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Research reactor

January 19, 2024

This article is about nuclear fission research reactors. For experimental research nuclear fusion reactors, see fusion reactor.

Research reactors are nuclear fission-based nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or maritime propulsion.

The CROCUS research reactor of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, in Switzerland.

Purpose edit

The neutrons produced by a research reactor are used for neutron scattering, non-destructive testing, analysis and testing of materials, production of radioisotopes, research and public outreach and education. Research reactors that produce radioisotopes for medical or industrial use are sometimes called isotope reactors. Reactors that are optimised for beamline experiments nowadays compete with spallation sources.

Technical aspects edit

Research reactors are simpler than power reactors and operate at lower temperatures. They need far less fuel, and far less fission products build up as the fuel is used. On the other hand, their fuel requires more highly enriched uranium, typically up to 20% U-235,[1] although some use 93% U-235; while 20% enrichment is not generally considered usable in nuclear weapons, 93% is commonly referred to as "weapons-grade". They also have a very high power density in the core, which requires special design features. Like power reactors, the core needs cooling, typically natural or forced convection with water, and a moderator is required to slow the neutron velocities and enhance fission. As neutron production is their main function, most research reactors benefit from reflectors to reduce neutron loss from the core.

Conversion to low enriched uranium edit

The International Atomic Energy Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy initiated a program in 1978 to develop the means to convert research reactors from using highly enriched uranium (HEU) to the use of low enriched uranium (LEU), in support of its nonproliferation policy.[2][3] By that time, the U.S. had supplied research reactors and highly enriched uranium to 41 countries as part of its Atoms for Peace program. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Energy extended its Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance program until 2019.[4]

As of 2016, a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report concluded converting all research reactors to LEU cannot be completed until 2035 at the earliest. In part this is because the development of reliable LEU fuel for high neutron flux research reactors, that does not fail through swelling, has been slower than expected.[5] As of 2020, 72 HEU research reactors remain.[6]

Designers and constructors edit

While in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s there were a number of companies that specialized in the design and construction of research reactors, the activity of this market cooled down afterwards, and many companies withdrew.

The market has consolidated today into a few companies that concentrate the key projects on a worldwide basis.

The most recent international tender (1999) for a research reactor was that organized by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation for the design, construction and commissioning of the Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor (OPAL). Four companies were prequalified: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), INVAP, Siemens and Technicatom. The project was awarded to INVAP that built the reactor. In recent years, AECL withdrew from this market, and Siemens and Technicatom activities were merged into Areva.

Classes of research reactors edit

Research centers edit

Main article: Neutron facilities

A complete list can be found at the List of nuclear research reactors.

Research centers that operate a reactor:

Reactor Name Country City Institution Power Level Operation Date
BR2 Reactor Belgium Mol Belgian Nuclear Research Center SCK•CEN 100 MW
Budapest Research Reactor[7] Hungary Budapest Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Energy Research 5 MW[7] 1959[7]
Budapest University of Technology Training Reactor[8] Hungary Budapest Budapest University of Technology and Economics 100 kW 1969
ILL High-Flux Reactor France Grenoble Institut Laue-Langevin 63 MW[9]
RA-6 Argentina Bariloche Balseiro Institute / Bariloche Atomic Centre 1 MW[10] 1982[10]
ZED-2 Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL's Chalk River Laboratories 200 W[11] 1960
McMaster Nuclear Reactor Canada Hamilton, Ontario McMaster University 5 MW 1959
National Research Universal reactor Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL's Chalk River Laboratories 135 MW 1957
Petten nuclear reactors Netherlands Petten Dutch Nuclear Research and consultancy Group,[12] EU Joint Research Centre 30 kW and 60MW 1960
ORPHEE France Saclay Laboratoire Léon Brillouin 14 MW 1980
FRM II Germany Garching Technical University of Munich 20 MW 2004
HOR Netherlands Delft Reactor Institute Delft, Delft University of Technology 2 MW
BER II Germany Berlin Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin 10 MW
Mainz Germany Mainz Universität Mainz, Institut für Kernchemie 100 kW[13]
TRIGA Mark II[14] Austria Vienna Technical University Vienna, TU Wien, Atominstitut 250 kW 1962[14]
IRT-2000 Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian Academy of Sciences research site 2 MW
OPAL Australia Lucas Heights, New South Wales Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation 20 MW 2006
IEA-R1 Brazil São Paulo Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares 3.5 MW 1957
IRT-2000[15] Russia Moscow Moscow Engineering Physics Institute 2.5 MW[15] 1967[15]
SAFARI-1 South Africa Pelindaba South African Nuclear Energy Corporation 20 MW[16] 1965[16]
High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor South Korea Daejeon Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute 30 MW[17] 1995[17]
LVR-15 Czech Republic Řež Nuclear Research Institute 10 MW[18] 1995[18]
North Carolina State University Reactor Program United States Raleigh, North Carolina North Carolina State University 1 MW[19] 1953[19]
High Flux Isotope Reactor United States Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Advanced Test Reactor United States Idaho Idaho National Laboratory 250 MW[20]
University of Missouri Research Reactor United States Columbia, Missouri University of Missouri 10 MW 1966
Maryland University Training Reactor United States College Park, Maryland University of Maryland 250 kW[21] 1970[21]
Washington State University Reactor United States Pullman, Washington Washington State University 1 MW[22]
CROCUS Switzerland Lausanne École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
Maria reactor Poland Świerk-Otwock National Centre for Nuclear Research 30 MW 1974
TRIGA Mark I United States Irvine, California University of California, Irvine
ITU TRIGA Mark-II Training and Research Reactor Turkey Istanbul Istanbul Technical University
ETRR-1 Egypt Inshas Nuclear Research Center 2 MW 1961
ETRR-2 Egypt Inshas Nuclear Research Center 22 MW 1997
Ghana Research Reactor-1[23] Ghana Accra National Nuclear Research Institute of the Ghanan Atomic Energy Commission 30 kW

