Bromus is a large genus of grasses, classified in its own tribe Bromeae.[2][3] They are commonly known as bromes, brome grasses, cheat grasses or chess grasses. Estimates in the scientific literature of the number of species have ranged from 100 to 400, but plant taxonomists currently recognize around 160–170 species.
Bromus is part of the cool-season grass lineage (subfamily Pooideae), which includes about 3300 species. Within Pooideae, Bromus is classified in tribe Bromeae (it is the only genus in the tribe). Bromus is closely related to the wheat-grass lineage (tribe Triticeae) that includes such economically important genera as Triticum (wheat), Hordeum (barley) and Secale (rye).
The generic name Bromus is derived from the Latinbromos, a borrowed word from the Ancient Greekβρομός (bromós). βρομός and bromos mean oats, but βρομός seems to have referred specifically to Avena sativa (HippocratesOn Regimen in Acute Diseases 2.43, Dioscorides Medicus 2.94, Polemo Historicus 88) and Avena barbata (Theophrastus Historia Plantarum 8.9.2, Pseudo-Dioscorides 4.137). The generic name comes from avēna, a native Latin word for "oats" or "wild oats".
Descriptionedit
Bromus species occur in many habitats in temperate regions of the world, including Africa, America, Australia and Eurasia. There are considerable morphological differences between some species, while the morphological differences between others (usually those species that are closely related) are subtle and difficult to distinguish. As such, the taxonomy of the genus is complicated.
Bromus is distinguished from other grass genera by a combination of several morphological characteristics, including leaf sheaths that are closed (connate) for most of their length, awns that are usually inserted subapically, and hairy appendages on the ovary. The leaf blades and sheaths, which comprise the leaves can be hairless, sparsely hairy or hairy. The inflorescence is a dense or open panicle, usually drooping or nodding, sometimes spreading (as in Japanese brome, B. japonicus).
Bromus species are generally considered to have little economic value to humans, at least in present times. Bromus mango was historically cultivated in Chile and Argentina by indigenous peoples, who used it both as fodder and food.[4] The Tarahumara Indians in northern Mexico use the grains of some native Bromus species to aid fermentation in making one of their cultural beverages. As names like poverty brome (B. sterilis) and ripgut brome (B. diandrus) attest, some species are not very useful as fodder because their leaves sclerotize quickly and may even be harmful to livestock due to the high silica content. Others, such as meadow brome (Bromus riparius), native to parts of Russia, are planted as forage in the Great Plains of North America. Brome grasses are not usually grown as ornamental plants due to most species' nondescript appearance. Some are useful to prevent erosion but such use must be cautiously controlled as most Bromus have the ability to spread, becoming invasive weeds. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is a particularly troublesome weed across much of western North America (from southern British Columbia to California.)
Taxonomy and systematicsedit
Taxonomists have generated various classification schemes to reflect the morphological variation that is seen in Bromus. In North America, five morphologically similar groups of species, called sections, are generally recognized: Bromus, Genea, Ceratochloa, Neobromus, and Bromopsis. Sections Bromus and Genea are native to the Old World (Eurasia), but many species are introduced into North America. Sections Bromopsis, Neobromus, and Ceratochloa have several native species in North America.
^Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). "The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references". The Grass Genera of the World. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
^Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi:10.1111/jse.12262. hdl:10261/240149. ISSN 1674-4918.
^Nesbitt, Mark (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN0415927463.
