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COVID-19 vaccination in Australia

November 10, 2023

The general COVID-19 vaccination in Australia program began on 22 February 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the goal of vaccinating all willing people in Australia before 2022. Front-line workers[a] and aged care staff and residents had priority for being inoculated, before a gradual phased release to less-vulnerable and lower-risk population groups throughout 2021. The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved four vaccines for Australian use in 2021: the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine on 25 January, the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine on 16 February, Janssen vaccine on 25 June and the Moderna vaccine on 9 August.[4][5][6][7] Although approved for use, the Janssen vaccine was not included in the Australian vaccination program as of June 2021.[8]

COVID-19 vaccination program
COVID-19 vaccinated map of Australia (as of 6 August 2022) [1]
Date22 February 2021 (2021-02-22) – 13 April 2023 (2023-04-13)
Location Australia
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic in Australia
TargetImmunisation of Australians against COVID-19
BudgetA$1.87 billion[2]
Participants
  • 21,206,612 people aged 12+ have received one dose of COVID-19 vaccine[3]
  • 20,806,810 people aged 12+ have been fully vaccinated with two doses of vaccine
  • 14,097,289 people aged 12+ have been booster given with three doses of vaccine
Outcome

97% of the eligible Australian population aged 12+ have received one dose

   


95.2% of the eligible Australian population aged 12+ are fully vaccinated

   

64.5% of the eligible Australian population aged 12+ are booster given

   

WebsiteDepartment of Health and Aged Care
A poster released in March 2021, part of the Australian Government's COVID-19 vaccination rollout
A poster from the government's vaccination campaign rolled out in July 2021, titled "Arm yourself against COVID-19"

As of 3 August 2022, Australia had administered 62,492,656 vaccine doses across the country.[3][9][10] The country's vaccination rollout initially faced criticism for its slow pace and late start, falling far below initial government targets.[11][12] Despite this, Australia began vaccinating its citizens at a comparatively fast pace, overtaking the United States in first dose coverage by 10 October 2021.[13] Over 95% of the Australian population aged 12 and over are now fully vaccinated.[14][15]

Vaccine rollout and distribution edit

 
"We're not safe until we're all safe", a print ad promoting vaccination and providing information about how to book an appointment

The federal government has stated it will provide free COVID-19 vaccinations to everyone living in Australia, largely regardless of immigration status. Like most vaccines, Australians do not need a prescription to receive them.[16]

COVID-19 vaccine national rollout phases edit

National vaccine rollout strategy[17]
Order Priority group Number of eligible (estimated) [18] Number of doses targeted [b] Progress [c]
Phase 1a
1 Quarantine, border & front-line health care workers 678,000 up to 1.4 million Completed
2 Front-line health care worker sub-groups for prioritisation
3 Aged care and disability care staff
4 Aged care and disability care residents
Phase 1b
5 Elderly adults aged 80 years and over 6,139,000 up to 14.8 million Completed
6 Elderly adults aged 70–79 years
7 Other health care workers
8 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 55 and over
9 Adults with an underlying medical condition, including those with a disability
10 Critical and high-risk workers, including defence, emergency services and meat processing
Phase 2a
11 Elderly adults aged 60–69 years 6,570,000 up to 15.8 million Completed
12 Adults aged 40–59 years
13 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 18–54
14 Other critical and high-risk workers
Phase 2b
15 Adults aged 16–39 years 6,643,000 up to 16 million Completed
16 Any unvaccinated Australians from previous phases
Phase 3
17 Australians aged 12–15 years 1,243,990 up to 2.4 million Completed
Phase 4
18 Booster dose for immunocompromised 500,000 500,000 Completed
19 Booster dose for aged 18+ 20,037,617 20 million Completed
20 Children aged 5–11 years - - Completed

On 21 February 2021, a day before the previously announced program start date, Prime Minister Scott Morrison, Chief Medical Officer Paul Kelly, Chief Nurse Alison McMillan, Kris Matthews and "a small group" of aged care staff and residents became the first Australians to receive the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine. The early vaccination was heavily televised with the hopes of reassuring Australians about the quality, efficacy, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines.[19]

On 22 March, Health Minister Greg Hunt announced the start of the phase-1b vaccination roll-out. In this phase, more than 6 million Australians are targeted for inoculation, and approximate 1,000 GP clinics are participating in vaccination all over the nation to ramp up the speed of vaccination.[20]

The Federal Government of Australia has decided to prioritise people 50 years or older for vaccination. They will be eligible for vaccination from 3  May 2021 at General Practice Respiratory Clinics and state or territory vaccination clinics. From 17 May, people over 50 can also get their vaccination at selected participating GP clinics. The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation advised the government to reserve the Pfizer vaccine for those under 50 years of age, and the AstraZeneca vaccine will be administered for phase 2a.[17]

On 19 August 2021, an announcement was made by Prime Minister Scott Morrison that adult residents aged 16–39 will be eligible for the Pfizer vaccine from 30 August 2021.[21]

On 5 December 2021, the Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australia's medical regulator, approved access for five to 11-year-olds to the Pfizer vaccine.[22] As of 10 December 2021, it was planned to start vaccinating children aged 5 to 11 with the Pfizer vaccine from 10 January 2022.[23]

Vaccination statistics edit

Cumulative vaccinations in Australia edit

  As of 8 December 2021
Includes population aged 12+

Daily vaccinations chart of Australia edit

Cumulative vaccinations in states/territories edit

  As of 8 December 2021
Includes population age 12+

Vaccination rollout by state and territory edit

State or territory Eligible population aged 12+ [24] First dose administered Second dose administered Population received first dose (12+) Population received both doses (12+) Ref.
Australian Capital Territory 363,730 365,858 358,999 >99% 99% [9][25]
New South Wales 6,955,981 6,535,213 6,405,004 94% 92% [26][9][25]
Northern Territory 203,631 177,480 159,560 87% 78% [9][25]
Queensland 4,382,853 3,784,644 3,419,829 86% 78% [27][9][25]
South Australia 1,523,147 1,363,344 1,246,285 90% 82% [28][9][25]
Tasmania 466,480 438,183 408,599 94% 88% [29][9][25]
Victoria 5,716,185 5,325,153 5,193,385 93% 91% [30][9][25]
Western Australia 2,247,847 1,937,765 1,724,451 86% 77% [31][9][25]
  Australia 21,863,949 20,142,711 19,101,361 92% 87% [32]

Vaccination statistics for all age groups

Population age group Partially vaccinated Fully Vaccinated
0+ 78.4% 74.3%
12+ 92.1% 87.4%
16+ 93.0% 88.5%
70+ >99% 98.3%
 As of 7 December 2021 12:00 AEST

Vaccination doses by jurisdiction and delivery channel edit

State or territory Vaccination hub Aged care GP clinics
Australian Capital Territory 730,672 16,549 678,151
New South Wales 5,002,549 557,944 11,715,218
Northern Territory 316,951 7,406 216,406
Queensland 3,759,098 199,374 6,566,726
South Australia 1,736,266 83,916 1,995,313
Tasmania 598,116 22,449 619,589
Victoria 5,916,835 234,852 8,495,137
Western Australia 2,408,043 104,757 3,525,705
  Australia 20,468,530 1,227,247 33,812,245
As of 18 March 2022 14:00 AEST[14]

Australian Capital Territory edit

 
A COVID-19 vaccination clinic in Canberra

On 22 February 2021, the first Canberran received a COVID-19 vaccination. She was a 22-year-old registered nurse, and a member of a COVID-19 testing team.[33]

In the ACT, by 11 June 2021, one mass vaccination clinic centre in Garran, one vaccination clinic in Calvary Public Hospital and some selected GP clinics were delivering vaccinations.[34]

60% of the population of the ACT had received their first dose as of 24 August 2021.[9] On 11 September 2021, the ACT became the first Australian state or territory to have 50% of the eligible adult population over 16-years-old fully vaccinated.[35] On 30 September 2021, the ACT became the first state or territory to reach 90% of first doses administered to the 16-years or older eligible population.[36]

New South Wales edit

On 8 April 2021, the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) recommended that the Pfizer vaccine (Comirnaty) be preferred over the AstraZeneca vaccine in people under the age of 50.[37] This led to the NSW government to temporarily suspend inoculation with the AstraZeneca vaccine in the state for one day.[38]

On 10 May 2021, a mass vaccination hub opened at Sydney Olympic Park. The same day, registrations began for NSW residents aged 40 to 49 to receive the Pfizer vaccine.[39] On 9 August, Qudos Bank Arena at Sydney Olympic Park was opened as a Pfizer vaccination hub for Higher School Certificate (HSC) students. The hub was fully booked with almost 3,000 appointments on its first day.[40] The Qudos Arena vaccination hub closed on 7 November 2021, after delivering more than 360,000 doses.[41]

From 16 June 2021, NSW residents who were aged over 50 could get an AstraZeneca vaccination from selected pharmacies. The NSW health department approved 1,250 pharmacies to administer the vaccine under strict regulations.[42]

On 12 July, the state government opened up the AstraZeneca vaccine to over-40s, with vaccination hubs opening in the Fairfield, Canterbury-Bankstown and Liverpool regions, amid a growing outbreak in those areas of the Delta variant of COVID-19.[43][44]

On 24 July, ATAGI released a statement in response to the NSW Delta outbreak, which stated that all individuals aged 18 years and over in greater Sydney, including adults under 60 years of age, should strongly consider getting vaccinated with any available vaccine, including the AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine. This was based on an increased risk of COVID-19 infection and ongoing constraints in supplies of the Pfizer vaccine.[45]

On 24 August, NSW reached the milestone of 60% first doses administered to the eligible population.[46] On 2 September NSW became the first state to reach the 70% level of first doses given to their eligible population.[47]

By 5 September 2021, 40% of the NSW population was fully vaccinated.[48] On 15 September 2021, NSW became the first state in the country to have 80% of its population having at least one vaccine dose.[49] By 17 September 2021, 50% of the 16 years, or older, population of NSW had received two vaccine doses.[50]

On 26 September 2021, 60% of eligible residents became fully (double dose) COVID-19 vaccinated. 85% had a single vaccine dose.[51]

On 27 September 2021, the three-stage roadmap to come out of lockdown, and freedoms for vaccinated versus unvaccinated people, was announced by then Premier Gladys Berejiklian. All three stages depend upon reaching the double-dose vaccination rates of 70, 80 and 90%.[52]

On 7 October 2021, 70% of eligible residents who were aged 16 and over became fully vaccinated against COVID-19.[53] 2 days later, the same demographic reached 90% having had at least one dose.[54] On 11 October 2021, NSW moved to Phase Two - Vaccination Transition Phase as the state achieved 70% full vaccination of the eligible population the previous week. Premier (as of 5 October) Dominic Perrottet announced "Freedom-day" for NSW as the state came out of lockdown and restrictions were eased, but only for fully vaccinated people, across the state. Some restrictions remained in place until the 80 and 90% levels of vaccination were reached.[55]

On 16 October 2021, 80% of eligible state residents became fully vaccinated against COVID-19. NSW was the first state or territory to achieve 80% full vaccination. The single dose vaccination rate in NSW was 91.9% on 15 October.[56]

On 8 November 2021, a new COVID-19 vaccination clinic opened at The Granville Centre after the closing of the Qudos Bank Arena clinic on 7 September. The Granville clinic will open between 8 am and 4 pm, seven days a week for first, second or booster doses.[41]

