, forgotten, and unlabeled after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. One was a caesium-137 pellet in a pocket of a shared jacket that put out about 130,000 times the level of background radiation at 1 meter distance.[37]

1998, Los Barrios, Cádiz, Spain

In the Acerinox accident of 1998, the Spanish recycling company Acerinox accidentally melted down a mass of radioactive caesium-137 that came from a gamma-ray generator.[38]

2009 Tongchuan, Shaanxi, China

In 2009, a Chinese cement company (in Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province) was demolishing an old, unused cement plant and did not follow standards for handling radioactive materials. This caused some caesium-137 from a measuring instrument to be included with eight truckloads of scrap metal on its way to a steel mill, where the radioactive caesium was melted down into the steel.[39]

March 2015, University of Tromsø, Norway

In March 2015, the Norwegian University of Tromsø lost 8 radioactive samples including samples of caesium-137, americium-241, and strontium-90. The samples were moved out of a secure location to be used for education. When the samples were supposed to be returned the university was unable to find them. As of 4 November 2015 the samples are still missing.[40][41]

March 2016 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland

On 3 and 4 March 2016, unusually high levels of caesium-137 were detected in the air in Helsinki, Finland. According to STUK, the country's nuclear regulator, measurements showed 4,000 μBq/m3 – about 1,000 times the usual level. An investigation by the agency traced the source to a building from which STUK and a radioactive waste treatment company operate.[42][43]

May 2019 Seattle, Washington, United States of America

Thirteen people were exposed to caesium-137 in May 2019 at the Research and Training building in the Harborview Medical Center complex. A contract crew was transferring the caesium from the lab to a truck when the powder was spilled. Five people were decontaminated and released, but 8 who were more directly exposed were taken to the hospital while the research building was evacuated.[44]

See also

References

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Bibliography

  • Olsen, Rolf A. (1994). "4.2. The Transfer of Radiocaesium from Soil to Plants and Fungi in Seminatural Ecosystems". Nordic Radioecology - the Transfer of Radionuclides through Nordic Ecosystems to Man. Studies in Environmental Science. Vol. 62. pp. 265–286. doi:10.1016/S0166-1116(08)71715-1. ISBN 9780444816177.

