Refuge in Buddhism
In Buddhism, refuge or taking refuge refers to a religious practice, which often includes a prayer or recitation performed at the beginning of the day or of a practice session. Since the period of Early Buddhism until present time, all Theravada and mainstream Mahayana schools only take refuge in the Three Jewels (also known as the Triple Gem or Three Refuges, Pali: ti-ratana or ratana-ttaya; Sanskrit: tri-ratna or ratna-traya) which are the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha.
However, only Vajrayana school includes an expanded refuge formula known as the Three Jewels and Three Roots.[1]
Taking refuge is a form of aspiration to lead a life with the Triple Gem at its core. Taking refuge is done by a short formula in which one names the Buddha, the dharma and the saṅgha as refuges.[2][3] In early Buddhist scriptures, taking refuge is an expression of determination to follow the Buddha's path, but not a relinquishing of responsibility.[4] Refuge is common to all major schools of Buddhism.
In 1880, Henry Steel Olcott and Helena Blavatsky became the first known Westerners of the modern era to receive the Three Refuges and Five Precepts, which is the ceremony by which one traditionally become Buddhist.[5]
Overview
Since the period of Early Buddhism, devotees expressed their faith through the act of taking refuge, which is threefold. These are the three supports or jewels in which a Sutrayana Buddhist takes refuge:
- The Buddha, the fully enlightened one (i.e. the figure of Sakyamuni Buddha)
- The Dharma, the Buddhist teachings expounded by the Buddha
- The Sangha, the monastic order of Buddhism that practices and preserves the Dharma.
In this, it centres on the authority of a Buddha as a supremely awakened being, by assenting to a role for a Buddha as a teacher of both humans and devās (heavenly beings). This often includes other Buddhas from the past, and Buddhas who have not yet arisen. Secondly, the taking of refuge honours the truth and efficacy of the Buddha's spiritual doctrine, which includes the characteristics of phenomenon (Pali: saṅkhāra) such as their impermanence (Pali: anicca), and the Noble Eightfold Path to liberation.[8][4] The taking of refuge ends with the acceptance of worthiness of the community of spiritually developed followers (the saṅgha), which is mostly defined as the monastic community, but may also include lay people and even devās provided they are nearly or completely enlightened.[9][3] Early Buddhism did not include bodhisattvas in the Three Refuges, because they were considered to still be on the path to enlightenment.[10]
Early texts describe the saṅgha as a "field of merit", because early Buddhists regard offerings to them as particularly karmically fruitful.[9] Lay devotees support and revere the saṅgha, of which they believe it will render them merit and bring them closer to enlightenment.[11] At the same time, the Buddhist monk is given a significant role in promoting and upholding faith among laypeople. Although many examples in the canon are mentioned of well-behaved monks, there are also cases of monks misbehaving. In such cases, the texts describe that the Buddha responds with great sensitivity to the perceptions of the lay community. When the Buddha sets out new rules in the monastic code to deal with the wrongdoings of his monastics, he usually states that such behavior should be curbed, because it would not "persuade non-believers" and "believers will turn away". He expects monks, nuns and novices to not only to lead the spiritual life for their own benefit, but also to uphold the faith of the people. On the other hand, they are not to take the task of inspiring faith to the extent of hypocrisy or inappropriateness, for example, by taking on other professions apart from being a monastic, or by courting favours by giving items to the laypeople.[6][7]
Faith in the three jewels is an important teaching element in both Theravada and Mahayana traditions. In contrast to perceived Western notions of faith, faith in Buddhism arises from accumulated experience and reasoning. In the Kalama Sutra, the Buddha explicitly argues against simply following authority or tradition, particularly those of religions contemporary to the Buddha's time.[12] There remains value for a degree of trusting confidence and belief in Buddhism, primarily in the spiritual attainment and salvation or enlightenment. Faith in Buddhism centres on belief in the Three Jewels.
In Mahayana Buddhism
In Mahayana Buddhism, the three jewels are understood in a different sense than in Sravakayana or non-Mahayana forms of Buddhism. For example the Buddha is usually explained through the Mahayana doctrine of the three bodies (trikaya).
According to the Mahayana treatise titled Ratnagotravibhāga (Analysis of the Jeweled Lineage), the true meaning of the triple gem is as follows:[13]
- The Buddha is without beginning, middle and end. The Buddha is peace. The Buddha is uncompounded (asamskrta), and spontaneous (anabhoga) Dharmakaya. The Buddha is self-enlightened and self arisen wisdom (jñana), compassion and power for the benefit of others.