Decommissioned research reactors:

Reactor Name Country City Institution Power Level Operation Date Closure Date Decommissioned
ASTRA Austria Seibersdorf Austrian Institute of Technology 10 MW 1960 1999
CONSORT United Kingdom Ascot, Berkshire Imperial College 100 kW
JASON reactor United Kingdom Greenwich Royal Naval College 10 kW 1962 1996
MOATA Australia Lucas Heights Australian Atomic Energy Commission 100 kW 1961 1995
High Flux Australian Reactor Australia Lucas Heights Australian Atomic Energy Commission 1958 2007
HTGR (Pin-in-Block Design) United Kingdom Winfrith, Dorset International Atomic Energy Agency 20MWt 1964 1976 July 2005[24]
DIDO United Kingdom Harwell, Oxfordshire Atomic Energy Research Establishment 1990
Nuclear Power Demonstration Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL's Rolphton plant 20 MW 1961 1987
NRX Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL's Chalk River Laboratories 1952 1992
PLUTO reactor United Kingdom Harwell, Oxfordshire Atomic Energy Research Establishment 26 MW 1957 1990
Pool Test Reactor Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL's Chalk River Laboratories 10 kW 1957 1990
WR-1 Canada Pinawa, Manitoba AECL's Whiteshell Laboratories 60 MW 1965 1985
ZEEP Canada Deep River, Ontario AECL's Chalk River Laboratories 1945 1973
More Hall Annex United States Seattle University of Washington 100 kW 1961 1988
Ewa reactor Poland Świerk-Otwock POLATOM Institute of Nuclear Energy 10 MW 1958 1995
FiR 1 Finland Espoo Helsinki University of Technology,
later VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 		250 kW[25] 1962[25] 2015[26]
RV-1 Venezuela Caracas Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research 3 MW 1960 1994

References edit

  1. ^ Alrwashdeh, Mohammad, and Saeed A. Alameri. "Reactor Monte Carlo (RMC) model validation and verification in compare with MCNP for plate-type reactor." AIP Advances 9, no. 7 (2019): 075112. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115807
  2. ^ . Nuclear Fuel Cycle & Waste Technology. International Atomic Energy Agency. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on Jun 12, 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  3. ^ . National Nuclear Security Administration. Archived from the original on 29 October 2004.
  4. ^ . National Nuclear Security Administration. Archived from the original on 22 September 2006.
  5. ^ Cho, Adrian (28 January 2016). "Ridding research reactors of highly enriched uranium to take decades longer than projected". Science. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  6. ^ "IAEA highlights work to convert research reactors". World Nuclear News. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "Budapest Research Reactor | Budapest Neutron Centre ...for research, science and innovation!". www.bnc.hu. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  8. ^ "Institute for Nuclear Technology". reak.bme.hu. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
  9. ^ "Nuclear Reactors". pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  10. ^ a b (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  11. ^ . Canadian Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  12. ^ . ec.europa.eu. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  13. ^ Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität. . www.kernchemie.uni-mainz.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  14. ^ a b "ATI : Reactor". ati.tuwien.ac.at. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  15. ^ a b c "The reactor | National Research Nuclear University MEPhI". eng.mephi.ru. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  16. ^ a b . www.necsa.co.za. Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  17. ^ a b "High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor (HANARO) | Facilities | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  18. ^ a b . cvrez.cz. Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  19. ^ a b "History - Nuclear Reactor Program". Nuclear Reactor Program. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
  20. ^ (PDF). Idaho National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
  21. ^ a b "Maryland University Training Reactor (MUTR) | 250 kW TRIGA Reactor | University of Maryland Radiation Facilities". radiation.umd.edu/. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  22. ^ "Nuclear Science Center Washington State University". nsc.wsu.edu. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  23. ^ "Research Reactor Database - GHARR-1". International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  24. ^ . www.nda.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  25. ^ a b Karlsen, Wade; Vilkamo, Olli (2016-12-14). "Finland's old nuclear research reactor to be decommissioned – New Centre for Nuclear Safety under construction". VTT Impulse. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  26. ^ "Research Reactor Database". International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  • WNA Information Paper # 61: Research Reactors 2013-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
  • Nuclear Nonproliferation: DOE Needs to Take Action to Further Reduce the Use of Weapons-Usable Uranium in Civilian Research Reactors, GAO, July 2004, GAO-04-807

