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Orobanchaceae

August 25, 2023

Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species.[3] Many of these genera (e.g., Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Striga) were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato.[4][5][6] With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family.[6] From a phylogenetic perspective, it is defined as the largest crown clade containing Orobanche major and relatives, but neither Paulownia tomentosa nor Phryma leptostachya nor Mazus japonicus.[7][8]

Orobanchaceae
Lesser broomrape (Orobanche minor)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Vent.[1]
Tribes[2]

The Orobanchaceae are annual herbs or perennial herbs or shrubs, and most (all except Lindenbergia, Rehmannia and Triaenophora) are parasitic on the roots of other plants—either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic (fully or partly parasitic). The holoparasitic species lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform photosynthesis.

Striga bilabiata
Cistanche tubulosa
Bellardia trixago
Pedicularis zeylanica

Description Edit

Orobanchaceae is the largest of the 20–28 dicot families that express parasitism.[9] Apart from a few non-parasitic taxa, the family displays all types of plant parasitism: facultative parasite, obligate parasite, hemiparasites, and holoparasites.

Roots and stems Edit

Parasitic plants are attached to their host by means of haustoria, which transfer nutrients from the host to the parasite. Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system referred to as the lateral or side haustoria. In most holoparasitic species there is a swollen mass of short, bulky roots or one big swollen haustorial organ, which may be simple or composite, commonly called the terminal or primary haustorium.[10]

Plants are reduced to short vegetative stems, their alternate leaves are reduced to fleshy, tooth-like scales, and have multicellular hairs interspersed with glandular hairs.[11]

The hemiparasitic species (transferred from Scrophulariaceae) with green leaves are capable of photosynthesis, and may be either facultative or obligate parasites.

Flowers Edit

The hermaphroditic flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and grow either in racemes or spikes or singly at the apex of the slender stem. The tubular calyx is formed by 2–5 united sepals. There are five united, bilabiate petals forming the corolla and they may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white. The upper lip is two-lobed, the lower lip is three-lobed. There are two long and two short stamens on slender filaments, inserted below the middle, or at the base of the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes of the tube. A fifth stamen is either sterile or lacking completely. The anthers dehisce via longitudinal slits. The pistil is one-celled. The ovary is superior. The flowers are pollinated by insects or birds (e.g. hummingbirds, as in Castilleja).

Fruits Edit

The fruit is a dehiscent, non-fleshy, 1-locular capsule with many very minute endospermic seeds. Fruits of Orobanchaceae are small and abundant and can produce between 10,000–1,000,000 seeds per plant.[12] These are dispersed by the wind over long distances, which increases their chances of finding a new host.

Taxonomy Edit

Evolution Edit

Development of the haustoria was a significant evolutionary event that allowed for the advancement of parasitic plants. The holoparasitic clade, Orobanche, delineates the first transition from hemiparasitism to holoparasitism within Orobanchaceae.

Despite the similar morphological traits found in both Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae, the latter is now morphologically and molecularly considered monophyletic, though many of its genera were once considered a part of the family Scrophulariaceae.

Lindenbergia, once treated as a member of the Scrophulariaceae, is the one of the only autotrophic genera within Orobanchaceae. It is believed to be the sister group to the hemiparasitic genera within its family.[13]

Genomics Edit

The parasitism and its different modes have been suggested to have an impact on genome evolution, with increased DNA substitution rates in parasitic organisms compared to non-parasitic taxa.[14] For example, holoparasite taxa of Orobanchaceae exhibit faster molecular evolutionary rates than confamilial hemiparasites in three plastid genes.[15]

In a study comparing the rates of molecular evolution of parasitic versus non parasitic taxa for 12 pairs of angiosperm families — including Apodanthaceae, Cytinaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Cynomoriaceae, Krameriaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Boraginaceae, Orobanchaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lauraceae, Hydnoraceae, and Santalaceae/Olacaceae —, parasitic taxa evolve on average faster than their close relatives for mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genome sequences.[16] Whereas Orobanchaceae fit to this trend for plastid DNA, they appear to evolve slower than their non parasitic counterpart in comparisons involving nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.[16]

Genera Edit

Orobanchaceae comprises the following genera, listed according to their life history trait.[citation needed]