- The Dharma is described as the reality which is cessation. This is described as neither existence nor non-existence. It is non-conceptual reality as well as the reality of the path which consists of luminous and stainless jñana that removes all defilement. It is also equated with the dharmakaya.
- The Sangha refers to those beings who realize the true luminous nature of the mind and the "full extent of what is" (yavad bhavikataya) as well as the supreme qualities that make them a refuge.
According to the Tibetan Buddhist master Longchenpa:
According to the Mahayana approach, the buddha is the totality of the three kayas; the dharma encompasses scriptural transmission (contained in the sutras and tantras) and the realization of one’s self-knowing timeless awareness (including the views, states of meditative absorption, and so forth associated with stages such as those of development and completion); and the sangha is made up of bodhisattvas, masters of awareness, and other spiritually advanced beings (other than buddhas) whose nature is such that they are on the paths of learning and no more learning.[14]
Thus, for Mahayana Buddhism, the Buddha jewel includes innumerable Buddhas (like Amitabha, Vajradhara and Vairocana), not just Sakyamuni Buddha. Likewise, the Dharma jewel includes the Mahayana sutras and (for certain sects of Mahayana) may also include the Buddhist tantras, not just the Tipitaka. Finally, the Sangha jewel includes numerous beings that are not part of the monastic sangha proper, including high level bodhisattvas like Avalokiteshvara, Vajrapani, Manjushri and so on.
Recitation in Pali
| Translations of Refuge | |
|---|---|
| Sanskrit | शरण (śaraṇa) |
| Pali | saraṇa |
| Bengali | শরন (Shôrôn) |
| Burmese | သရဏ (Tharana) |
| Chinese | 皈依 (Pinyin: Guīyī) |
| Japanese | 帰依 (Rōmaji: kie) |
| Khmer | សរណៈ (Saranak) |
| Korean | 귀의 (RR: gwiui) |
| Sinhala | සරණ(saraṇa) |
| Tamil | Saranam / saran சரணம் |
| Tagalog | Kanlungan (Baybayin: ᜃᜈ᜴ᜎᜓᜅᜈ᜴) |
| Thai | สรณะ, ที่พึ่ง ที่ระลึก RTGS: sarana, thi phueng thi raluek |
| Vietnamese | Quy y |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
The most used recitation in Pali:[15]
Buddham saranam gacchami.
I take refuge in the Buddha.
Dhammam saranam gacchami.
I take refuge in the Dharma.
Sangham saranam gacchami.
I take refuge in the Sangha.
Dutiyampi Buddham saranam gacchami.
For the second time, I take refuge in the Buddha.
Dutiyampi Dhammam saranam gacchami.
For the second time, I take refuge in the Dharma.
Dutiyampi Sangham saranam gacchami.
For the second time, I take refuge in the Sangha.
Tatiyampi Buddham saranam gacchami.
For the third time, I take refuge in the Buddha.
Tatiyampi Dhammam saranam gacchami.
For the third time, I take refuge in the Dharma.
Tatiyampi Sangham saranam gacchami.
For the third time, I take refuge in the Sangha.
Except this there are various recitations mentioned in Pali literature for taking refuge in the Three Jewels. Brett Shults proposes that Pali texts may employ the Brahmanical motif of a group of three refuges, as found in Rig Veda 9.97.47, Rig Veda 6.46.9 and Chandogya Upanishad 2.22.3-4.[16]
Precepts
Lay followers often undertake five precepts in the same ceremony as they take the refuges.[17][18] Monks administer the precepts to the laypeople, which creates an additional psychological effect.[19] The five precepts are:[20]
- not killing;
- not stealing;
- not misusing sex;
- not engaging in false speech;
- not indulging in intoxicants.
A layperson who upholds the precepts is described in the texts as a "jewel among laymen".[21]
Refuge in Vajrayana
In Tibetan Buddhism there are three refuge formulations, the Outer, Inner, and Secret forms of the Three Jewels. The 'Outer' form is the 'Triple Gem', (Sanskrit:triratna), the 'Inner' is the Three Roots and the 'Secret' form is the 'Three Bodies' or trikaya of a Buddha.[1]
These alternative refuge formulations are employed by those undertaking deity yoga and other tantric practices within the Tibetan Buddhist Vajrayana tradition.[1]
See also
- Awgatha – Burmese Buddhist prayer
- Abhijñā – Supernormal knowledge in Buddhism
- Anussati – Type of meditational and devotional practices
- Bhāvanā – Concept in Indian religions, signifying contemplation and spiritual cultivation
- Four Noble Truths – Basic framework of Buddhist thought
- Jingxiang – Ritual of offering incense accompanied by tea and/or fruits
- Pure land – Abode of a buddha or bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism
References
Citations
- ^ a b c Ray 2004, p. 60.