 
A COVID-19 vaccination centre in Sydney

Northern Territory edit

On 22 February 2021, the first COVID-19 vaccinations (phase 1A) in the Northern Territory (NT) were administered to "at-risk frontline workers" using the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.[57] As of 13 June 2021, 25 general practices and 3 respiratory clinics were delivering vaccinations across the territory.[58]

Queensland edit

By 13 June 2021, the Queensland Health Department was delivering vaccines under phase 1a, 1b & 2a (people aged over 40) in the state. Age 40+ vaccination centres including hospitals, event centres and GP clinics. Eligible residents can register their interest in vaccinations online or make an appointment at the nearest centre. Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk said that preparation is underway to establish a mass vaccination centre by the end of 2021.[59]

The state's first mass vaccination hub opened at the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre on 11 August.[60][61]

South Australia edit

On 5 May 2021 the first Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccination was administered at Murray Bridge, South Australia. The recipient was a doctor in regional SA.[62]

On 19 March 2021, South Australia faced a setback due to a misdirected shipment of vaccines. The Pfizer vaccine was supposed to go to Adelaide but was wrongly delivered to Perth, Western Australia. Premier of South Australia Steven Marshall denied knowledge of any delivery and said it was a federal government responsibility to deliver the vaccine. Federal officials confirmed the misdirected delivery.[63]

On 30 April 2021, South Australia's first COVID-19 mass vaccination hub opened at Adelaide Showground.[64]

Tasmania edit

By 11 June 2021, the Tasmanian Health Department was conducting vaccinations according to the national vaccine roll-out plan in a phased manner. Those eligible can book an appointment online or over the hotline number. Hospitals, clinics, community health centres and GP clinics (for ages 50+) are participating in the vaccination program.[65]

On 16 September 2021, Tasmania became the second state, after the Australian Capital Territory,[35] to achieve 50% full vaccination of the 16 years and older population.[66]

Victoria edit

 
COVID-19 vaccination centre in Broadmeadows, Victoria

On 21 April 2021, Victoria's first three mass vaccination centres were opened at the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre, the Royal Exhibition Building in Carlton and in Geelong. Those eligible for vaccination can make an appointment over the phone or walk in at any centre.[67] One more mass vaccination centre for central Victoria was due to be opened in Bendigo by the end of May.[68]

On 28 May, the state expanded its vaccine rollout to adults aged 40 and over, ahead of the federal rollout timeline.[69][70]

On 9 August, the AstraZeneca vaccine became available to adults aged 18–39 at state-run vaccination hubs. The Pfizer vaccine was also made available for immuno-compromised children between the age of 12 and 15 at the same mass vaccination centres.[71][72] On the same day, Australia's first drive-through mass vaccination hub opened at the site of a former Bunnings store in Melton. It initially offered Pfizer doses for those aged 40 and above, with AstraZeneca doses expected a week later.[73]

Anyone who is an adult (16 years old and over) became eligible to get the Pfizer vaccine from 25 August. As per the announcement made by the state government, 16 and 17-year-olds are only allowed the Pfizer vaccine, while 18 to 59-year-olds can choose between the AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccines.[74]

On 17 September 2021, Victoria reached the milestone of 70% partially vaccination of the 16+ eligible population.[75]

Western Australia edit

 
A COVID-19 vaccination centre in Claremont, Western Australia

As of 10 June 2021, people aged 30 years and over, as well as the below groups aged 16 years and over, are eligible for COVID-19 vaccination.[76][77]

  1. People with a specified underlying medical condition.
  2. Carers of people with specified underlying medical conditions and disabilities.
  3. Essential outbound travellers with a travel exemption.
  4. Critical and high-risk workers.
  5. Health care, aged care, disability care workers and volunteers.
  6. Quarantine and Border workers including household contacts.
  7. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
  8. Pregnant women are aged 16 and over.

Metropolitan community clinics, GP respiratory clinics, GP clinics, Aboriginal Medical Services and regional community clinics are participating in the vaccination rollout.[78]

Children (that is, aged below 18 years) are offered Pfizer-BioNTech, adults aged between 18 and 59 years are offered Pfizer-BioNTech and AstraZeneca, and adults aged 60 and over are offered AstraZeneca.[77][78]

On 16 August, Western Australia expanded eligibility for the Pfizer vaccine to anyone aged 16–29.[79]

Western Australians aged 60 and above became eligible for the Pfizer vaccine from 20 September.[80][81]

Vaccine approval edit

The four vaccines currently approved for administration in Australia are classified as being "provisionally approved", meaning that they have been deemed both safe and effective based on clinical and scientific data and are in the process of non-expiring registration. The authorisation means the vaccine will become part of the Australian Therapeutic Goods Register and will be up for review again in two years based on additional clinical data.[82]

Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine edit

This section is an excerpt from Therapeutic Goods Administration § Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine.[edit]

On 25 January 2021, the TGA provisionally approved the two-dose Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, named COMIRNATY, for use within Australia. The provisional approval only recommends the vaccine for patients over the age of 16, pending ongoing submission of clinical data from the vaccine sponsors (the manufacturers, Pfizer and BioNTech).[83] Additionally, every batch of vaccines have their composition and documentation verified by TGA laboratories before being distributed to medical providers.[84]

The Department of Health and Aged Care planned the administration of COVID-19 vaccinations in five phases, organised by the risk of exposure. Border, quarantine, and front-line health and aged care workers were vaccinated first, followed by over 70 year-olds, other health care workers, and essential emergency service members. Following the provisional approval of COMIRNATY, Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that it was planned for the first group to begin vaccinations by February 2021, six weeks earlier than originally planned.[85]

The first public COVID-19 vaccination in Australia actually took place on 21 February 2021 with the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine at Castle Hill in Sydney. An 84-year-old  aged care resident was the first Australian to receive the vaccine. To show confidence in the national immunisation vaccine rollout, Prime Minister Morrison and Chief Medical Officer Professor Paul Kelly also received vaccinations.[86]

On 23 February 2021, Australia's second shipment of the Pfizer vaccine arrived at Sydney airport. Health Minister Hunt confirmed the arrival of 166,000 doses, and 120,000 more doses expected to arrive in the following week.[87]

On 9 April 2021, Prime Minister Morrison announced that Australia had secured another 20 million doses of Pfizer vaccine on top of 20 million already on order, meaning 40 million doses should be available to Australians in 2021. This was amid concerns about the AstraZeneca vaccine, in rare cases, causing blood clots; see section Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine below. The additional doses of Pfizer were expected to arrive in Australia in the last quarter of 2021.[88][89]

On 23 July 2021, the TGA approved the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for teenagers between 12 and 15 years old.[90]

On 5 December 2021, the TGA provisionally approved the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine access for five to 11-year-olds.[91][92]

Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine edit

This section is an excerpt from Therapeutic Goods Administration § Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.[edit]
 
Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (2021)

On 16 February 2021, the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine was approved by the TGA for use in Australia. The administration of this vaccine was scheduled to start in March.[93] Two weeks later, on 28 February, the first shipment of the vaccine, around 300,000 doses, arrived at Sydney for rollout from 8 March.[94] On 5 March 2021, Italy stopped the export of AstraZeneca vaccine to Australia due to their slower rollout of that vaccine in the EU.[95] On 23 March, TGA approved the first batch of locally manufactured AstraZeneca vaccine by CSL-Seqirus in Melbourne, and 832,200 doses were ready for rollout in the following weeks.[96]

On 17 June 2021, Federal Health minister Greg Hunt announced a rise in the age limit for administration of the AstraZeneca vaccine. After new advice from the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI), the vaccine was no longer recommended for people aged under 60 years. This advice came after new cases of blood clotting, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), in those under 60 after AstraZeneca vaccinations.[89]

On 23 June 2021, the Federal government released vaccine allocation projections and forecast that the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine would be in "little need" past October 2021 when all Australians over 60 years were expected to be fully vaccinated.[97]

On 9 February 2022 within Australia the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was approved by the TGA (still pending ATAGI approval) as booster vaccines for individuals - joining Pfizer and Moderna booster vaccines for individuals approved months ago.[98]

Moderna vaccine edit

 
Vials of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine

On 24 June 2021, the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, Elasomeran, was issued a provisional determination by the TGA making it eligible to apply for provisional registration in Australia. It is targeted for use in individuals aged 18 years of age and older pending approval.[99] The Moderna vaccine was approved in Australia for 18 years or older by the TGA on 9 August 2021. It was also approved for adolescents aged between 12 and 17 on 4 September 2021.[7][100]

Janssen (J&J) vaccine edit

On 25 June 2021, provisional approval was given by the TGA to the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, the third vaccine for potential use in Australia. Strict conditions were imposed on Janssen, which includes further investigation documents related to the efficacy, long term effects and safety concerns that must be provided regularly to TGA.[8] As of 3 August 2021 following the release of the 'Op COVID SHIELD National COVID Vaccine Campaign Plan', it is not included in the vaccination program.[101]

Novavax vaccine edit

On 20 January 2021, the Novavax vaccine was issued a provisional determination by the TGA making it eligible to apply for provisional registration in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG).[102] As of 14 June 2021, Novavax had entered the final stage of trials.[103] As of 8 July 2021, the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine was under evaluation by the TGA for use in Australia.[104] As of 23 January 2022, the TGA gave provisional approval and as of 24 January, ATAGI has approved it's rollout to start when shipments arrive in late February.[105] Currently Novavax is available free of charge to self described Australian citizens with or without Medicare. Walk in clinics are available in capital cities.[citation needed]

ATAGI recommendation on vaccine use edit

After the TGA approves vaccines, the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) provides recommendations and clinical guidance on vaccine use. The recommendation as of 29 July 2021 is that the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is the preferred vaccine for people aged 60 years and older. The Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine is the preferred COVID-19 vaccine in people aged under 60 years of age; and is additionally recommended in people with a history of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), deep vein thrombosis or antiphospholipid syndrome with thrombosis. These recommendations are based on the risk of TTS appearing to be higher in younger adults than in older adults, and younger adults having a lower likelihood of having severe outcomes from COVID-19 compared to older adults and theoretical concerns that a history of the rare conditions listed above may increase the risk of TTS.[106] The AstraZeneca vaccine is also recommended to most people aged 18 years after consultation with their GP who are resident in declared hotspot areas.[107]

In June 2021, the Federal government projected that the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine would see "little need" after October 2021 when all over 60 year-old Australians were expected to be immunised.[108]

International Vaccines recognition edit

On 1 October 2021, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that the Therapeutic Goods Administration has considered two international vaccines for future international travel as equal to vaccines approved to use in Australia to skip strict hotel quarantine. The first vaccine is Indian made Astrazeneca vaccine under the brand name "COVISHIELD", and the second is CoronaVac from China.[109]

On 1 November 2021, the TGA recognised two more vaccines: Covaxin and the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine (BBIBP-CorV).[110]

On 17 January 2022, the TGA recognised the Sputnik V vaccine.[111]

Vaccine name Country of origin Manufacturer Status
Covishield   India Astrazeneca/Serum Institute of India   Recognised
Covaxin   India Bharat Biotech   Recognised
CoronaVac   China Sinovac Biotech   Recognised
BBIBP-CorV   China Sinopharm   Recognised
Sputnik V   Russia Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology   Recognised
Janssen   US Janssen Pharmaceuticals   Recognised[8]

Vaccine supply & issues edit

This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 pandemic in Australia § Vaccine supply.[edit]