Non-parasitic Edit

Hemiparasitic Edit

Holoparasitic Edit

Distribution Edit

The family Orobanchaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, found mainly in temperate Eurasia, North America, South America, parts of Australia, New Zealand, and tropical Africa. The only exception to its distribution is Antarctica, though some genera may be found in subarctic regions.[17]

Ecology Edit

This family has tremendous economic importance because of the damage to crops caused by some species in the genera Orobanche and Striga. They often parasitize cereal crops like sugarcane, maize, millet, sorghum, and other major agricultural crops like cowpea, sunflower, hemp, tomatoes, and legumes. Because of the ubiquitous nature of these particular parasites in developing countries, it is estimated to affect the livelihood of over 100 million people, killing 20 to 100 percent of crops depending on infestation.[18]

Some genera, especially Cistanche and Conopholis, are threatened by human activity, including habitat destruction and over-harvesting of both the plants and their hosts.

Research for this plant family can often be difficult due to its permit requirements for collection, travel, and research.

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orobanchaceae.

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Sometimes placed outside of Orobanchaceae as a sister-taxon.

References Edit

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ^ Stevens, Peter. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 13. Lamiales: Orobanchaceae". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  3. ^ McNeal, J. R.; Bennett, J. R.; Wolfe, A. D.; Mathews, S. (2013-05-01). "Phylogeny and origins of holoparasitism in Orobanchaceae". American Journal of Botany. 100 (5): 971–983. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200448. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 23608647.
  4. ^ dePamphilis, Claude W.; Young, Nelson D.; Wolfe, Andrea D. (1997-07-08). "Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: Many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (14): 7367–7372. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.7367D. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7367. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 23827. PMID 9207097.
  5. ^ Young, Nelson D.; Steiner, Kim E.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (4): 876. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.
  6. ^ a b Olmstead, Richard G.; Pamphilis, Claude W. de; Wolfe, Andrea D.; Young, Nelson D.; Elisons, Wayne J.; Reeves, Patrick A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. ISSN 1537-2197. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255.
  7. ^ Xia, Zhi; Wang, Yin-Zheng; Smith, James F. (2009). "Familial placement and relations of Rehmannia and Triaenophora (Scrophulariaceae s.l.) inferred from five gene regions". American Journal of Botany. 96 (2): 519–530. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800195. ISSN 1537-2197. PMID 21628207.
  8. ^ Tank, David C.; Wolfe, Andrea; Mathews, Sarah; Olmstead, Richard G. (2020-04-30). "Orobanchaceae E. P. Ventenant 1799:292 [D. C. Tank, A. D. Wolfe, S. Mathews, and R. G. Olmstead], converted clade name". In de Queiroz, Kevin; Cantino, Philip D.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (eds.). Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode. CRC Press. pp. 1749–1751. ISBN 978-0-429-82120-2.
  9. ^ editors, Daniel M. Joel, Jonathan Gressel, Lytton J. Musselman; Kebab, E. (2013). Parasitic orobanchaceae parasitic mechanisms and control strategies. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-38146-1. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Westwood, James H.; Yoder, John I.; Timko, Michael P.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (1 April 2010). "The evolution of parasitism in plants". Trends in Plant Science. 15 (4): 227–235. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.004. ISSN 1878-4372. PMID 20153240.
  11. ^ Young, N.D.; Steiner, K.E.; Claude, W. (1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Schrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid gene sequences refute an evolutionary transition series" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (4): 876–893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.
  12. ^ Molau, U. (1995). Parasitic Plants: Reproductive ecology and biology. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 141–176.
  13. ^ Judd, Walter S.; et al. (2008). Plant systematics : a phylogenetic approach (3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2.
  14. ^ Haraguchi, Yoshihiro; Sasaki, Akira (1996-11-21). "Host–Parasite Arms Race in Mutation Modifications: Indefinite Escalation Despite a Heavy Load?". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 183 (2): 121–137. Bibcode:1996JThBi.183..121H. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1996.9999. ISSN 0022-5193. PMID 8977873.
  15. ^ Young, Nelson D.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (2005-02-15). "Rate variation in parasitic plants: correlated and uncorrelated patterns among plastid genes of different function". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 5 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-16. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 554776. PMID 15713237.
  16. ^ a b Bromham, Lindell; Cowman, Peter F.; Lanfear, Robert (1 January 2013). "Parasitic plants have increased rates of molecular evolution across all three genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 126. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-126. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3694452. PMID 23782527.
  17. ^ Watson, David M. (October 13, 2009). "Parasitic plants as facilitators: more Dryad than Dracula?". Journal of Ecology. 97 (6): 1151–1159. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01576.x. S2CID 84242604.
  18. ^ Westwood, James H.; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Das, Malay; Fernández-Aparicio, Mónica; Honaas, Loren A.; Timko, Michael P.; Wafula, Eric K.; Wickett, Norman J.; Yoder, John I. (April–June 2012). "The Parasitic Plant Genome Project: New Tools for Understanding the Biology of Orobanche and Striga". Weed Science. 60 (2): 295–306. doi:10.1614/WS-D-11-00113.1. ISSN 0043-1745. S2CID 26435162.