External links edit

  • IAEA searchable list of Nuclear Research Reactors in the world
  • The National Organization of Test, Research, and Training Reactors, Inc.
  • NMI3 - EU-FP7 Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Neutron Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy

January 19, 2024
research, reactor, this, article, about, nuclear, fission, research, reactors, experimental, research, nuclear, fusion, reactors, fusion, reactor, nuclear, fission, based, nuclear, reactors, that, serve, primarily, neutron, source, they, also, called, power, r. This article is about nuclear fission research reactors For experimental research nuclear fusion reactors see fusion reactor Research reactors are nuclear fission based nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source They are also called non power reactors in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production heat generation or maritime propulsion The CROCUS research reactor of the Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne in Switzerland Contents 1 Purpose 2 Technical aspects 3 Conversion to low enriched uranium 4 Designers and constructors 5 Classes of research reactors 6 Research centers 7 References 8 External linksPurpose editThe neutrons produced by a research reactor are used for neutron scattering non destructive testing analysis and testing of materials production of radioisotopes research and public outreach and education Research reactors that produce radioisotopes for medical or industrial use are sometimes called isotope reactors Reactors that are optimised for beamline experiments nowadays compete with spallation sources Technical aspects editResearch reactors are simpler than power reactors and operate at lower temperatures They need far less fuel and far less fission products build up as the fuel is used On the other hand their fuel requires more highly enriched uranium typically up to 20 U 235 1 although some use 93 U 235 while 20 enrichment is not generally considered usable in nuclear weapons 93 is commonly referred to as weapons grade They also have a very high power density in the core which requires special design features Like power reactors the core needs cooling typically natural or forced convection with water and a moderator is required to slow the neutron velocities and enhance fission As neutron production is their main function most research reactors benefit from reflectors to reduce neutron loss from the core Conversion to low enriched uranium editThe International Atomic Energy Agency and the U S Department of Energy initiated a program in 1978 to develop the means to convert research reactors from using highly enriched uranium HEU to the use of low enriched uranium LEU in support of its nonproliferation policy 2 3 By that time the U S had supplied research reactors and highly enriched uranium to 41 countries as part of its Atoms for Peace program In 2004 the U S Department of Energy extended its Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance program until 2019 4 As of 2016 a National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine report concluded converting all research reactors to LEU cannot be completed until 2035 at the earliest In part this is because the development of reliable LEU fuel for high neutron flux research reactors that does not fail through swelling has been slower than expected 5 As of 2020 update 72 HEU research reactors remain 6 Designers and constructors editWhile in the 1950s 1960s and 1970s there were a number of companies that specialized in the design and construction of research reactors the activity of this market cooled down afterwards and many companies withdrew The market has consolidated today into a few companies that concentrate the key projects on a worldwide basis The most recent international tender 1999 for a research reactor was that organized by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation for the design construction and commissioning of the Open pool Australian lightwater reactor OPAL Four companies were prequalified Atomic Energy of Canada Limited AECL INVAP Siemens and Technicatom The project was awarded to INVAP that built the reactor In recent years AECL withdrew from this market and Siemens and Technicatom activities were merged into Areva Classes of research reactors editAqueous homogeneous reactor Argonaut class reactor DIDO class six high flux reactors worldwide TRIGA a highly successful class with gt 50 installations worldwide SLOWPOKE reactor class developed by AECL Canada OPAL reactor class developed by INVAP Argentina Miniature neutron source