The Australian government entered into agreements with Pfizer/BioNTech, University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, Novavax, the University of Queensland and COVAX for the supply of vaccines.[112] The University of Queensland vaccine was abandoned in December 2020 after trials revealed that, while it was safe, it triggered false positives on HIV tests.[113][114] The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) provisionally approved the Pfizer vaccine in January 2021.[115] The Australian government ordered 10 million doses, with the first 80,000 to be delivered in February 2021, but production problems and the imposition of export controls by the European Union (EU) onto deliveries to countries outside Europe made meeting the delivery schedule problematic.[116]

Delivery issues also affected deliveries of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, which was provisionally approved by the TGA in February,[117] and received final approval in March.[118] Orders were reduced from 3.8 million to 1.2 million doses of this vaccine, which was manufactured in Belgium,[116][119] and arrival was pushed back to March 2021.[120] CSL Limited began manufacturing 50 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine in Melbourne in November 2020. Deliveries were expected to commence in March.[121] The AstraZeneca vaccine could be stored at normal refrigeration temperatures of 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F), whereas the Pfizer vaccine required storage at −70 °C (−94 °F).[120] However, concerns were raised about the efficacy of the AstraZeneca vaccine.[122][123] The Immunology & Cell Biology called for a pause in its rollout, as the efficacy of the vaccine reported by trials was insufficient to achieve the desired herd immunity effect.[124] CSL management declined an invitation to appear before an Australian Senate inquiry.[125]

Although the Prime Minister of Australia, Scott Morrison, said that Australia would be "at the front of the queue",[126] and the Minister for Health and Aged Care, Greg Hunt, claimed that Australia would be among the first countries to receive COVID-19 vaccines, 61 other countries had already commenced vaccinating their citizens by the end of January 2021, while the Australian vaccination rollout was not scheduled to commence for another month.[125]

On 15 February 2021, 142,000 doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine arrived in Australia. The first doses were due to be administered on 22 February.[127] The world-wide distribution of the vaccine has been described as "the largest logistics effort in the world since World War" by Dr Roberto Perez-Franco of the Deakin University's Centre for Supply Chain and Logistics.[128] This was followed, on 28 February, by 300,000 doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine, which arrived at Sydney airport. It was planned that most Australians would be vaccinated with this vaccine, the majority manufactured in Australia by CSL Limited.[129] On 5 March, Italy and the European Union blocked a shipment of 250,000 doses of the Oxford−AstraZeneca vaccine from Italy to Australia, citing low COVID-19 case numbers in Australia and the limited availability of vaccines in the EU.[130]

Local manufacturing began in November 2020.[131][132] On 16 February, the first vials of COVID-19 vaccine produced in Australia came off the production line at the CSL Behring plant in Broadmeadows, Melbourne.[133] This is the active raw vaccine material. The vaccine vials are filled and packaged into doses by Seqirus, a CSL subsidiary in Parkville, Melbourne.[134] Production of the AstraZeneca vaccine in Australia received its final approval from the TGA on 21 March.[118] Some front line health care workers were reported to have preferred the Pfizer vaccine over the AstraZeneca one.[135]

The Australian government had also signed a deal with Novavax for 51 million doses of its vaccine, with supply originally slated for "mid-2021".[136] As of April 2021, it had yet to be approved by the TGA. It is not manufactured in Australia, so like the other imported vaccines, its availability was uncertain. In trials it was reported to be 95.6 per cent effective against COVID-19, and an 86.3 per cent effective against the variant identified in the UK.[136] Australia's first human trials of a candidate COVID-19 vaccine was Novavax's NVX-CoV2373 which began in Melbourne by 26 May 2020.[137]

In a February 2021 pre-budget submission, the Australian Academy of Science renewed its call for the government to develop the capability to produce mRNA vaccine technology in Australia. The ability to mass-produce such vaccines onshore would insulate Australia against supply shocks, and cater for future pandemics and potential biosecurity situations. The mRNA coronavirus vaccines made by Moderna and Pfizer showed strong results in clinical trials and are expected to be easier to reconfigure to cater for new virus variants than more conventional vaccines.[138][139]

The US Moderna company entered an agreement with the Australian Federal government, announced on 13 May 2021, to provide 25 million doses of its COVID-19 vaccine 'mRNA-1273', subject to TGA approval.[140]
Vaccine name Status Quantity Vaccine approved Began administering Age group Booster dose approval Ref
Pfizer–BioNTech   In use 125 million   25 January 2021   22 February 2021 Aged 5+[141]   27 October 2021 [142][143][144][145]
Oxford–AstraZeneca   In use 53.8 million   16 February 2021 (restricted)[d]   5 March 2021 Aged 18+   Pending approval by ATAGI, however TGA approved the booster on February 9, 2022.[146] [147][148]
Moderna   In use 25 million   9 August 2021   20 September 2021 Aged 6 months+ (eff. September 5)[149][150][151]   8 December 2021 [152][7][153][154][155][156]
Novavax   In use 51 million   20 January 2022[157][158]   15 February 2022[159] Aged 12+[160]   March 2, 2022[161] [162][163]

Vaccination timeline criticisms edit

On 11 March 2021, the Australian Medical Association (AMA) attested that it was implausible that the government's target of offering vaccination to every Australian by October 2021 would be achieved, and suggested that mid-December 2021 would be a more realistic date. The government had aimed to administer 60,000 doses by the end of February but administered only 31,000 doses.[164] The vaccination program was also 83.25% behind its target figure by the end of March: 4 million doses were targeted by the Health Department before the rollout, but only 670,000 had been delivered.[165]

The vaccination rollout had a further setback when pharmacists postponed joining the vaccination program until June.[166] The federal government said that the European Union (EU) blocking the shipment of more than 3 million doses of vaccine to Australia was a major reason for the delayed vaccine rollout, although the EU only officially confirmed blocking the export of 250,000 doses in early March.[167][168]

Medical advice discouraging the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine on people under the age of 50 due to incidents of vaccine-related blood clotting was a further major setback in the vaccination rollout, given the AstraZeneca vaccine was originally slated as the cornerstone of the entire program. Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated at the time that a definitive timeline for vaccine rollout could no longer be provided, and there is a need to re-evaluate and recalibrate the program.[169]

On 11 April 2021, Prime Minister Morrison conceded the earlier target to vaccinate all Australians by the end of 2021 was difficult to achieve, also saying there was no set target for the vaccination timeline due to the many uncertainties involved.[12] Morrison suggested two meetings of the National Cabinet be held per week until all issues delaying the vaccine rollout were fixed.[170]

More than two million COVID-19 vaccinations had been administered by 28 April 2021, but this was three million short of original plans.[11] The federal government was criticised by some for declining an invitation to meet with Pfizer executives in 2020, at a time other countries were starting to place orders.[171]

As of 16 August 2021, more than 10 million Australians had received their first dose of COVID-19 vaccines across the nation.[172]

Vaccine candidates in clinical trials edit

Main article: COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research

As of 2 October 2022, there were nine vaccine candidates registered to conduct in clinical trials in Australia, but not all had begun enrollment of trial participants.[173]

Vaccine Country of origin Type (technology) Progress Ref
RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP
SpyBiotech 		United Kingdom Virus-like particle Phase I–II (280)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center.
Aug 2020 – 2021, Australia 		[174]
COVAX-19
Vaxine Pty Ltd 		Australia Subunit (recombinant protein) Phase III (16,876)
Randomized, Two-armed, Double-blind, Placebo controlled
Aug – Sep 2021, Iran 		[175]
INNA-051

Ena Respiratory

Australia Viral vector Phase II (423)
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Mar  – Dec 2022, Australia 		[176]
COVIGEN
University of Sydney 		Australia DNA Phase I (150)
Double-blind, dose-ranging, randomised, placebo-controlled.
Feb 2021 – Jun 2022, Australia, Thailand 		[177]
bacTRL-Spike
Symvivo 		Canada DNA Phase I (24)
Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled.
Nov 2020  – Feb 2022, Australia 		[178]
SC-Ad6-1

Tetherex Pharmaceuticals

United States Viral vector Phase I (40)
First-In-Human, Open-label, Single Ascending Dose and Multidose.
Jun  – Dec 2021, Australia 		[179]
IVX-411

Icosavax, Seqirus Inc.

United States Virus-like particle Phase I–II (168)
Randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled.
Jun 2021–2022, Australia 		[180]
COVID-19-EDV
EnGeneIC 		Australia Viral vector Phase I (18)
Open label, non-randomised, dose escalation.
Aug 2021–Jan 2022, Australia 		[181]
Unnamed
Indian Immunologicals, Griffith University 		Australia, India Attenuated Preclinical [182]

Vaccine passport edit

See also: Immunity passport

In June 2021, the federal government revealed that they planned to introduce a Digital Vaccine Passport in the future as proof of vaccination. All vaccinated Australians would be able to access their digital vaccine certificates through the Express Plus Medicare app or myGov account. Governments that have stated their intention to have a similar system are Canada, the European Union, and the UK. Fully vaccinated persons can also add their digital certificate in their Apple Wallet or Google Pay.[183][184]

In September 2021, South Australia began trialling a Digital Passenger Declaration (DPD) that could replace the physical Incoming Passenger Card and the digital COVID-19 Australian Travel Declaration form. This declaration would be completed by all incoming travellers and would take the form of a mobile or web app. The DPD would contain a digital vaccination certificate, and could also be used to track home quarantine and assist with contact tracing.[185]

In October 2021, National Cabinet announced that the Australian government would create an International COVID-19 Vaccine Certificate for outgoing travellers which would follow standards specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization.[186] On 19 October 2021, International COVID-19 Vaccine Certificate was made available for Australian passport holders and visa holders with a QR code and it can be downloaded from the MyGov website or medicare express app.[187] The QR code on International COVID-19 Vaccine Certificate can be scanned and verified by using VDS-NC app which is available now on App store and google play store.[188][189]

 
Sample of the International COVID-19 Vaccination Certificate from the Express Medicare App provided by Service Australia

Vaccination and Australia's reopening edit

On 30 July 2021, the federal government released a revised four-phase plan to transition Australia's National COVID-19 Response from its current pre-vaccination settings, focussing on continued suppression of community transmission, to post-vaccination settings focussed on prevention of serious illness, hospitalisation and fatality, and the public health management of other infectious diseases. The phases transitions are triggered in a jurisdiction when the average vaccination rates across the nation have reached the threshold and that rate is achieved in a jurisdiction expressed as a percentage of the eligible population (16+), based on the scientific modelling conducted for the COVID-19 Risk Analysis and Response Task Force. As of 6 November 2021, Australia is in phase-Three, which is "Vaccination Consolidation Phase".[190][191]

In a statement by the Prime Minister on 30 July 2021, it was announced that the federal governments and all states and territories had agreed in-principle to the updated plan.[192]

There has been no date set for each phase. The percentage fully vaccinated eligible population to transition into the second phase, Phase B, is 70%, and 80% into the third phase, Phase C.[193][190] No target was decided for Phase D instead being sporadically put into effect from the 21st of February to the 6th of July when unvaccinated travellers were freely allowed to enter Australia.[194][195]

On 16 November 2021, the percentage of the eligible adult population aged 16 and older fully vaccinated reached 83.9%.[32]

On 23 March 2022, the percentage of the eligible adult population aged 16 and older fully vaccinated reached 95.0%[15]