External links Edit

  • Wiki of Orobanchaceae
  • Parasitic Plant Connection: Orobanchaceae

August 25, 2023
orobanchaceae, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, september, 2. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Orobanchaceae news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Orobanchaceae the broomrapes is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species 3 Many of these genera e g Pedicularis Rhinanthus Striga were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato 4 5 6 With its new circumscription Orobanchaceae forms a distinct monophyletic family 6 From a phylogenetic perspective it is defined as the largest crown clade containing Orobanche major and relatives but neither Paulownia tomentosa nor Phryma leptostachya nor Mazus japonicus 7 8 OrobanchaceaeLesser broomrape Orobanche minor Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder LamialesFamily OrobanchaceaeVent 1 Tribes 2 Rehmannieae Lindenbergieae Cymbarieae Orobancheae Brandisia Pedicularidae Rhinantheae BuchnereaeThe Orobanchaceae are annual herbs or perennial herbs or shrubs and most all except Lindenbergia Rehmannia and Triaenophora are parasitic on the roots of other plants either holoparasitic or hemiparasitic fully or partly parasitic The holoparasitic species lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform photosynthesis Striga bilabiataCistanche tubulosaBellardia trixagoPedicularis zeylanicaContents 1 Description 1 1 Roots and stems 1 2 Flowers 1 3 Fruits 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Evolution 2 2 Genomics 2 3 Genera 2 3 1 Non parasitic 2 3 2 Hemiparasitic 2 3 3 Holoparasitic 3 Distribution 4 Ecology 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksDescription EditOrobanchaceae is the largest of the 20 28 dicot families that express parasitism 9 Apart from a few non parasitic taxa the family displays all types of plant parasitism facultative parasite obligate parasite hemiparasites and holoparasites Roots and stems Edit Parasitic plants are attached to their host by means of haustoria which transfer nutrients from the host to the parasite Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system referred to as the lateral or side haustoria In most holoparasitic species there is a swollen mass of short bulky roots or one big swollen haustorial organ which may be simple or composite commonly called the terminal or primary haustorium 10 Plants are reduced to short vegetative stems their alternate leaves are reduced to fleshy tooth like scales and have multicellular hairs interspersed with glandular hairs 11 The hemiparasitic species transferred from Scrophulariaceae with green leaves are capable of photosynthesis and may be either facultative or obligate parasites Flowers Edit The hermaphroditic flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and grow either in racemes or spikes or singly at the apex of the slender stem The tubular calyx is formed by 2 5 united sepals There are five united bilabiate petals forming the corolla and they may be yellowish brownish purplish or white The upper lip is two lobed the lower lip is three lobed There are two long and two short stamens on slender filaments inserted below the middle or at the base of the corolla tube alternating with the lobes of the tube A fifth stamen is either sterile or lacking completely The anthers dehisce via longitudinal slits The pistil is one celled The ovary is superior The flowers are pollinated by insects or birds e g hummingbirds as in Castilleja Fruits Edit The fruit is a dehiscent non fleshy 1 locular capsule with many very minute endospermic seeds Fruits of Orobanchaceae are small and abundant and can produce between 10 000 1 000 000 seeds per plant 12 These are dispersed by the wind over long distances which increases their chances of finding a new host Taxonomy EditEvolution Edit Development of the haustoria was a significant evolutionary event that allowed for the advancement of parasitic plants The holoparasitic clade Orobanche delineates the first transition from hemiparasitism to holoparasitism within Orobanchaceae Despite the similar morphological traits found in both Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae the latter is now morphologically