reactor based on the SLOWPOKE design developed by AECL currently exported by China Aerojet General Nucleonics 201 Models Developed by Aerojet General in the United States 3 current reactors in operation at Idaho State University The University of New Mexico and Texas A amp M University Research centers editMain article Neutron facilitiesA complete list can be found at the List of nuclear research reactors Research centers that operate a reactor Reactor Name Country City Institution Power Level Operation DateBR2 Reactor Belgium Mol Belgian Nuclear Research Center SCK CEN 100 MWBudapest Research Reactor 7 Hungary Budapest Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre for Energy Research 5 MW 7 1959 7 Budapest University of Technology Training Reactor 8 Hungary Budapest Budapest University of Technology and Economics 100 kW 1969ILL High Flux Reactor France Grenoble Institut Laue Langevin 63 MW 9 RA 6 Argentina Bariloche Balseiro Institute Bariloche Atomic Centre 1 MW 10 1982 10 ZED 2 Canada Deep River Ontario AECL s Chalk River Laboratories 200 W 11 1960McMaster Nuclear Reactor Canada Hamilton Ontario McMaster University 5 MW 1959National Research Universal reactor Canada Deep River Ontario AECL s Chalk River Laboratories 135 MW 1957Petten nuclear reactors Netherlands Petten Dutch Nuclear Research and consultancy Group 12 EU Joint Research Centre 30 kW and 60MW 1960ORPHEE France Saclay Laboratoire Leon Brillouin 14 MW 1980FRM II Germany Garching Technical University of Munich 20 MW 2004HOR Netherlands Delft Reactor Institute Delft Delft University of Technology 2 MWBER II Germany Berlin Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin 10 MWMainz Germany Mainz Universitat Mainz Institut fur Kernchemie 100 kW 13 TRIGA Mark II 14 Austria Vienna Technical University Vienna TU Wien Atominstitut 250 kW 1962 14 IRT 2000 Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian Academy of Sciences research site 2 MWOPAL Australia Lucas Heights New South Wales Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation 20 MW 2006IEA R1 Brazil Sao Paulo Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares 3 5 MW 1957IRT 2000 15 Russia Moscow Moscow Engineering Physics Institute 2 5 MW 15 1967 15 SAFARI 1 South Africa Pelindaba South African Nuclear Energy Corporation 20 MW 16 1965 16 High Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor South Korea Daejeon Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute 30 MW 17 1995 17 LVR 15 Czech Republic Rez Nuclear Research Institute 10 MW 18 1995 18 North Carolina State University Reactor Program United States Raleigh North Carolina North Carolina State University 1 MW 19 1953 19 High Flux Isotope Reactor United States Oak Ridge Tennessee Oak Ridge National LaboratoryAdvanced Test Reactor United States Idaho Idaho National Laboratory 250 MW 20 University of Missouri Research Reactor United States Columbia Missouri University of Missouri 10 MW 1966Maryland University Training Reactor United States College Park Maryland University of Maryland 250 kW 21 1970 21 Washington State University Reactor United States Pullman Washington Washington State University 1 MW 22 CROCUS Switzerland Lausanne Ecole polytechnique federale de LausanneMaria reactor Poland Swierk Otwock National Centre for Nuclear Research 30 MW 1974TRIGA Mark I United States Irvine California University of California IrvineITU TRIGA Mark II Training and Research Reactor Turkey Istanbul Istanbul Technical UniversityETRR 1 Egypt Inshas Nuclear Research Center 2 MW 1961ETRR 2 Egypt Inshas Nuclear Research Center 22 MW 1997Ghana Research Reactor 1 23 Ghana Accra National Nuclear Research Institute of the Ghanan Atomic Energy Commission 30 kWDecommissioned research reactors Reactor Name Country City Institution Power Level Operation Date Closure Date DecommissionedASTRA Austria Seibersdorf Austrian Institute of Technology 10 MW 1960 1999CONSORT United Kingdom Ascot Berkshire Imperial College 100 kWJASON reactor United Kingdom Greenwich Royal Naval College 10 kW 1962 1996MOATA Australia Lucas Heights Australian Atomic Energy Commission 100 kW 1961 1995High Flux Australian Reactor Australia Lucas Heights Australian Atomic Energy Commission 1958 2007HTGR Pin in Block Design United Kingdom Winfrith Dorset International Atomic Energy Agency 20MWt 1964 1976 July 2005 24 DIDO United Kingdom Harwell Oxfordshire Atomic Energy Research Establishment 1990Nuclear Power Demonstration Canada Deep River Ontario AECL s Rolphton plant 20 MW 1961 1987NRX Canada Deep River Ontario AECL s Chalk River Laboratories 1952 1992PLUTO reactor United Kingdom Harwell Oxfordshire