National Plan to transition Australia's COVID-19 response[193][190][191]
Measures may include Estimated start date Target percentage of fully vaccinated eligible adult population (16+) [e] Status
Phase One - Vaccinate, prepare and pilot
  • Implement the national vaccination plan to offer every Australian an opportunity to be vaccinated as soon as possible
  • International arrival cap temporarily reduced by 50% (announced with the first version of the plan)
  • Trial of returned vaccinated travellers with home quarantine system and a pilot program of international students
  • International Freight Assistance Mechanism extended
  • Preparation for vaccination booster plan & establishment of digital vaccination passport at Airport
  • Undertake a further review of the national hotel quarantine network
 1 July 2021 - 19 October 2021   Completed Phase Completed
Phase Two - Vaccination Transition Phase
  • Lockdowns less likely but possible
  • Ease in domestic restrictions for vaccinated residents
  • International border caps and low-level international arrivals with safe and proportionate quarantine
  • Restore international arrival cap for unvaccinated travellers and larger cap for vaccinated return travellers
  • Capped entry of International students and economic visa holders
  • Prepare/implement vaccine booster program (depending on timing)
 20 Oct 2021 - 5 Nov 2021   70% Completed Phase Completed
Phase Three - Vaccination Consolidation Phase
  • Highly targeted lockdowns only
  • Exempt vaccinated residents from all domestic restrictions
  • No cap on return of vaccinated travellers
  • Increased capped entry of student, economic, and humanitarian visa holders
  • Lift all restrictions on outbound travel for vaccinated Australians
  • Extend travel bubble for unrestricted travel to new candidate countries (e.g. Singapore, Pacific island countries)
 6 Nov 2021-6 July 2022   80% Fully vaccinated Phase Completed
Phase Four - Post-Vaccination Phase (Back to Normal)
  • Live with COVID-19: management consistent with other infectious diseases
  • Open international borders, quarantine for high-risk inbound travel (Implemented 21st Feb)
  • Uncapped entry for all inbound vaccinated persons, without quarantine (Implemented 21st Feb)
  • Uncapped entry of non-vaccinated travellers subject to pre-flight and on arrival testing
  • Vaccine boosters as necessary
 6 July 2022-Present   Completed Phase Completed

Operation COVID Shield edit

On 3 August 2021, the Australian Government publicly released the 'Operation COVID SHIELD National COVID Vaccine Campaign Plan'[101] and the Doherty Institute Modelling Report to advise on the National Plan to transition Australia's National COVID Response'.[196]

Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) edit

Anti-vaccination activists and other people are known to spread COVID-19 misinformation, including a variety of unfounded conspiracy theories, rumors, and overblown claims about vaccine side effects

Approved COVID-19 vaccinations are considered safe. There are strict protections in place to help ensure the safety of all COVID-19 vaccines, including clinical trials to meet the benchmark of safety nationally and internationally. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild, short term side effects, such as a low-grade fever or pain or redness at the injection site much like other vaccines and injected medications. Most reactions to vaccines are mild and go away within a few days on their own. More serious or long-lasting side effects to vaccines are possible but extremely rare. Vaccines are continually monitored for as long as they are in use, to detect rare adverse events and implement approaches to limit their occurrence.[197]


Possible side effects due to vaccination edit

Further information: Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination
  • Common side effects can include headache, muscle pain, fever, chills, muscle pain, lethargy, injection site reactions and fatigue
  • Very Rare side effects can include Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart)
Total adverse event reports (AEFI) to 28 November 2021[25]
AEFI reporting rate per 1000 doses 2.2
Total AEFI reports received 85,714
Total Doses administered 39,106,606
Total reports for Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) vaccine 41,598
Total reports for Comirnaty (Pfizer) 41,762
Total reports for Spikevax (Moderna) 2,013
Total reports for TTS 166
Total death reports due to TTS 8
Total reports for Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) 156 suspected
Total reports for myocarditis 730 suspected cases [f]
Total reports for pericarditis 1,544 suspected cases [f]
Total reports for Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) 93 suspected cases[f]
Total death reports due to ITP 1

Reported events edit

See also: Vaccine adverse event

One of the earliest reported serious adverse events in Australia was a 44-year-old man admitted to Melbourne's Box Hill Hospital on 2 April 2021 when he developed serious thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) [low platelet count] after receiving the AstraZeneca vaccine on 22 March. Similar cases had been reported overseas among those who received the AstraZeneca vaccine. The event prompted the TGA to warn anyone who experienced persistent headaches or other worrying symptoms 4 to 20 days after receiving the vaccine to seek medical advice.[198][199]

In April, a 48-year-old woman died in John Hunter Hospital on 15 April after developing TTS four days after vaccination. This was the first death in Australia likely linked to COVID-19 vaccination. It was also confirmed that the woman had diabetes and had other underlying medical conditions.[200] Since then further cases of serious adverse events have been occasionally reported in the media,[201][202][203][204] and two more deaths following COVID-19 vaccination identified in June. A 52-year-old woman whom died on 10 June due to a blood clot in her brain (cerebral venous sinus thrombosis). The TGA stated it was "likely" the death was linked to a rare vaccination side-effect. This was the second death in Australia linked to the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine.[205] On 17 June, this partly led to a federal government decision to only recommend the AstraZeneca vaccine for those over 60 years-of-age on advice from ATAGI.[206] In late June, a 61-year-old woman died in Royal Perth Hospital from immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), which the TGA stated was likely linked to her AstraZeneca vaccination.[207][208]

In July 2021, three deaths linked by the TGA following AstraZeneca vaccination were reported. A 72-year-old woman vaccinated on 24 June was admitted to Royal Adelaide Hospital on 5 July and died six days later.[209] Another two deaths were later identified of people in their 40s.[210]

Ongoing updates on reviews by ATAGI into confirmed and suspected adverse events are publicly available. As of the 4 August 2021 update, ATAGI reinforces that the benefits of vaccination with COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca strongly outweigh the risks of adverse effects in all Australians aged 60 years or older.[211]

Changes to AstraZeneca vaccine recommendations edit

 
Separated queues for the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines at a vaccination centre in South Morang

After findings and advice on the AstraZeneca vaccine from the UK and EU were released following several months of data on their vaccine rollout, the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) and TGA met on 8 April 2021 to review and advise the government as a part of the periodic review process. Australia's Chief Medical Officer, Paul Kelly, reassured the safety of the vaccine and noted it was being continually reviewed, and that other vaccine options like Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine, and potentially later, Novavax, existed for the nation.[212]

Everyone aged over 50-years were encouraged to get the AstraZeneca vaccine,[213] until 17 June when ATAGI's recommendation was revised to people over 60.[206] Internationally there is no consensus on the age limit.[214][215] The Department of Health information sheet on the AstraZeneca vaccine published 30 July, states "in outbreak settings, adults under 60 years of age should strongly consider AstraZeneca Vaccine if they are unable to access Comirnaty (Pfizer vaccine)".[216]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Front-line workers is limited to staff at border and quarantine facilities, health care staff in emergency and COVID-19 wards in hospitals, and other direct-contact workers.
  2. ^ Both doses
  3. ^ Figure shows eligible got at least one dose of the approved vaccine
  4. ^ Recommended for over 60s, and over 18s in greater Sydney.[45]
  5. ^ Phase progression depends upon the achievement of the threshold of certain vaccination percentage, scientific modelling of vaccination threshold is completed at Doherty Institute
  6. ^ a b c Under TGA scrutiny