- ^ Irons 2008, p. 403.
- ^ a b Robinson & Johnson 1997, p. 43.
- ^ a b Kariyawasam 1995, p. [page needed].
- ^ Sakya 2011, p. 244.
- ^ a b Wijayaratna 1990, pp. 130–1.
- ^ a b Buswell & Lopez 2013, Kuladūșaka.
- ^ Harvey 2013, p. 245.
- ^ a b Harvey 2013, p. 246.
- ^ Buswell & Lopez 2013, Paramatthasaṅgha.
- ^ Werner 2013, p. 39.
- ^ Thera 2013.
- ^ Hookam 1991, pp. 186–190.
- ^ Longchen Rabjam & Barron 2007, p. 66.
- ^ Anon 2020.
- ^ Shults 2014, p. 119.
- ^ Getz 2004, p. 673.
- ^ Walters 2004.
- ^ Harvey 2000, p. 80.
- ^ Sperry 2021.
- ^ De Silva 2016, p. 63.
Works cited
- Anon (2020), "The Three Treasures", The Pluralism Project, Harvard University, retrieved 2022-12-08.
- Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013), Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
- De Silva, Padmasiri (2016), Environmental Philosophy and Ethics in Buddhism, Springer Nature, ISBN 978-1-349-26772-9.
- Getz, Daniel A. (2004), "Precepts", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale, ISBN 978-0-02-865720-2, from the original on 23 December 2017.
- Harvey, Peter (2000), An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-511-07584-1.
- Harvey, Peter (2013), An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
- Hookham, S. K. (1991), The Buddha within : Tathagatagarbha doctrine according to the Shentong interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 186–190, ISBN 978-0791403587.
- Irons, Edward A. (2008), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Encyclopedia of World Religions, New York: Facts on File, ISBN 978-0-8160-5459-6.
- Kariyawasam, A. G. S. (1995), Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka, The Wheel Series, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, from the original on 28 March 2013, retrieved 23 October 2007 – via Accesstoinsight.org.
- Longchen Rabjam; Barron, Richard (2007), A Treatise Elucidating the Meaning of the Entire Range of Buddhist Teachings, The Precious Treasury of Philosophical Systems (Drupta Dzöd), Padma Publishing, ISBN 978-1881847441.
- Ray, Reginald A., ed. (2004), In the Presence of Masters: Wisdom from 30 Contemporary Tibetan Buddhist Teachers, Boston: Shambhala Publications, ISBN 1-57062-849-1.
- Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1997), The Buddhist religion: a historical introduction (4th ed.), Belmont, CA: Cengage, ISBN 978-0-534-20718-2.
- Sakya, Madhusudan (2011), Buddhism Today: Issues & Global Dimensions, Current Perspectives in Buddhism, vol. 3, Cyber Tech Publications, ISBN 9788178847337.
- Shults, Brett (May 2014), "On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts", Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 6: 106–140.
- Sperry, Rod Meade (June 11, 2021), "What Are the Five Precepts?", Lion's Roar, retrieved 2022-12-08
- Thera, Soma, tr. (2013), Kalama Sutta: The Buddha's Charter of Free Inquiry, Buddhist Publication Society, from the original on 4 February 2013.
- Walters, Jonathan S. (2004), "Festivals and Calendrical Rituals", Encyclopedia of Buddhism, The Gale Group, from the original on 23 December 2017 – via Encyclopedia.com.
- Werner, Karel (2013), "Love and Devotion in Buddhism", in Werner, Karel (ed.), Love Divine Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism, Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-1-136-77461-4.
- Wijayaratna, Mohan (1990), Buddhist monastic life: according to the texts of the Theravāda tradition, translated by Claude Grangier; Steven Collins, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-36428-7.
Further reading
- Chodron, Ven. Thubten (June 18, 2012), "Long refuge and precepts ceremony", ThubtenChodron.org, retrieved 2022-12-03.
- Kohn, Livia (1994), "The Five Precepts of the Venerable Lord", Monumenta Serica, 42 (1): 171–215, doi:10.1080/02549948.1994.11731253.
- Terwiel, Barend Jan (2012), Monks and Magic: Revisiting a Classic Study of Religious Ceremonies in Thailand, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, ISBN 978-87-7694-101-7.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2012), Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma & Sangha.
External links
- Refuge at StudyBuddhism.com
- A Buddhist View on Refuge
- Vajrayana refuge prayer audio
- What are the Three Jewels? at Tricycle.org