and molecularly considered monophyletic though many of its genera were once considered a part of the family Scrophulariaceae Lindenbergia once treated as a member of the Scrophulariaceae is the one of the only autotrophic genera within Orobanchaceae It is believed to be the sister group to the hemiparasitic genera within its family 13 Genomics Edit The parasitism and its different modes have been suggested to have an impact on genome evolution with increased DNA substitution rates in parasitic organisms compared to non parasitic taxa 14 For example holoparasite taxa of Orobanchaceae exhibit faster molecular evolutionary rates than confamilial hemiparasites in three plastid genes 15 In a study comparing the rates of molecular evolution of parasitic versus non parasitic taxa for 12 pairs of angiosperm families including Apodanthaceae Cytinaceae Rafflesiaceae Cynomoriaceae Krameriaceae Mitrastemonaceae Boraginaceae Orobanchaceae Convolvulaceae Lauraceae Hydnoraceae and Santalaceae Olacaceae parasitic taxa evolve on average faster than their close relatives for mitochondrial plastid and nuclear genome sequences 16 Whereas Orobanchaceae fit to this trend for plastid DNA they appear to evolve slower than their non parasitic counterpart in comparisons involving nuclear and mitochondrial DNA 16 Genera Edit Orobanchaceae comprises the following genera listed according to their life history trait citation needed Bartsiella Bornmuellerantha Brachystigma Brandisia Cyclocheilon Kopsiopsis Macrosyringion OdontiellaNon parasitic Edit Lindenbergia Rehmannia a TriaenophoraHemiparasitic Edit Agalinis Alectra Asepalum Aureolaria Bartsia Bellardia Buchnera Bungea Buttonia Castilleja Indian paintbrush Centranthera Chloropyron Cordylanthus Bird s beak Cycnium Cymbaria Dasistoma Dicranostegia Escobedia Esterhazya Euphrasia Gerardiina Ghikaea Graderia Hedbergia Lamourouxia Leptorhabdos Leucosalpa Macranthera Magdalenaea Melampyrum Melasma Micrargeria Micrargeriella Monochasma Nesogenes Nothobartsia Nothochilus Odontites Omphalotrix Orthocarpus Parastriga Parentucellia Pedicularis Petitmenginia Phtheirospermum Physocalyx Pseudobartsia Pseudomelasma Pseudosopubia Pseudostriga Pterygiella Radamaea Rhamphicarpa Rhaphispermum Rhinanthus Rhynchocorys Schwalbea Seymeria Seymeriopsis Sieversandreas Silviella Siphonostegia Sopubia Spirostegia Striga Tetraspidium Thunbergianthus Tozzia Triphysaria Vellosiella Xizangia Xylocalyx Holoparasitic Edit Aeginetia Boschniakia Groundcone Christisonia Cistanche Desert broomrape Conopholis Cancer root Epifagus Beechdrops Eremitilla Gleadovia Harveya Hyobanche Lathraea Mannagettaea Orobanche Broomrape Phacellanthus Phelypaea Platypholis TienmuiaDistribution EditThe family Orobanchaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution found mainly in temperate Eurasia North America South America parts of Australia New Zealand and tropical Africa The only exception to its distribution is Antarctica though some genera may be found in subarctic regions 17 Ecology EditThis family has tremendous economic importance because of the damage to crops caused by some species in the genera Orobanche and Striga They often parasitize cereal crops like sugarcane maize millet sorghum and other major agricultural crops like cowpea sunflower hemp tomatoes and legumes Because of the ubiquitous nature of these particular parasites in developing countries it is estimated to affect the livelihood of over 100 million people killing 20 to 100 percent of crops depending on infestation 18 Some genera especially Cistanche and Conopholis are threatened by human activity including habitat destruction and over harvesting of both the plants and their hosts Research for this plant family can often be difficult due to its permit requirements for collection travel and research Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orobanchaceae Notes Edit Sometimes placed outside of Orobanchaceae as a sister taxon References Edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III PDF Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Retrieved 2013 07 06 Stevens Peter Angiosperm Phylogeny Website version 13 Lamiales Orobanchaceae www mobot org Retrieved 20 December 2016 McNeal J R Bennett J R Wolfe A D Mathews S 2013 