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November 10, 2023
covid, vaccination, australia, general, program, began, february, 2021, response, covid, pandemic, with, goal, vaccinating, willing, people, australia, before, 2022, front, line, workers, aged, care, staff, residents, priority, being, inoculated, before, gradu. The general COVID 19 vaccination in Australia program began on 22 February 2021 in response to the COVID 19 pandemic with the goal of vaccinating all willing people in Australia before 2022 Front line workers a and aged care staff and residents had priority for being inoculated before a gradual phased release to less vulnerable and lower risk population groups throughout 2021 The Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA approved four vaccines for Australian use in 2021 the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine on 25 January the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine on 16 February Janssen vaccine on 25 June and the Moderna vaccine on 9 August 4 5 6 7 Although approved for use the Janssen vaccine was not included in the Australian vaccination program as of June 2021 update 8 COVID 19 vaccination programCOVID 19 vaccinated map of Australia as of 6 August 2022 1 Date22 February 2021 2021 02 22 13 April 2023 2023 04 13 Location AustraliaCauseCOVID 19 pandemic in AustraliaTargetImmunisation of Australians against COVID 19BudgetA 1 87 billion 2 Participants21 206 612 people aged 12 have received one dose of COVID 19 vaccine 3 20 806 810 people aged 12 have been fully vaccinated with two doses of vaccine 14 097 289 people aged 12 have been booster given with three doses of vaccineOutcome97 of the eligible Australian population aged 12 have received one dose 95 2 of the eligible Australian population aged 12 are fully vaccinated 64 5 of the eligible Australian population aged 12 are booster given WebsiteDepartment of Health and Aged CareA poster released in March 2021 part of the Australian Government s COVID 19 vaccination rolloutA poster from the government s vaccination campaign rolled out in July 2021 titled Arm yourself against COVID 19 As of 3 August 2022 Australia had administered 62 492 656 vaccine doses across the country 3 9 10 The country s vaccination rollout initially faced criticism for its slow pace and late start falling far below initial government targets 11 12 Despite this Australia began vaccinating its citizens at a comparatively fast pace overtaking the United States in first dose coverage by 10 October 2021 13 Over 95 of the Australian population aged 12 and over are now fully vaccinated 14 15 Contents 1 Vaccine rollout and distribution 1 1 COVID 19 vaccine national rollout phases 2 Vaccination statistics 2 1 Cumulative vaccinations in Australia 2 2 Daily vaccinations chart of Australia 2 3 Cumulative vaccinations in states territories 3 Vaccination rollout by state and territory 3 1 Vaccination doses by jurisdiction and delivery channel 3 2 Australian Capital Territory 3 3 New South Wales 3 4 Northern Territory 3 5 Queensland 3 6 South Australia 3 7 Tasmania 3 8 Victoria 3 9 Western Australia 4 Vaccine approval 4 1 Pfizer BioNTech vaccine 4 2 Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine 4 3 Moderna vaccine 4 4 Janssen J amp J vaccine 4 5 Novavax vaccine 4 6 ATAGI recommendation on vaccine use 4 7 International Vaccines recognition 5 Vaccine supply amp issues 5 1 Vaccination timeline criticisms 6 Vaccine candidates in clinical trials 7 Vaccine passport 8 Vaccination and Australia s reopening 8 1 Operation COVID Shield 9 Adverse Events Following Immunization AEFI 9 1 Possible side effects due to vaccination 9 2 Reported events 9 3 Changes to AstraZeneca vaccine recommendations 10 See also 11 Notes 12 ReferencesVaccine rollout and distribution edit nbsp We re not safe until we re all safe a print ad promoting vaccination and providing information about how to book an appointmentThe federal government has stated it will provide free COVID 19 vaccinations to everyone living in Australia largely regardless of immigration status Like most vaccines Australians do not need a prescription to receive them 16 COVID 19 vaccine national rollout phases edit National vaccine rollout strategy 17 Order Priority group Number of eligible estimated 18 Number of doses targeted b Progress c Phase 1a1 Quarantine border amp front line health care workers 678 000 up to 1 4 million Completed2 Front line health care worker sub groups for prioritisation3 Aged care and disability care staff4 Aged care and disability care residentsPhase 1b5 Elderly adults aged 80 years and over 6 139 000 up to 14 8 million Completed6 Elderly adults aged 70 79 years7 Other health care workers8 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 55 and over9 Adults with an underlying medical condition including those with a disability10 Critical and high risk workers including defence emergency services and meat processingPhase 2a11 Elderly adults aged 60 69 years 6 570 000 up to 15 8 million Completed12 Adults aged 40 59 years13 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 18 5414 Other critical and high risk workersPhase 2b15 Adults aged 16 39 years 6 643 000 up to 16 million Completed16 Any unvaccinated Australians from previous phasesPhase 317 Australians aged 12 15 years 1 243 990 up to 2 4 million CompletedPhase 418 Booster dose for immunocompromised 500 000 500 000 Completed19 Booster dose for aged 18 20 037 617 20 million Completed20 Children aged 5 11 years CompletedOn 21 February 2021 a day before the previously announced program start date Prime Minister Scott Morrison Chief Medical Officer Paul Kelly Chief Nurse Alison McMillan Kris Matthews and a small group of aged care staff and residents became the first Australians to receive the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine The early vaccination was heavily televised with the hopes of reassuring Australians about the quality efficacy and safety of COVID 19 vaccines 19 On 22 March Health Minister Greg Hunt announced the start of the phase 1b vaccination roll out In this phase more than 6 million Australians are targeted for inoculation and approximate 1 000 GP clinics are participating in vaccination all over the nation to ramp up the speed of vaccination 20 The Federal Government of Australia has decided to prioritise people 50 years or older for vaccination They will be eligible for vaccination from 3 May 2021 at General Practice Respiratory Clinics and state or territory vaccination clinics From 17 May people over 50 can also get their vaccination at selected participating GP clinics The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation advised the government to reserve the Pfizer vaccine for those under 50 years of age and the AstraZeneca vaccine will be administered for phase 2a 17 On 19 August 2021 an announcement was made by Prime Minister Scott Morrison that adult residents aged 16 39 will be eligible for the Pfizer vaccine from 30 August 2021 21 On 5 December 2021 the Therapeutic Goods Administration Australia s medical regulator approved access for five to 11 year olds to the Pfizer vaccine 22 As of 10 December 2021 it was planned to start vaccinating children aged 5 to 11 with the Pfizer vaccine from 10 January 2022 23 Vaccination statistics editCumulative vaccinations in Australia edit Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues nbsp As of 8 December 2021 Includes population aged 12 Daily vaccinations chart of Australia edit Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues Cumulative vaccinations in states territories edit Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues nbsp As of 8 December 2021 Includes population age 12 Vaccination rollout by state and territory editState or territory Eligible population aged 12 24 First dose administered Second dose administered Population received first dose 12 Population received both doses 12 Ref Australian Capital Territory 363 730 365 858 358 999 gt 99 99 9 25 New South Wales 6 955 981 6 535 213 6 405 004 94 92 26 9 25 Northern Territory 203 631 177 480 159 560 87 78 9 25 Queensland 4 382 853 3 784 644 3 419 829 86 78 27 9 25 South Australia 1 523 147 1 363 344 1 246 285 90 82 28 9 25 Tasmania 466 480 438 183 408 599 94 88 29 9 25 Victoria 5 716 185 5 325 153 5 193 385 93 91 30 9 25 Western Australia 2 247 847 1 937 765 1 724 451 86 77 31 9 25 nbsp Australia 21 863 949 20 142 711 19 101 361 92 87 32 Vaccination statistics for all age groups Population age group Partially vaccinated Fully Vaccinated0 78 4 74 3 12 92 1 87 4 16 93 0 88 5 70 gt 99 98 3 nbsp As of 7 December 2021 12 00 AESTVaccination doses by jurisdiction and delivery channel edit State or territory Vaccination hub Aged care GP clinicsAustralian Capital Territory 730 672 16 549 678 151New South Wales 5 002 549 557 944 11 715 218Northern Territory 316 951 7 406 216 406Queensland 3 759 098 199 374 6 566 726South Australia 1 736 266 83 916 1 995 313Tasmania 598 116 22 449 619 589Victoria 5 916 835 234 852 8 495 137Western Australia 2 408 043 104 757 3 525 705 nbsp Australia 20 468 530 1 227 247 33 812 245As of 18 March 2022 14 00 AEST 14 Australian Capital Territory edit nbsp A COVID 19 vaccination clinic in CanberraOn 22 February 2021 the first Canberran received a COVID 19 vaccination She was a 22 year old registered nurse and a member of a COVID 19 testing team 33 In the ACT by 11 June 2021 one mass vaccination clinic centre in Garran one vaccination clinic in Calvary Public Hospital and some selected GP clinics were delivering vaccinations 34 60 of the population of the ACT had received their first dose as of 24 August 2021 9 On 11 September 2021 the ACT became the first Australian state or territory to have 50 of the eligible adult population over 16 years old fully vaccinated 35 On 30 September 2021 the ACT became the first state or territory to reach 90 of first doses administered to the 16 years or older eligible population 36 New South Wales edit On 8 April 2021 the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation ATAGI recommended that the Pfizer vaccine Comirnaty be preferred over the AstraZeneca vaccine in people under the age of 50 37 This led to the NSW government to temporarily suspend inoculation with the AstraZeneca vaccine in the state for one day 38 On 10 May 2021 a mass vaccination hub opened at Sydney Olympic Park The same day registrations began for NSW residents aged 40 to 49 to receive the Pfizer vaccine 39 On 9 August Qudos Bank Arena at Sydney Olympic Park was opened as a Pfizer vaccination hub for Higher School Certificate HSC students The hub was fully booked with almost 3 000 appointments on its first day 40 The Qudos Arena vaccination hub closed on 7 November 2021 after delivering more than 360 000 doses 41 From 16 June 2021 NSW residents who were aged over 50 could get an AstraZeneca vaccination from selected pharmacies The NSW health department approved 1 250 pharmacies to administer the vaccine under strict regulations 42 On 12 July the state government opened up the AstraZeneca vaccine to over 40s with vaccination hubs opening in the Fairfield Canterbury Bankstown and Liverpool regions amid a growing outbreak in those areas of the Delta variant of COVID 19 43 44 On 24 July ATAGI released a statement in response to the NSW Delta outbreak which stated that all individuals aged 18 years and over in greater Sydney including adults under 60 years of age should strongly consider getting vaccinated with any available vaccine including the AstraZeneca COVID 19 Vaccine This was based on an increased risk of COVID 19 infection and ongoing constraints in supplies of the Pfizer vaccine 45 On 24 August NSW reached the milestone of 60 first doses administered to the eligible population 46 On 2 September NSW became the first state to reach the 70 level of first doses given to their eligible population 47 By 5 September 2021 40 of the NSW population was fully vaccinated 48 On 15 September 2021 NSW became the first state in the country to have 80 of its population having at least one vaccine dose 49 By 17 September 2021 50 of the 16 years or older population of NSW had received two vaccine doses 50 On 26 September 2021 60 of eligible residents became fully double dose COVID 19 vaccinated 85 had a single vaccine dose 51 On 27 September 2021 the three stage roadmap to come out of lockdown and freedoms for vaccinated versus unvaccinated people was announced by then Premier Gladys Berejiklian All three stages depend upon reaching the double dose vaccination rates of 70 80 and 90 52 On 7 October 2021 70 of eligible residents who were aged 16 and over became fully vaccinated against COVID 19 53 2 days later the same demographic reached 90 having had at least one dose 54 On 11 October 2021 NSW moved to Phase Two Vaccination Transition Phase as the state achieved 70 full vaccination of the eligible population the previous week Premier as of 5 October Dominic Perrottet announced Freedom day for NSW as the state came out of lockdown and restrictions were eased but only for fully vaccinated people across the state Some restrictions remained in place until the 80 and 90 levels of vaccination were reached 55 On 16 October 2021 80 of eligible state residents became fully vaccinated against COVID 19 NSW was the first state or territory to achieve 80 full vaccination The single dose vaccination rate in NSW was 91 9 on 15 October 56 On 8 November 2021 a new COVID 19 vaccination clinic opened at The Granville Centre after the closing of the Qudos Bank Arena clinic on 7 September The Granville clinic will open between 8 am and 4 pm seven days a week for first second or booster doses 41 nbsp A COVID 19 vaccination centre in SydneyNorthern Territory edit On 22 February 2021 the first COVID 19 vaccinations phase 1A in the Northern Territory NT were administered to at risk frontline workers using the Pfizer BioNTech COVID 19 vaccine 57 As of 13 June 2021 25 general practices and 3 respiratory clinics were delivering vaccinations across the territory 58 Queensland edit By 13 June 2021 the Queensland Health Department was delivering vaccines under phase 1a 1b amp 2a people aged over 40 in the state Age 40 vaccination centres including hospitals event centres and GP clinics Eligible residents can register their interest in vaccinations online or make an appointment at the nearest centre Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk said that preparation is underway to establish a mass vaccination centre by the end of 2021 59 The state s first mass vaccination hub opened at the