External links

  • NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Cesium, Radioactive

January 21, 2023
caesium, cesium, redirects, here, band, cesium, band, 13755, cesium, radiocaesium, radioactive, isotope, caesium, that, formed, more, common, fission, products, nuclear, fission, uranium, other, fissionable, isotopes, nuclear, reactors, nuclear, weapons, trace. Cesium 137 redirects here For the band see Cesium 137 band Caesium 137 13755 Cs cesium 137 US 7 or radiocaesium is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium 235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons Trace quantities also originate from spontaneous fission of uranium 238 It is among the most problematic of the short to medium lifetime fission products Caesium 137 has a relatively low boiling point of 671 C 1 240 F and is volatilized easily when released suddenly at high temperature as in the case of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and with atomic explosions and can travel very long distances in the air After being deposited onto the soil as radioactive fallout it moves and spreads easily in the environment because of the high water solubility of caesium s most common chemical compounds which are salts Caesium 137 was discovered by Glenn T Seaborg and Margaret Melhase Caesium 137 137CsA sealed caesium 137 radioactive sourceGeneralSymbol137CsNamescaesium 137 Cs 137Protons Z 55Neutrons N 82Nuclide dataNatural abundance0 trace Half life t1 2 30 05 0 08 years 1 Isotope mass136 907 DaSpin7 2 Parent isotopes137Xe b Decay products137mBa137BaDecay modesDecay modeDecay energy MeV b beta decay 0 5120 2 g gamma rays 0 6617Isotopes of caesium Complete table of nuclides Contents 1 Decay 2 Uses 3 Health risk of radioactive caesium 4 Radioactive caesium in the environment 4 1 Chernobyl disaster 4 2 Fukushima Daiichi disaster 5 Incidents and accidents 5 1 1987 Goiania Goias Brazil 5 2 1989 Kramatorsk Donetsk Ukraine 5 3 1997 Georgia 5 4 1998 Los Barrios Cadiz Spain 5 5 2009 Tongchuan Shaanxi China 5 6 March 2015 University of Tromso Norway 5 7 March 2016 Helsinki Uusimaa Finland 5 8 May 2019 Seattle Washington United States of America 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksDecay Edit 137Cs decay scheme showing half lives daughter nuclides and types and proportion of radiation emitted 137Cs gamma spectrum The characteristic 662 keV peak does not originate directly from 137Cs but from the decay of 137mBa to its stable state Caesium 137 has a half life of about 30 05 years 1 About 94 6 decays by beta emission to a metastable nuclear isomer of barium barium 137m 137mBa Ba 137m The remainder directly populates the ground state of 137Ba which is stable Metastable Ba has a half life of about 153 seconds and is responsible for all of the gamma ray emissions in samples of 137Cs Barium 137m decays to the ground state by emission of photons having energy 0 6617 MeV 8 A total of 85 1 of 137Cs decay generates gamma ray emission in this manner One gram of 137Cs has an activity of 3 215 terabecquerel TBq 9 Uses EditCaesium 137 has a number of practical uses In small amounts it is used to calibrate radiation detection equipment 10 In medicine it is used in radiation therapy 10 In industry it is used in flow meters thickness gauges 10 moisture density gauges for density readings with americium 241 beryllium providing the moisture reading 11 and in gamma ray well logging devices 11 Caesium 137 is not widely used for industrial radiography because it is hard to obtain a very high specific activity material with a well defined and small shape as caesium from used nuclear fuel contains stable caesium 133 and also long lived caesium 135 Isotope separation is too costly compared to cheaper alternatives Also the higher specific activity caesium sources tend to be made from very soluble caesium chloride CsCl as a result if a radiography source was damaged it would increase the spread of the contamination It is possible to make water insoluble caesium sources with various ferrocyanide compounds such as Ni2 Fe CN 6 and ammonium ferric hexacyano ferrate AFCF Giese salt ferric ammonium ferrocyanide but their specific activity will be much lower Other chemically inert Caesium compounds include Caesium Aluminosilicate glasses akin to the natural mineral pollucite The latter has been used in demonstration of chemically stable water insoluble forms of nuclear waste for disposal in deep geological repositories A large emitting volume will harm the image quality in radiography 192 Ir and 60 Co