05 01 Phylogeny and origins of holoparasitism in Orobanchaceae American Journal of Botany 100 5 971 983 doi 10 3732 ajb 1200448 ISSN 0002 9122 PMID 23608647 dePamphilis Claude W Young Nelson D Wolfe Andrea D 1997 07 08 Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants Many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 14 7367 7372 Bibcode 1997PNAS 94 7367D doi 10 1073 pnas 94 14 7367 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 23827 PMID 9207097 Young Nelson D Steiner Kim E dePamphilis Claude W 1999 The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 4 876 doi 10 2307 2666173 JSTOR 2666173 a b Olmstead Richard G Pamphilis Claude W de Wolfe Andrea D Young Nelson D Elisons Wayne J Reeves Patrick A 2001 Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae American Journal of Botany 88 2 348 361 doi 10 2307 2657024 ISSN 1537 2197 JSTOR 2657024 PMID 11222255 Xia Zhi Wang Yin Zheng Smith James F 2009 Familial placement and relations of Rehmannia and Triaenophora Scrophulariaceae s l inferred from five gene regions American Journal of Botany 96 2 519 530 doi 10 3732 ajb 0800195 ISSN 1537 2197 PMID 21628207 Tank David C Wolfe Andrea Mathews Sarah Olmstead Richard G 2020 04 30 Orobanchaceae E P Ventenant 1799 292 D C Tank A D Wolfe S Mathews and R G Olmstead converted clade name In de Queiroz Kevin Cantino Philip D Gauthier Jacques A eds Phylonyms A Companion to the PhyloCode CRC Press pp 1749 1751 ISBN 978 0 429 82120 2 editors Daniel M Joel Jonathan Gressel Lytton J Musselman Kebab E 2013 Parasitic orobanchaceae parasitic mechanisms and control strategies Berlin Springer ISBN 978 3 642 38146 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last1 has generic name help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Westwood James H Yoder John I Timko Michael P dePamphilis Claude W 1 April 2010 The evolution of parasitism in plants Trends in Plant Science 15 4 227 235 doi 10 1016 j tplants 2010 01 004 ISSN 1878 4372 PMID 20153240 Young N D Steiner K E Claude W 1999 The Evolution of Parasitism in Schrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae Plastid gene sequences refute an evolutionary transition series PDF Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 4 876 893 doi 10 2307 2666173 JSTOR 2666173 Molau U 1995 Parasitic Plants Reproductive ecology and biology London Chapman and Hall pp 141 176 Judd Walter S et al 2008 Plant systematics a phylogenetic approach 3rd ed Sunderland Mass Sinauer Associates ISBN 978 0 87893 407 2 Haraguchi Yoshihiro Sasaki Akira 1996 11 21 Host Parasite Arms Race in Mutation Modifications Indefinite Escalation Despite a Heavy Load Journal of Theoretical Biology 183 2 121 137 Bibcode 1996JThBi 183 121H doi 10 1006 jtbi 1996 9999 ISSN 0022 5193 PMID 8977873 Young Nelson D dePamphilis Claude W 2005 02 15 Rate variation in parasitic plants correlated and uncorrelated patterns among plastid genes of different function BMC Evolutionary Biology 5 1 16 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 5 16 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 554776 PMID 15713237 a b Bromham Lindell Cowman Peter F Lanfear Robert 1 January 2013 Parasitic plants have increased rates of molecular evolution across all three genomes BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 126 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 126 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 3694452 PMID 23782527 Watson David M October 13 2009 Parasitic plants as facilitators more Dryad than Dracula Journal of Ecology 97 6 1151 1159 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2009 01576 x S2CID 84242604 Westwood James H dePamphilis Claude W Das Malay Fernandez Aparicio Monica Honaas Loren A Timko Michael P Wafula Eric K Wickett Norman J Yoder John I April June 2012 The Parasitic Plant Genome Project New Tools for Understanding the Biology of Orobanche and Striga Weed Science 60 2 295 306 doi 10 1614 WS D 11 00113 1 ISSN 0043 1745 S2CID 26435162 External links EditWiki of Orobanchaceae Parasitic Plant Connection Orobanchaceae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orobanchaceae amp oldid 1170407572, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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