Atomic Energy Research Establishment 26 MW 1957 1990Pool Test Reactor Canada Deep River Ontario AECL s Chalk River Laboratories 10 kW 1957 1990WR 1 Canada Pinawa Manitoba AECL s Whiteshell Laboratories 60 MW 1965 1985ZEEP Canada Deep River Ontario AECL s Chalk River Laboratories 1945 1973More Hall Annex United States Seattle University of Washington 100 kW 1961 1988Ewa reactor Poland Swierk Otwock POLATOM Institute of Nuclear Energy 10 MW 1958 1995FiR 1 Finland Espoo Helsinki University of Technology later VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 250 kW 25 1962 25 2015 26 RV 1 Venezuela Caracas Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research 3 MW 1960 1994References edit Alrwashdeh Mohammad and Saeed A Alameri Reactor Monte Carlo RMC model validation and verification in compare with MCNP for plate type reactor AIP Advances 9 no 7 2019 075112 https doi org 10 1063 1 5115807 CRP on Conversion of Miniature Neutron Source Research Reactors MNSR to Low Enriched Uranium LEU Nuclear Fuel Cycle amp Waste Technology International Atomic Energy Agency 13 January 2014 Archived from the original on Jun 12 2018 Retrieved 25 October 2015 Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors National Nuclear Security Administration Archived from the original on 29 October 2004 U S Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance National Nuclear Security Administration Archived from the original on 22 September 2006 Cho Adrian 28 January 2016 Ridding research reactors of highly enriched uranium to take decades longer than projected Science Retrieved 13 April 2020 IAEA highlights work to convert research reactors World Nuclear News 24 February 2020 Retrieved 13 April 2020 a b c Budapest Research Reactor Budapest Neutron Centre for research science and innovation www bnc hu Retrieved 2018 02 15 Institute for Nuclear Technology reak bme hu Retrieved 2019 09 11 Nuclear Reactors pd chem ucl ac uk Retrieved 2018 02 15 a b RA 6 de Argentina in European Spanish Archived from the original on 2018 02 16 Retrieved 2018 02 15 Research reactors Canadian Nuclear Association Canadian Nuclear Association Archived from the original on 2018 02 16 Retrieved 2018 02 15 High Flux Reactor European Commission ec europa eu 13 February 2013 Archived from the original on 2018 02 16 Retrieved 2018 02 15 Mainz Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Reactor www kernchemie uni mainz de in German Archived from the original on 2018 02 16 Retrieved 2018 02 15 a b ATI Reactor ati tuwien ac at Retrieved 2018 02 15 a b c The reactor National Research Nuclear University MEPhI eng mephi ru Retrieved 2018 02 15 a b SAFARI 1 www necsa co za Archived from the original on 2018 01 31 Retrieved 2018 02 15 a b High Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor HANARO Facilities NTI www nti org Retrieved 2018 02 15 a b Research Reactor LVR 15 Centrum vyzkumu Rez cvrez cz Archived from the original on 2018 02 16 Retrieved 2018 02 15 a b History Nuclear Reactor Program Nuclear Reactor Program Retrieved 2018 07 17 ATR Factsheet PDF Idaho National Laboratory Archived from the original PDF on 2008 07 03 Retrieved 2008 02 28 a b Maryland University Training Reactor MUTR 250 kW TRIGA Reactor University of Maryland Radiation Facilities radiation umd edu Retrieved 2018 06 11 Nuclear Science Center Washington State University nsc wsu edu Retrieved 2019 08 06 Research Reactor Database GHARR 1 International Atomic Energy Agency Retrieved February 15 2018 Winfrith s DRAGON loses its fire www nda gov uk Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 Retrieved 12 January 2022 a b Karlsen Wade Vilkamo Olli 2016 12 14 Finland s old nuclear research reactor to be decommissioned New Centre for Nuclear Safety under construction VTT Impulse Retrieved 2018 02 22 Research Reactor Database International Atomic Energy Agency Retrieved 2018 02 22 WNA Information Paper 61 Research Reactors Archived 2013 02 28 at the Wayback Machine Nuclear Nonproliferation DOE Needs to Take Action to Further Reduce the Use of Weapons Usable Uranium in Civilian Research Reactors GAO July 2004 GAO 04 807External links editIAEA searchable list of Nuclear Research Reactors in the world The National Organization of Test Research and Training Reactors Inc NMI3 EU FP7 Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Neutron Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy Portals nbsp Energy nbsp Switzerland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Research reactor amp oldid 1185296551, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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