are preferred for radiography since these are chemically non reactive metals and can be obtained with much higher specific activities by the activation of stable cobalt or iridium in high flux reactors However while 137 Cs is a waste product produced in great quantities in nuclear fission reactors 192 Ir and 60 Co are specifically produced in commercial and research reactors and their life cycle entails the destruction of the involved high value elements Cobalt 60 decays to stable nickel whereas iridium 192 can decay to either stable osmium or platinum Due to the residual radioactivity and legal hurdles the resulting material is not commonly recovered even from spent radioactive sources meaning in essence that the entire mass is lost for non radioactive uses As an almost purely human made isotope caesium 137 has been used to date wine and detect counterfeits 12 and as a relative dating material for assessing the age of sedimentation occurring after 1945 13 Caesium 137 is also used as a radioactive tracer in geologic research to measure soil erosion and deposition 14 Health risk of radioactive caesium EditCaesium 137 reacts with water producing a water soluble compound caesium hydroxide The biological behaviour of caesium is similar to that of potassium 15 and rubidium After entering the body caesium gets more or less uniformly distributed throughout the body with the highest concentrations in soft tissue 16 114 However unlike group 2 radionuclides like radium and strontium 90 caesium does not bioaccumulate and is excreted relatively quickly The biological half life of caesium is about 70 days 17 A 1961 experiment showed that mice dosed with 21 5 mCi g had a 50 fatality within 30 days implying an LD50 of 245 mg kg 18 A similar experiment in 1972 showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 mCi kg 140 MBq kg or approximately 44 mg kg of caesium 137 and 950 to 1400 rads they die within 33 days while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year 19 Important researches have shown a remarkable concentration of 137Cs in the exocrine cells of the pancreas which are those most affected by cancer 20 21 In 2003 in autopsies performed on 6 children dead in the polluted area near Chernobyl where they also reported a higher incidence of pancreatic tumors Bandazhevsky found a concentration of 137Cs 40 45 times higher than in their liver thus demonstrating that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium 22 Accidental ingestion of caesium 137 can be treated with Prussian blue FeIII4 FeII CN 6 3 which binds to it chemically and reduces the biological half life to 30 days 23 Radioactive caesium in the environment Edit The ten highest deposits of caesium 137 from U S nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site Test explosions Simon and Harry were both from Operation Upshot Knothole in 1953 while the test explosions George and How were from Operation Tumbler Snapper in 1952 Medium lived fission products further explanation needed t year Yield Q keV bg155Eu 4 76 0 0803 252 bg85Kr 10 76 0 2180 687 bg113mCd 14 1 0 0008 316 b90Sr 28 9 4 505 2826 b137Cs 30 23 6 337 1176 bg121mSn 43 9 0 00005 390 bg151Sm 88 8 0 5314 77 bCaesium 137 along with other radioactive isotopes caesium 134 iodine 131 xenon 133 and strontium 90 were released into the environment during nearly all nuclear weapon tests and some nuclear accidents most notably the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster Caesium 137 in the environment is substantially anthropogenic human made Caesium 137 is produced from the nuclear fission of plutonium and uranium and decays into barium 137 24 Before the construction of the first artificial nuclear reactor in late 1942 the Chicago Pile 1 caesium 137 had not occurred on Earth in significant amounts for about 1 7 billion years By observing the characteristic gamma rays emitted by this isotope one can determine whether the contents of a given sealed container were made before or after the first atomic bomb explosion Trinity test 16 July 1945 which spread some of it into the atmosphere quickly distributing trace amounts of it around the globe This procedure has been used by researchers to check the authenticity of certain rare wines most notably the purported Jefferson bottles 25 Surface soils and sediments are also dated by measuring the activity of 137Cs Chernobyl disaster Edit Main article Chernobyl disaster As of today and for the next few hundred years or so caesium 137 and strontium 90 continue to be the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and