Brisbane Convention amp Exhibition Centre on 11 August 60 61 South Australia edit On 5 May 2021 the first Oxford AstraZeneca vaccination was administered at Murray Bridge South Australia The recipient was a doctor in regional SA 62 On 19 March 2021 South Australia faced a setback due to a misdirected shipment of vaccines The Pfizer vaccine was supposed to go to Adelaide but was wrongly delivered to Perth Western Australia Premier of South Australia Steven Marshall denied knowledge of any delivery and said it was a federal government responsibility to deliver the vaccine Federal officials confirmed the misdirected delivery 63 On 30 April 2021 South Australia s first COVID 19 mass vaccination hub opened at Adelaide Showground 64 Tasmania edit By 11 June 2021 the Tasmanian Health Department was conducting vaccinations according to the national vaccine roll out plan in a phased manner Those eligible can book an appointment online or over the hotline number Hospitals clinics community health centres and GP clinics for ages 50 are participating in the vaccination program 65 On 16 September 2021 Tasmania became the second state after the Australian Capital Territory 35 to achieve 50 full vaccination of the 16 years and older population 66 Victoria edit nbsp COVID 19 vaccination centre in Broadmeadows VictoriaOn 21 April 2021 Victoria s first three mass vaccination centres were opened at the Melbourne Convention amp Exhibition Centre the Royal Exhibition Building in Carlton and in Geelong Those eligible for vaccination can make an appointment over the phone or walk in at any centre 67 One more mass vaccination centre for central Victoria was due to be opened in Bendigo by the end of May 68 On 28 May the state expanded its vaccine rollout to adults aged 40 and over ahead of the federal rollout timeline 69 70 On 9 August the AstraZeneca vaccine became available to adults aged 18 39 at state run vaccination hubs The Pfizer vaccine was also made available for immuno compromised children between the age of 12 and 15 at the same mass vaccination centres 71 72 On the same day Australia s first drive through mass vaccination hub opened at the site of a former Bunnings store in Melton It initially offered Pfizer doses for those aged 40 and above with AstraZeneca doses expected a week later 73 Anyone who is an adult 16 years old and over became eligible to get the Pfizer vaccine from 25 August As per the announcement made by the state government 16 and 17 year olds are only allowed the Pfizer vaccine while 18 to 59 year olds can choose between the AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccines 74 On 17 September 2021 Victoria reached the milestone of 70 partially vaccination of the 16 eligible population 75 Western Australia edit nbsp A COVID 19 vaccination centre in Claremont Western AustraliaAs of 10 June 2021 update people aged 30 years and over as well as the below groups aged 16 years and over are eligible for COVID 19 vaccination 76 77 People with a specified underlying medical condition Carers of people with specified underlying medical conditions and disabilities Essential outbound travellers with a travel exemption Critical and high risk workers Health care aged care disability care workers and volunteers Quarantine and Border workers including household contacts Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people Pregnant women are aged 16 and over Metropolitan community clinics GP respiratory clinics GP clinics Aboriginal Medical Services and regional community clinics are participating in the vaccination rollout 78 Children that is aged below 18 years are offered Pfizer BioNTech adults aged between 18 and 59 years are offered Pfizer BioNTech and AstraZeneca and adults aged 60 and over are offered AstraZeneca 77 78 On 16 August Western Australia expanded eligibility for the Pfizer vaccine to anyone aged 16 29 79 Western Australians aged 60 and above became eligible for the Pfizer vaccine from 20 September 80 81 Vaccine approval editThe four vaccines currently approved for administration in Australia are classified as being provisionally approved meaning that they have been deemed both safe and effective based on clinical and scientific data and are in the process of non expiring registration The authorisation means the vaccine will become part of the Australian Therapeutic Goods Register and will be up for review again in two years based on additional clinical data 82 Pfizer BioNTech vaccine edit This section is an excerpt from Therapeutic Goods Administration Pfizer BioNTech vaccine edit On 25 January 2021 the TGA provisionally approved the two dose Pfizer BioNTech COVID 19 vaccine named COMIRNATY for use within Australia The provisional approval only recommends the vaccine for patients over the age of 16 pending ongoing submission of clinical data from the vaccine sponsors the manufacturers Pfizer and BioNTech 83 Additionally every batch of vaccines have their composition and documentation verified by TGA laboratories before being distributed to medical providers 84 The Department of Health and Aged Care planned the administration of COVID 19 vaccinations in five phases organised by the risk of exposure Border quarantine and front line health and aged care workers were vaccinated first followed by over 70 year olds other health care workers and essential emergency service members Following the provisional approval of COMIRNATY Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that it was planned for the first group to begin vaccinations by February 2021 six weeks earlier than originally planned 85 The first public COVID 19 vaccination in Australia actually took place on 21 February 2021 with the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine at Castle Hill in Sydney An 84 year old aged care resident was the first Australian to receive the vaccine To show confidence in the national immunisation vaccine rollout Prime Minister Morrison and Chief Medical Officer Professor Paul Kelly also received vaccinations 86 On 23 February 2021 Australia s second shipment of the Pfizer vaccine arrived at Sydney airport Health Minister Hunt confirmed the arrival of 166 000 doses and 120 000 more doses expected to arrive in the following week 87 On 9 April 2021 Prime Minister Morrison announced that Australia had secured another 20 million doses of Pfizer vaccine on top of 20 million already on order meaning 40 million doses should be available to Australians in 2021 This was amid concerns about the AstraZeneca vaccine in rare cases causing blood clots see section Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine below The additional doses of Pfizer were expected to arrive in Australia in the last quarter of 2021 88 89 On 23 July 2021 the TGA approved the Pfizer COVID 19 vaccine for teenagers between 12 and 15 years old 90 On 5 December 2021 the TGA provisionally approved the Pfizer COVID 19 vaccine access for five to 11 year olds 91 92 Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine edit This section is an excerpt from Therapeutic Goods Administration Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine edit nbsp Oxford AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccine 2021 On 16 February 2021 the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine was approved by the TGA for use in Australia The administration of this vaccine was scheduled to start in March 93 Two weeks later on 28 February the first shipment of the vaccine around 300 000 doses arrived at Sydney for rollout from 8 March 94 On 5 March 2021 Italy stopped the export of AstraZeneca vaccine to Australia due to their slower rollout of that vaccine in the EU 95 On 23 March TGA approved the first batch of locally manufactured AstraZeneca vaccine by CSL Seqirus in Melbourne and 832 200 doses were ready for rollout in the following weeks 96 On 17 June 2021 Federal Health minister Greg Hunt announced a rise in the age limit for administration of the AstraZeneca vaccine After new advice from the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation ATAGI the vaccine was no longer recommended for people aged under 60 years This advice came after new cases of blood clotting thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome TTS in those under 60 after AstraZeneca vaccinations 89 On 23 June 2021 the Federal government released vaccine allocation projections and forecast that the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine would be in little need past October 2021 when all Australians over 60 years were expected to be fully vaccinated 97 On 9 February 2022 within Australia the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine was approved by the TGA still pending ATAGI approval as booster vaccines for individuals joining Pfizer and Moderna booster vaccines for individuals approved months ago 98 Moderna vaccine edit nbsp Vials of the Moderna COVID 19 vaccineOn 24 June 2021 the Moderna COVID 19 vaccine Elasomeran was issued a provisional determination by the TGA making it eligible to apply for provisional registration in Australia It is targeted for use in individuals aged 18 years of age and older pending approval 99 The Moderna vaccine was approved in Australia for 18 years or older by the TGA on 9 August 2021 It was also approved for adolescents aged between 12 and 17 on 4 September 2021 7 100 Janssen J amp J vaccine edit On 25 June 2021 provisional approval was given by the TGA to the Janssen COVID 19 vaccine the third vaccine for potential use in Australia Strict conditions were imposed on Janssen which includes further investigation documents related to the efficacy long term effects and safety concerns that must be provided regularly to TGA 8 As of 3 August 2021 following the release of the Op COVID SHIELD National COVID Vaccine Campaign Plan it is not included in the vaccination program 101 Novavax vaccine edit On 20 January 2021 the Novavax vaccine was issued a provisional determination by the TGA making it eligible to apply for provisional registration in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods ARTG 102 As of 14 June 2021 Novavax had entered the final stage of trials 103 As of 8 July 2021 the Novavax COVID 19 vaccine was under evaluation by the TGA for use in Australia 104 As of 23 January 2022 the TGA gave provisional approval and as of 24 January ATAGI has approved it s rollout to start when shipments arrive in late February 105 Currently Novavax is available free of charge to self described Australian citizens with or without Medicare Walk in clinics are available in capital cities citation needed ATAGI recommendation on vaccine use edit After the TGA approves vaccines the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation ATAGI provides recommendations and clinical guidance on vaccine use The recommendation as of 29 July 2021 is that the AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccine is the preferred vaccine for people aged 60 years and older The Pfizer COVID 19 vaccine is the preferred COVID 19 vaccine in people aged under 60 years of age and is additionally recommended in people with a history of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis CVST heparin induced thrombocytopenia HIT deep vein thrombosis or antiphospholipid syndrome with thrombosis These recommendations are based on the risk of TTS appearing to be higher in younger adults than in older adults and younger adults having a lower likelihood of having severe outcomes from COVID 19 compared to older adults and theoretical concerns that a history of the rare conditions listed above may increase the risk of TTS 106 The AstraZeneca vaccine is also recommended to most people aged 18 years after consultation with their GP who are resident in declared hotspot areas 107 In June 2021 the Federal government projected that the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine would see little need after October 2021 when all over 60 year old Australians were expected to be immunised 108 International Vaccines recognition edit On 1 October 2021 Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that the Therapeutic Goods Administration has considered two international vaccines for future international travel as equal to vaccines approved to use in Australia to skip strict hotel quarantine The first vaccine is Indian made Astrazeneca vaccine under the brand name COVISHIELD and the second is CoronaVac from China 109 On 1 November 2021 the TGA recognised two more vaccines Covaxin and the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine BBIBP CorV 110 On 17 January 2022 the TGA recognised the Sputnik V vaccine 111 Vaccine name Country of origin Manufacturer StatusCovishield nbsp India Astrazeneca Serum Institute of India nbsp RecognisedCovaxin nbsp India Bharat Biotech nbsp RecognisedCoronaVac nbsp China Sinovac Biotech nbsp RecognisedBBIBP CorV nbsp China Sinopharm nbsp RecognisedSputnik V nbsp Russia Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology nbsp RecognisedJanssen nbsp US Janssen Pharmaceuticals nbsp Recognised 8 Vaccine supply amp issues editThis section is an excerpt from COVID 19 pandemic in Australia Vaccine supply edit The Australian government entered into agreements with Pfizer BioNTech University of Oxford AstraZeneca Novavax the University of Queensland and COVAX for the supply of vaccines 112 The University of Queensland vaccine was abandoned in December 2020 after trials revealed that while it was safe it triggered false positives on HIV tests 113 114 The Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA provisionally approved the Pfizer vaccine in January 2021 115 The Australian government ordered 10 million doses with the first 80 000 to be delivered in February 2021 but production problems and the imposition of export controls by the European Union EU onto deliveries to countries outside Europe made meeting the delivery schedule problematic 116 Delivery issues also affected deliveries of the Oxford AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccine which was provisionally approved by the TGA in February 117 and received final approval in March 118 Orders were reduced from 3 8 million to 1 2 million doses of this vaccine which was manufactured in Belgium 116 119 and arrival was pushed back to March 2021 120 CSL Limited began manufacturing 50 million doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine in Melbourne in November 2020 Deliveries were expected to commence in March 121 The AstraZeneca vaccine could be stored at normal refrigeration temperatures of 2 to 8 C 36 to 46 F whereas