pose the greatest risk to health owing to their approximately 30 year half life and biological uptake The mean contamination of caesium 137 in Germany following the Chernobyl disaster was 2000 to 4000 Bq m2 citation needed This corresponds to a contamination of 1 mg km2 of caesium 137 totaling about 500 grams deposited over all of Germany In Scandinavia some reindeer and sheep exceeded the Norwegian legal limit 3000 Bq kg 26 years after Chernobyl 26 As of 2016 the Chernobyl caesium 137 has decayed by half but could have been locally concentrated by much larger factors Fukushima Daiichi disaster Edit Main article Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Calculated caesium 137 concentration in the air after the Fukushima nuclear disaster 25 March 2011 In April 2011 elevated levels of caesium 137 were also being found in the environment after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disasters in Japan In July 2011 meat from 11 cows shipped to Tokyo from Fukushima Prefecture was found to have 1 530 to 3 200 becquerels per kilogram of 137Cs considerably exceeding the Japanese legal limit of 500 becquerels per kilogram at that time 27 In March 2013 a fish caught near the plant had a record 740 000 becquerels per kilogram of radioactive caesium above the 100 becquerels per kilogram government limit 28 A 2013 paper in Scientific Reports found that for a forest site 50 km from the stricken plant 137Cs concentrations were high in leaf litter fungi and detritivores but low in herbivores 29 By the end of 2014 Fukushima derived radiocaesium had spread into the whole western North Pacific Ocean transported by the North Pacific current from Japan to the Gulf of Alaska It has been measured in the surface layer down to 200 meters and south of the current area down to 400 meters 30 Caesium 137 is reported to be the major health concern in Fukushima A number of techniques are being considered that will be able to strip out 80 to 95 of the caesium from contaminated soil and other materials efficiently and without destroying the organic material in the soil These include hydrothermal blasting The caesium precipitated with ferric ferrocyanide Prussian blue would be the only waste requiring special burial sites 31 The aim is to get annual exposure from the contaminated environment down to 1 mSv above background The most contaminated area where radiation doses are greater than 50 mSv year must remain off limits but some areas that are currently less than 5 mSv year may be decontaminated allowing 22 000 residents to return citation needed Incidents and accidents EditCaesium 137 gamma sources have been involved in several radiological accidents and incidents 1987 Goiania Goias Brazil Edit In the Goiania accident of 1987 an improperly disposed of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in Goiania Brazil was removed then cracked to be sold in junkyards and the glowing caesium salt sold to curious unadvised buyers 32 This led to four confirmed deaths and several serious injuries from radiation contamination 33 34 Caesium gamma ray sources that have been encased in metallic housings can be mixed in with scrap metal on its way to smelters resulting in production of steel contaminated with radioactivity 35 1989 Kramatorsk Donetsk Ukraine Edit The Kramatorsk radiological accident happened in 1989 when a small capsule containing highly radioactive caesium 137 was found inside the concrete wall of an apartment building in Kramatorsk Ukrainian SSR It is believed that the capsule originally a part of a measurement device was lost in the late 1970s and ended up mixed with gravel used to construct the building in 1980 Over 9 years two families had lived in the apartment By the time the capsule was discovered 6 residents of the building had died from leukemia and 17 more had received varying doses of radiation 36 1997 Georgia Edit In 1997 several Georgian soldiers suffered radiation poisoning and burns They were eventually traced back to training sources abandoned forgotten and unlabeled after the dissolution of the Soviet Union One was a caesium 137 pellet in a pocket of a shared jacket that put out about 130 000 times the level of background radiation at 1 meter distance 37 1998 Los Barrios Cadiz Spain Edit In the Acerinox accident of 1998 the Spanish recycling company Acerinox accidentally melted down a mass of radioactive caesium 137 that came from a gamma ray generator 38 2009 Tongchuan Shaanxi China Edit In 2009 a Chinese cement company in Tongchuan Shaanxi Province was demolishing an old unused cement plant and did not follow standards for handling radioactive materials This caused some caesium 137 from a measuring instrument to be included with eight truckloads of scrap metal on its way to a steel mill where the radioactive caesium was melted down into the steel 39 March 2015 University of Tromso Norway Edit In March 2015 the Norwegian University of Tromso lost 8 radioactive samples including samples of caesium 137 americium 241 and strontium 90 The samples were moved out of a secure location to be used for education When the samples were supposed to be returned the university was unable to find them As of 4 November 2015 update the samples are still missing 40 41 March 2016 Helsinki Uusimaa Finland Edit On 3 and 4 March 2016 unusually high levels of caesium 137 were detected in the air in Helsinki Finland According to STUK the country s nuclear regulator measurements showed 4 000 mBq m3 about 1 000 times the usual level An investigation by the agency traced the source to a building from which STUK and a radioactive waste treatment company operate 42 43 May 2019 Seattle Washington United States of America Edit Thirteen people were exposed to caesium 137 in May 2019 at the Research and Training building in the Harborview Medical Center complex A contract crew was transferring the caesium from the lab to a truck when the powder was spilled Five people were decontaminated and released but 8 who were more directly exposed were taken to the hospital while the research building was evacuated 44 See also EditCommonly used gamma emitting isotopesReferences Edit a b Be M M Chiste V Dulieu C Browne E Baglin C Chechev V amp Lee K B 2006 Table of Radionuclides vol 3 A 3 to 244 Monographie BIPM 5 13755 Cs 82 WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes LBNL Isotopes Project LUNDS Universitet Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 Retrieved 14 March 2009 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 2005 Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005 Cambridge UK RSC IUPAC ISBN 0 85404 438 8 pp 248 49 Electronic version Coghill Anne M Garson Lorrin R eds 2006 The ACS Style Guide Effective Communication of Scientific Information 3rd ed Washington D C American Chemical Society p 127 ISBN 978 0 8412 3999 9 Coplen T B Peiser H S 1998 History of the recommended atomic weight values from 1882 to 1997 a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values PDF Pure Appl Chem 70 1 237 257 doi 10 1351 pac199870010237 S2CID 96729044 OED entry for caesium Second edition 1989 online version June 2012 Retrieved 07 September 2012 Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary 1888 Caesium is the spelling recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAC 3 The American Chemical Society ACS has used the spelling cesium since 1921 4 5 following Webster s New International Dictionary The element was named after the Latin word caesius meaning bluish grey 6 In medieval and early modern writings caesius was spelled with the ligature ae as caesius hence an alternative but now old fashioned orthography is caesium More spelling explanation at ae oe vs e Delacroix D Guerre J P Leblanc P Hickman C 2002 Radionuclide and Radiation Protection Handbook Nuclear Technology Publishing ISBN 978 1870965873 Bunting R L 1975 Nuclear Data Sheets for A 137 Nuclear Data Sheets 15 335 a b c CDC Radiation Emergencies Radioisotope Brief Cesium 137 Cs 137 CDC Retrieved 5 November 2013 a b Cesium Radiation Protection US EPA EPA 3 June 2012 Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 Retrieved 4 March 2015 How Atomic Particles Helped Solve A Wine Fraud Mystery NPR 3 June 2014 Retrieved 4 March 2015 Williams H F L 1995 Assessing the impact of weir construction on recent sedimentation using cesium 137 Environmental Geology 26 3 166 171 Bibcode 1995EnGeo 26 166W doi 10 1007 BF00768738 ISSN 0943 0105 S2CID 129177016 Loughran Robert 1 June 1989 The measurement of soil erosion Progress in Physical Geography 221 2 216 233 doi 10 1177 030913338901300203 S2CID 140599684 Avery Simon V 1995 Caesium accumulation by microorganisms uptake mechanisms cation competition compartmentalization and toxicity Journal of Industrial Microbiology 14 2 76 84 doi 10 1007 BF01569888 ISSN 0169 4146 PMID 7766213 S2CID 21144768 Delacroix D Guerre J P Leblanc P Hickman C 2002 Radionuclide and Radiation Protection Data Handbook 2002 2nd ed Nuclear Technology Publishing ISBN 978 1 870965 87 3 R Nave Biological Half life Hyperphysics