the Pfizer vaccine required storage at 70 C 94 F 120 However concerns were raised about the efficacy of the AstraZeneca vaccine 122 123 The Immunology amp Cell Biology called for a pause in its rollout as the efficacy of the vaccine reported by trials was insufficient to achieve the desired herd immunity effect 124 CSL management declined an invitation to appear before an Australian Senate inquiry 125 Although the Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison said that Australia would be at the front of the queue 126 and the Minister for Health and Aged Care Greg Hunt claimed that Australia would be among the first countries to receive COVID 19 vaccines 61 other countries had already commenced vaccinating their citizens by the end of January 2021 while the Australian vaccination rollout was not scheduled to commence for another month 125 On 15 February 2021 142 000 doses of the Pfizer BioNTech COVID 19 vaccine arrived in Australia The first doses were due to be administered on 22 February 127 The world wide distribution of the vaccine has been described as the largest logistics effort in the world since World War by Dr Roberto Perez Franco of the Deakin University s Centre for Supply Chain and Logistics 128 This was followed on 28 February by 300 000 doses of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine which arrived at Sydney airport It was planned that most Australians would be vaccinated with this vaccine the majority manufactured in Australia by CSL Limited 129 On 5 March Italy and the European Union blocked a shipment of 250 000 doses of the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine from Italy to Australia citing low COVID 19 case numbers in Australia and the limited availability of vaccines in the EU 130 Local manufacturing began in November 2020 131 132 On 16 February the first vials of COVID 19 vaccine produced in Australia came off the production line at the CSL Behring plant in Broadmeadows Melbourne 133 This is the active raw vaccine material The vaccine vials are filled and packaged into doses by Seqirus a CSL subsidiary in Parkville Melbourne 134 Production of the AstraZeneca vaccine in Australia received its final approval from the TGA on 21 March 118 Some front line health care workers were reported to have preferred the Pfizer vaccine over the AstraZeneca one 135 The Australian government had also signed a deal with Novavax for 51 million doses of its vaccine with supply originally slated for mid 2021 136 As of April 2021 it had yet to be approved by the TGA It is not manufactured in Australia so like the other imported vaccines its availability was uncertain In trials it was reported to be 95 6 per cent effective against COVID 19 and an 86 3 per cent effective against the variant identified in the UK 136 Australia s first human trials of a candidate COVID 19 vaccine was Novavax s NVX CoV2373 which began in Melbourne by 26 May 2020 137 In a February 2021 pre budget submission the Australian Academy of Science renewed its call for the government to develop the capability to produce mRNA vaccine technology in Australia The ability to mass produce such vaccines onshore would insulate Australia against supply shocks and cater for future pandemics and potential biosecurity situations The mRNA coronavirus vaccines made by Moderna and Pfizer showed strong results in clinical trials and are expected to be easier to reconfigure to cater for new virus variants than more conventional vaccines 138 139 The US Moderna company entered an agreement with the Australian Federal government announced on 13 May 2021 to provide 25 million doses of its COVID 19 vaccine mRNA 1273 subject to TGA approval 140 Vaccine name Status Quantity Vaccine approved Began administering Age group Booster dose approval RefPfizer BioNTech nbsp In use 125 million nbsp 25 January 2021 nbsp 22 February 2021 Aged 5 141 nbsp 27 October 2021 142 143 144 145 Oxford AstraZeneca nbsp In use 53 8 million nbsp 16 February 2021 restricted d nbsp 5 March 2021 Aged 18 nbsp Pending approval by ATAGI however TGA approved the booster on February 9 2022 146 147 148 Moderna nbsp In use 25 million nbsp 9 August 2021 nbsp 20 September 2021 Aged 6 months eff September 5 149 150 151 nbsp 8 December 2021 152 7 153 154 155 156 Novavax nbsp In use 51 million nbsp 20 January 2022 157 158 nbsp 15 February 2022 159 Aged 12 160 nbsp March 2 2022 161 162 163 Vaccination timeline criticisms edit On 11 March 2021 the Australian Medical Association AMA attested that it was implausible that the government s target of offering vaccination to every Australian by October 2021 would be achieved and suggested that mid December 2021 would be a more realistic date The government had aimed to administer 60 000 doses by the end of February but administered only 31 000 doses 164 The vaccination program was also 83 25 behind its target figure by the end of March 4 million doses were targeted by the Health Department before the rollout but only 670 000 had been delivered 165 The vaccination rollout had a further setback when pharmacists postponed joining the vaccination program until June 166 The federal government said that the European Union EU blocking the shipment of more than 3 million doses of vaccine to Australia was a major reason for the delayed vaccine rollout although the EU only officially confirmed blocking the export of 250 000 doses in early March 167 168 Medical advice discouraging the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine on people under the age of 50 due to incidents of vaccine related blood clotting was a further major setback in the vaccination rollout given the AstraZeneca vaccine was originally slated as the cornerstone of the entire program Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated at the time that a definitive timeline for vaccine rollout could no longer be provided and there is a need to re evaluate and recalibrate the program 169 On 11 April 2021 Prime Minister Morrison conceded the earlier target to vaccinate all Australians by the end of 2021 was difficult to achieve also saying there was no set target for the vaccination timeline due to the many uncertainties involved 12 Morrison suggested two meetings of the National Cabinet be held per week until all issues delaying the vaccine rollout were fixed 170 More than two million COVID 19 vaccinations had been administered by 28 April 2021 but this was three million short of original plans 11 The federal government was criticised by some for declining an invitation to meet with Pfizer executives in 2020 at a time other countries were starting to place orders 171 As of 16 August 2021 more than 10 million Australians had received their first dose of COVID 19 vaccines across the nation 172 Vaccine candidates in clinical trials editMain article COVID 19 vaccine clinical research As of 2 October 2022 there were nine vaccine candidates registered to conduct in clinical trials in Australia but not all had begun enrollment of trial participants 173 Vaccine Country of origin Type technology Progress RefRBD SARS CoV 2 HBsAg VLPSpyBiotech United Kingdom Virus like particle Phase I II 280 wbr Randomized placebo controlled multi center Aug 2020 2021 Australia 174 COVAX 19Vaxine Pty Ltd Australia Subunit recombinant protein Phase III 16 876 wbr Randomized Two armed Double blind Placebo controlledAug Sep 2021 Iran 175 INNA 051 Ena Respiratory Australia Viral vector Phase II 423 wbr Randomized double blind placebo controlled Mar Dec 2022 Australia 176 COVIGENUniversity of Sydney Australia DNA Phase I 150 wbr Double blind dose ranging randomised placebo controlled Feb 2021 Jun 2022 Australia Thailand 177 bacTRL SpikeSymvivo Canada DNA Phase I 24 wbr Randomized observer blind placebo controlled Nov 2020 Feb 2022 Australia 178 SC Ad6 1 Tetherex Pharmaceuticals United States Viral vector Phase I 40 wbr First In Human Open label Single Ascending Dose and Multidose Jun Dec 2021 Australia 179 IVX 411 Icosavax Seqirus Inc United States Virus like particle Phase I II 168 wbr Randomized observer blinded placebo controlled Jun 2021 2022 Australia 180 COVID 19 EDV EnGeneIC Australia Viral vector Phase I 18 wbr Open label non randomised dose escalation Aug 2021 Jan 2022 Australia 181 Unnamed Indian Immunologicals Griffith University Australia India Attenuated Preclinical wbr 182 Vaccine passport editSee also Immunity passport In June 2021 the federal government revealed that they planned to introduce a Digital Vaccine Passport in the future as proof of vaccination All vaccinated Australians would be able to access their digital vaccine certificates through the Express Plus Medicare app or myGov account Governments that have stated their intention to have a similar system are Canada the European Union and the UK Fully vaccinated persons can also add their digital certificate in their Apple Wallet or Google Pay 183 184 In September 2021 South Australia began trialling a Digital Passenger Declaration DPD that could replace the physical Incoming Passenger Card and the digital COVID 19 Australian Travel Declaration form This declaration would be completed by all incoming travellers and would take the form of a mobile or web app The DPD would contain a digital vaccination certificate and could also be used to track home quarantine and assist with contact tracing 185 In October 2021 National Cabinet announced that the Australian government would create an International COVID 19 Vaccine Certificate for outgoing travellers which would follow standards specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization 186 On 19 October 2021 International COVID 19 Vaccine Certificate was made available for Australian passport holders and visa holders with a QR code and it can be downloaded from the MyGov website or medicare express app 187 The QR code on International COVID 19 Vaccine Certificate can be scanned and verified by using VDS NC app which is available now on App store and google play store 188 189 nbsp Sample of the International COVID 19 Vaccination Certificate from the Express Medicare App provided by Service AustraliaVaccination and Australia s reopening editOn 30 July 2021 the federal government released a revised four phase plan to transition Australia s National COVID 19 Response from its current pre vaccination settings focussing on continued suppression of community transmission to post vaccination settings focussed on prevention of serious illness hospitalisation and fatality and the public health management of other infectious diseases The phases transitions are triggered in a jurisdiction when the average vaccination rates across the nation have reached the threshold and that rate is achieved in a jurisdiction expressed as a percentage of the eligible population 16 based on the scientific modelling conducted for the COVID 19 Risk Analysis and Response Task Force As of 6 November 2021 Australia is in phase Three which is Vaccination Consolidation Phase 190 191 In a statement by the Prime Minister on 30 July 2021 it was announced that the federal governments and all states and territories had agreed in principle to the updated plan 192 There has been no date set for each phase The percentage fully vaccinated eligible population to transition into the second phase Phase B is 70 and 80 into the third phase Phase C 193 190 No target was decided for Phase D instead being sporadically put into effect from the 21st of February to the 6th of July when unvaccinated travellers were freely allowed to enter Australia 194 195 On 16 November 2021 the percentage of the eligible adult population aged 16 and older fully vaccinated reached 83 9 32 On 23 March 2022 the percentage of the eligible adult population aged 16 and older fully vaccinated reached 95 0 15 National Plan to transition Australia s COVID 19 response 193 190 191 Measures may include Estimated start date Target percentage of fully vaccinated eligible adult population 16 e StatusPhase One Vaccinate prepare and pilotImplement the national vaccination plan to offer every Australian an opportunity to be vaccinated as soon as possible International arrival cap temporarily reduced by 50 announced with the first version of the plan Trial of returned vaccinated travellers with home quarantine system and a pilot program of international students International Freight Assistance Mechanism extended Preparation for vaccination booster plan amp establishment of digital vaccination passport at Airport Undertake a further review of the national hotel quarantine network 1 July 2021 19 October 2021 nbsp Completed Phase CompletedPhase Two Vaccination Transition PhaseLockdowns less likely but possible Ease in domestic restrictions for vaccinated residents International border caps and low level international arrivals with safe and proportionate quarantine Restore international arrival cap for unvaccinated travellers and larger cap for vaccinated return travellers Capped entry of International students and economic visa holders Prepare implement vaccine booster program depending on timing 20 Oct 2021 5 Nov 2021 nbsp 70 Completed Phase CompletedPhase Three Vaccination Consolidation PhaseHighly targeted lockdowns only Exempt vaccinated residents from all domestic restrictions No cap on return of vaccinated travellers Increased capped entry of student economic and humanitarian visa holders Lift all restrictions on outbound travel for vaccinated Australians Extend travel bubble for unrestricted travel to new candidate countries e g Singapore Pacific island countries 6 Nov 2021 6 July 2022 nbsp 80 Fully vaccinated Phase CompletedPhase Four Post Vaccination Phase Back to Normal Live with COVID 19 management consistent with other infectious diseases Open international borders quarantine for high risk inbound travel Implemented 21st Feb Uncapped entry for all inbound vaccinated persons without quarantine Implemented 21st Feb Uncapped entry of non vaccinated travellers subject to pre flight and on arrival testing Vaccine boosters as necessary 6 July 2022 Present nbsp Completed Phase CompletedOperation COVID Shield edit On 3 August 2021 the Australian Government publicly released the Operation COVID SHIELD National COVID Vaccine Campaign Plan 101 and the Doherty Institute Modelling Report to advise on the National Plan to transition Australia s National COVID Response 196 Adverse Events Following Immunization AEFI editAnti vaccination activists and other people are known to spread COVID 19 misinformation including a variety of unfounded conspiracy theories rumors and overblown claims about vaccine side