Moskalev Yu I 1961 Biological Effects of Cesium 137 In Lebedinskiĭ A V Moskalev Yu I eds Distribution Biological Effects and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes Translation Series United States Atomic Energy Commission published April 1974 p 220 AEC tr 7512 H C Redman et al 1972 Toxicity of 137 CsCl in the Beagle Early Biological Effects Radiation Research 50 3 629 648 Bibcode 1972RadR 50 629R doi 10 2307 3573559 JSTOR 3573559 PMID 5030090 Nelson A Ullberg S Kristoffersson H Ronnback C 1961 Distribution of Radiocesium in Mice Acta Radiologica 55 5 5 374 384 doi 10 3109 00016926109175132 PMID 13728254 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Venturi Sebastiano 2020 Correlation between radioactive cesium and the increase of pancreatic cancer A Hypothesis Biosfera 12 4 4 21 30 doi 10 24855 biosfera v12i4 556 S2CID 229377336 Bandazhevsky Y I 2003 Chronic Cs 137 incorporation in children s organs Swiss Med Wkly 133 35 36 488 90 doi 10 4414 smw 2003 10226 PMID 14652805 S2CID 28184979 CDC Radiation Emergencies Facts About Prussian Blue CDC Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 Retrieved 5 November 2013 Takeshi Okumura 21 October 2003 The material flow of radioactive cesium 137 in the U S 2000 PDF epa gov US Environmental Protection Agency Peter Hellman Mitch Frank 1 April 2010 News Analysis Christie s Is Counterfeit Crusader s Biggest Target Wine Spectator Retrieved 5 November 2013 Sandelson Michael Smith Lyndsey 21 May 2012 Higher radiation in Jotunheimen than first believed The Foreigner Archived from the original on 2 October 2018 Retrieved 21 May 2012 High levels of caesium in Fukushima beef Independent Online 9 July 2011 Fish near Fukushima reportedly contains high Cesium level Huffington Post 17 March 2013 Murakami Masashi Ohte Nobuhito Suzuki Takahiro Ishii Nobuyoshi Igarashi Yoshiaki Tanoi Keitaro 2014 Biological proliferation of cesium 137 through the detrital food chain in a forest ecosystem in Japan Scientific Reports 4 3599 Bibcode 2014NatSR 4E3599M doi 10 1038 srep03599 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 3884222 PMID 24398571 Kumamoto Yuichiro et al 2017 Radiation and analytical chemistry Five years since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident Special Articles Bunseki Kagaku in Japanese and English 66 3 137 148 doi 10 2116 bunsekikagaku 66 137 Normile Dennis 1 March 2013 Cooling a hot zone Science 339 6123 1028 1029 Bibcode 2013Sci 339 1028N doi 10 1126 science 339 6123 1028 PMID 23449572 Hill Kyle 4 September 2021 How one handful of powder contaminated a whole city YouTube Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 Retrieved 26 September 2021 The Radiological Accident in Goiania PDF IAEA 1988 ISBN 92 0 129088 8 Vitima do cesio 137 lembra depressao e preconceito apos acidente BBC Brasil 26 April 2011 Radioactive Scrap Metal Nuclear Free Local Authorities October 2000 Archived from the original on 21 March 2007 Infected Apartment in Kramatorsk Series The most radioactive zones on the planet OrangeSmile com www orangesmile com Lluma Diego May June 2000 Former Soviet Union What the Russians left behind Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 56 3 14 17 doi 10 2968 056003005 S2CID 145248534 J M LaForge 1999 Radioactive Caesium Spill Cooks Europe Earth Island Journal 14 1 Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 Retrieved 28 March 2009 Chinese find radioactive ball BBC News 27 March 2009 UiT har mistet radioaktivt stoff kan ha blitt kastet iTromso 4 November 2015 Stort metallskap sporlost forsvunnet Inneholder radioaktive stoffer Dagbladet 4 November 2015 Cesium 137 now traced back to the property s garage and parts of its basement premises Tiedote en STUK www stuk fi Retrieved 10 March 2016 Hannele Aaltonen Cesium 137 contamination at STUK s premises in March 2016 PDF IAEA Retrieved 13 October 2018 Casey Martin 3 May 2019 13 exposed to radioactivity KUOW Bibliography EditOlsen Rolf A 1994 4 2 The Transfer of Radiocaesium from Soil to Plants and Fungi in Seminatural Ecosystems Nordic Radioecology the Transfer of Radionuclides through Nordic Ecosystems to Man Studies in Environmental Science Vol 62 pp 265 286 doi 10 1016 S0166 1116 08 71715 1 ISBN 9780444816177 External links EditNLM Hazardous Substances Databank Cesium Radioactive Cesium 137 dirty bombs by Theodore Liolios Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caesium 137 amp oldid 1128043769, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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