effects This section may lend undue weight to adverse vaccine reactions Please help to create a more balanced presentation Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message July 2021 Approved COVID 19 vaccinations are considered safe There are strict protections in place to help ensure the safety of all COVID 19 vaccines including clinical trials to meet the benchmark of safety nationally and internationally COVID 19 vaccines can cause mild short term side effects such as a low grade fever or pain or redness at the injection site much like other vaccines and injected medications Most reactions to vaccines are mild and go away within a few days on their own More serious or long lasting side effects to vaccines are possible but extremely rare Vaccines are continually monitored for as long as they are in use to detect rare adverse events and implement approaches to limit their occurrence 197 Possible side effects due to vaccination edit Further information Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID 19 vaccination Common side effects can include headache muscle pain fever chills muscle pain lethargy injection site reactions and fatigue Very Rare side effects can include Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome TTS Myocarditis inflammation of the heart muscle and pericarditis inflammation of the membrane around the heart Total adverse event reports AEFI to 28 November 2021 25 AEFI reporting rate per 1000 doses 2 2Total AEFI reports received 85 714Total Doses administered 39 106 606Total reports for Vaxzevria AstraZeneca vaccine 41 598Total reports for Comirnaty Pfizer 41 762Total reports for Spikevax Moderna 2 013Total reports for TTS 166Total death reports due to TTS 8Total reports for Guillain Barre Syndrome GBS 156 suspectedTotal reports for myocarditis 730 suspected cases f Total reports for pericarditis 1 544 suspected cases f Total reports for Immune thrombocytopenia ITP 93 suspected cases f Total death reports due to ITP 1Reported events edit See also Vaccine adverse event One of the earliest reported serious adverse events in Australia was a 44 year old man admitted to Melbourne s Box Hill Hospital on 2 April 2021 when he developed serious thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome TTS low platelet count after receiving the AstraZeneca vaccine on 22 March Similar cases had been reported overseas among those who received the AstraZeneca vaccine The event prompted the TGA to warn anyone who experienced persistent headaches or other worrying symptoms 4 to 20 days after receiving the vaccine to seek medical advice 198 199 In April a 48 year old woman died in John Hunter Hospital on 15 April after developing TTS four days after vaccination This was the first death in Australia likely linked to COVID 19 vaccination It was also confirmed that the woman had diabetes and had other underlying medical conditions 200 Since then further cases of serious adverse events have been occasionally reported in the media 201 202 203 204 and two more deaths following COVID 19 vaccination identified in June A 52 year old woman whom died on 10 June due to a blood clot in her brain cerebral venous sinus thrombosis The TGA stated it was likely the death was linked to a rare vaccination side effect This was the second death in Australia linked to the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine 205 On 17 June this partly led to a federal government decision to only recommend the AstraZeneca vaccine for those over 60 years of age on advice from ATAGI 206 In late June a 61 year old woman died in Royal Perth Hospital from immune thrombocytopenic purpura ITP which the TGA stated was likely linked to her AstraZeneca vaccination 207 208 In July 2021 three deaths linked by the TGA following AstraZeneca vaccination were reported A 72 year old woman vaccinated on 24 June was admitted to Royal Adelaide Hospital on 5 July and died six days later 209 Another two deaths were later identified of people in their 40s 210 Ongoing updates on reviews by ATAGI into confirmed and suspected adverse events are publicly available As of the 4 August 2021 update ATAGI reinforces that the benefits of vaccination with COVID 19 Vaccine AstraZeneca strongly outweigh the risks of adverse effects in all Australians aged 60 years or older 211 Changes to AstraZeneca vaccine recommendations edit nbsp Separated queues for the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines at a vaccination centre in South MorangAfter findings and advice on the AstraZeneca vaccine from the UK and EU were released following several months of data on their vaccine rollout the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation ATAGI and TGA met on 8 April 2021 to review and advise the government as a part of the periodic review process Australia s Chief Medical Officer Paul Kelly reassured the safety of the vaccine and noted it was being continually reviewed and that other vaccine options like Pfizer Comirnaty vaccine and potentially later Novavax existed for the nation 212 Everyone aged over 50 years were encouraged to get the AstraZeneca vaccine 213 until 17 June when ATAGI s recommendation was revised to people over 60 206 Internationally there is no consensus on the age limit 214 215 The Department of Health information sheet on the AstraZeneca vaccine published 30 July states in outbreak settings adults under 60 years of age should strongly consider AstraZeneca Vaccine if they are unable to access Comirnaty Pfizer vaccine 216 See also editCOVID 19 vaccine COVID 19 pandemic COVID 19 pandemic in Australia COVID 19 pandemic in Australia timeline Notes edit Front line workers is limited to staff at border and quarantine facilities health care staff in emergency and COVID 19 wards in hospitals and other direct contact workers Both doses Figure shows eligible got at least one dose of the approved vaccine Recommended for over 60s and over 18s in greater Sydney 45 Phase progression depends upon the achievement of the threshold of certain vaccination percentage scientific modelling of vaccination threshold is completed at Doherty Institute a b c Under TGA scrutinyReferences edit Australia COVID 19 Vaccine Tracker States Map By George Karabassis Press the button and Fully vaccinated dose button from drop down to create the shown map COVID 19 and the Australian Government s Response Budget 2021 21 Archived from the original on 6 October 2020 Retrieved 20 February 2021 a b COVID 19 vaccines Department of Health 13 August 2021 Retrieved 30 August 2021 NB The data on this site changes daily TGA provisionally approves Pfizer BioNTech COVID 19 vaccine for use in Australia Department of Health 25 January 2021 Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 Retrieved 26 January 2021 TGA provisionally approves AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccine for use in Australia Department of Health 16 February 2021 Archived from the original on 16 February 2021 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Hitch Georgia 7 January 2021 When will I get the coronavirus vaccine Who gets the vaccine first ABC News Retrieved 26 January 2021 a b c Marsh Stuart 10 August 2021 Moderna COVID 19 vaccine provisionally approved by the TGA for use in Australia 9 News Australia Retrieved 10 August 2021 a b c TGA grants third provisional approval to COVID 19 vaccine Janssen tga gov au 25 June 2021 Retrieved 6 July 2021 a b c d e f g h i j Australia Covid vaccine tracker COVIDLIVE 13 March 2021 Archived from the original on 18 February 2021 Retrieved 13 August 2021 NB The data on this site changes daily Tracking Australia s COVID vaccine rollout numbers Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1 September 2021 Retrieved 1 September 2021 NB The data on this site changes daily a b Australia administers 2 million COVID 19 vaccine doses well short of initial targets ABC News 1 May 2021 Retrieved 7 May 2021 a b Vaccine targets dumped Morrison concedes all Australians may not be vaccinated by the end of the year The Sydney Morning Herald 11 April 2021 Retrieved 14 April 2021 Australia still lags many other countries on vaccine rollout but it s catching up fast The Guardian 11 October 2021 Retrieved 12 October 2021 a b Australia Covid vaccine tracker by source COVIDLIVE 13 September 2021 Archived from the original on 11 June 2021 Retrieved 13 September 2021 NB The data on this site changes daily a b Vaccination numbers and statistics Australian Government Department of Health 23 March 2022 Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 Retrieved 4 August 2022 How COVID 19 vaccines will be distributed Department of Health 18 February 2021 Archived from the original on 27 January 2021 Retrieved 21 February 2021 a b COVID 19 vaccine national rollout phases Australian Government Department of Health 22 April 2021 Retrieved 25 April 2021 COVID 19 vaccination Australia s COVID 19 vaccine national roll out strategy Australian Government Department of Health 17 February 2021 Retrieved 12 March 2021 Australian PM is vaccinated as rollout begins BBC News 21 February 2021 Archived from the original on 21 February 2021 Retrieved 21 February 2021 MPhase 1B rollout underway as workhorse AstraZeneca vaccine approved to be locally produced 9NEWS 22 March 2021 Retrieved 22 March 2021 COVID 19 vaccines to be made available for 16 39 year olds by end of month 9NEWS 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 Melbourne Press Conference with Minister Hunt and Professor John Skerritt on 5 December 2021 on the TGA provisionally approving Pfizer COVID 19 vaccine for 5 to 11 year olds Department of Health 5 December 2021 Retrieved 5 December 2021 Australia vaccinating children against COVID 19 from early next year Australian Government Department of Health 10 December 2021 Retrieved 22 December 2021 National state and territory population Australian Bureau of Statistics 17 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 a b c d e f g h i COVID 19 vaccine weekly safety report 02 12 2021 Therapeutic Goods Administration 2 December 2021 Archived from the original on 2 December 2021 Retrieved 4 December 2021 NB The data on this site changes weekly Australia begins rollout of Pfizer vaccine 9news com Retrieved 21 February 2021 Queensland will begin the COVID 19 vaccination program tomorrow www youtube com Retrieved 21 February 2021 COVID vaccine arrives in South Australia www youtube com Retrieved 21 February 2021 Pfizer vaccine to arrive in Tasmania on Monday with 1000 doses to be rolled out to priority workers from Tuesday www abc net au 18 February 2021 Retrieved 21 February 2021 Pfizer vaccine arrives in Victoria youtube com Retrieved 21 February 2021 Pfizer vaccine arrives in Victoria 9news com Retrieved 21 February 2021 a b Macali Anthony 4 December 2021 Coronavirus Cases in Australia covidlive com au Retrieved 4 December 2021 Vidot Anna 23 February 2021 Meet the nurse who received Canberra s first COVID vaccination ABC Radio Canberra No Drive Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 25 February 2021 Booking your COVID 19 vaccination www covid19 act gov au ACT Government 11 June 2021 Retrieved 13 June 2021 a b Bladen Lucy Crowe Alex 11 September 2021 Canberra reaches 50 per cent fully vaccinated target in over 16s The Canberra Times Australian Community Media Retrieved 26 September 2021 ACT UPDATE COVID Live ATAGI statement on AstraZeneca vaccine in response to new vaccine safety concerns health gov au Department of Health 8 April 2021 Retrieved 29 July 2021 NSW temporarily suspends rollout of AstraZeneca vaccine www smh com au Retrieved 9 April 2021 Xiao Alison 10 May 2021 Pfizer jab open to anyone in 40 49 age group as NSW mass vaccination hub opens ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 11 May 2021 Sydney news Pfizer mass vaccination for HSC students Penrith awakens to tighter COVID restrictions ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 9 August 2021 Retrieved 9 August 2021 a b Vesey Harrison 7 November 2021 New western Sydney vaccination clinic to open at The Granville Centre thepulse org au Western Sydney Local Health District Retrieved 4 January 2022 Noble Freya 16 June 2021 Pharmacists can now give the Astrazeneca COVID 19 vaccine in NSW 9News Nine Digital Pty Ltd Retrieved 16 June 2021 Attanasio Joe 12 July 2021 AstraZeneca vaccine to become available to over 40s in NSW in desperate bid to suppress outbreak 9 News Australia Retrieved 13 July 2021 Taylor Josh 12 July 2021 NSW Covid update vaccination hubs to offer over 40s AstraZeneca after 112 new cases recorded in Sydney The Guardian Retrieved 13 July 2021 a b ATAGI Statement Response to NSW COVID 19 outbreak 24th July 2021 Department of Health Australian Government 24 July 2021 Retrieved 27 July 2021 NSW hits vaccine milestone as Premier flags announcement about new freedom for fully vaccinated 9News 24 August 2021 Retrieved 24 August 2021 NSW hits 70 per cent of first dose Covid 19 vaccines signalling reopening within just weeks Nationwide News Pty Ltd 2 September 2021 Retrieved 2 September 2021 Daniel Sue 5 September 2021 NSW reaches vaccination milestone as peak in cases expected in next week or two ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 5 September 2021 Daoud Elizabeth 15 September 2021 Major vaccine milestone achieved in NSW as 12 more COVID deaths are recorded 7NEWS Seven West Media Retrieved 26 September 2021 NSW reaches 50 percent of eligible population fully vaccinated www msn com Microsoft Network 17 September 2021 Retrieved 26 September 2021 Parkes Hupton Heath NSW hits 60 per cent double dosed days away from 70 per cent mark The Australian Nationwide News Pty Ltd NCA NewsWire Retrieved 26 September 2021 NSW s roadmap explained What you can and can t do once the state hits 80 and 90 per cent fully vaccinated Retrieved 27 September 2021 YOU DID IT NSW officially hits 70 of eligible population fully vaccinated News Com Au 6 October 2021 NSW reaches 90 per cent first dose COVID 19 vaccination milestone ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation 9 October 2021 Retrieved 10 October 2021 Brown Natalie 8 October 2021 Everything you can do in NSW today News com au NSW hits 80 per cent double vaccination target against COVID 19 ABC News Australia 16 October 2021 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Australia nbsp Viruses Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title COVID 19 vaccination in Australia amp oldid 1183852901, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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