bromus, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 2018, learn. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Bromus news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message Bromus is a large genus of grasses classified in its own tribe Bromeae 2 3 They are commonly known as bromes brome grasses cheat grasses or chess grasses Estimates in the scientific literature of the number of species have ranged from 100 to 400 but plant taxonomists currently recognize around 160 170 species Bromus Bromus pubescens Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Clade Commelinids Order Poales Family Poaceae Clade BOP clade Subfamily Pooideae Supertribe Triticodae Tribe BromeaeDumort 1824 Genus BromusScop Sections Bromopsis Bromus Ceratochloa Genea Neobromus Synonyms 1 Anisantha K Koch Avenaria Heist ex Fabr Bromopsis Dumort Fourr Calliagrostis Ehrh Ceratochloa P Beauv Euraphis Trin Kuntze Forasaccus Bubani Genea Dumort Dumort Michelaria Dumort Nevskiella V I Krecz amp Vved Serrafalcus Parl Stenofestuca Honda Nakai Triniusa Steud Trisetobromus Nevski Bromus is part of the cool season grass lineage subfamily Pooideae which includes about 3300 species Within Pooideae Bromus is classified in tribe Bromeae it is the only genus in the tribe Bromus is closely related to the wheat grass lineage tribe Triticeae that includes such economically important genera as Triticum wheat Hordeum barley and Secale rye Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 3 Ecology 4 Uses 5 Taxonomy and systematics 5 1 Selected species 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksEtymology editThe generic name Bromus is derived from the Latin bromos a borrowed word from the Ancient Greek bromos bromos bromos and bromos mean oats but bromos seems to have referred specifically to Avena sativa Hippocrates On Regimen in Acute Diseases 2 43 Dioscorides Medicus 2 94 Polemo Historicus 88 and Avena barbata Theophrastus Historia Plantarum 8 9 2 Pseudo Dioscorides 4 137 The generic name comes from avena a native Latin word for oats or wild oats Description editBromus species occur in many habitats in temperate regions of the world including Africa America Australia and Eurasia There are considerable morphological differences between some species while the morphological differences between others usually those species that are closely related are subtle and difficult to distinguish As such the taxonomy of the genus is complicated Bromus is distinguished from other grass genera by a combination of several morphological characteristics including leaf sheaths that are closed connate for most of their length awns that are usually inserted subapically and hairy appendages on the ovary The leaf blades and sheaths which comprise the leaves can be hairless sparsely hairy or hairy The inflorescence is a dense or open panicle usually drooping or nodding sometimes spreading as in Japanese brome B japonicus Ecology editThe caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use Bromus as a foodplant such as the chequered skipper Carterocephalus palaemon Uses editBromus species are generally considered to have little economic value to humans at least in present times Bromus mango was historically cultivated in Chile and Argentina by indigenous peoples who used it both as fodder and food 4 The Tarahumara Indians in northern Mexico use the grains of some native Bromus species to aid fermentation in making one of their cultural beverages As names like poverty brome B sterilis and ripgut brome B diandrus attest some species are not very useful as fodder because their leaves sclerotize quickly and may even be harmful to livestock due to the high silica content Others such as meadow brome Bromus riparius native to parts of Russia are planted as forage in the Great Plains of North America Brome grasses are not usually grown as ornamental plants due to most species nondescript appearance Some are useful to prevent erosion but such use must be cautiously controlled as most Bromus have the ability to spread becoming invasive weeds Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum is a particularly troublesome weed across much of western North America from southern British Columbia to California Taxonomy and systematics editTaxonomists have generated various classification schemes to reflect the morphological variation that is seen in Bromus In North America five morphologically similar groups of species called sections are generally recognized Bromus Genea Ceratochloa Neobromus and Bromopsis Sections Bromus and Genea are native to the Old World Eurasia but many species are introduced into North America Sections Bromopsis Neobromus and Ceratochloa have several native species in North America Selected species edit Bromus aleutensis Aleutian brome Bromus alopecuros weedy brome Bromus anomalus nodding brome Bromus arenarius Australian brome Bromus arizonicus Arizona brome Bromus arvensis field brome Bromus berteroanus Chilean chess B berterianus is a common lapsus Bromus biebersteinii meadow brome Bromus briziformis rattlesnake brome quake grass Bromus bromoideus Ardennes brome brome of the Ardennes Bromus carinatus California brome mountain brome Bromus cabrerensis Cabrera brome Bromus catharticus rescuegrass Australian oat Bromus ciliatus fringed brome syn B canadensis Bromus ciliatus subsp ciliatus Bromus ciliatus subsp richardsonii Bromus commutatus meadow brome Bromus danthoniae Bromus diandrus great brome ripgut brome Bromus erectus upright brome erect brome meadow brome Bromus exaltatus Bromus fibrosus Bromus frigidus Bromus frondosus weeping brome Bromus grandis tall brome Bromus grossus great rye brome whiskered brome Bromus hordeaceus soft brome bull grass soft cheat soft chess Bromus hordeaceus subsp ferronii least soft brome Bromus hordeaceus subsp hordeaceus Bromus hordeaceus subsp molliformis Bromus hordeaceus subsp pseudothominii Bromus hordeaceus subsp thominei lesser soft brome Bromus inermis Hungarian brome Bromus inermis subsp inermis awnless brome Bromus inermis subsp inermis var divaricatus Bromus inermis subsp inermis var inermis Bromus inermis subsp pumpellianus Pumpelly s brome Bromus inermis subsp pumpellianus var arcticus Bromus inermis subsp pumpellianus var pumpellianus Bromus interruptus interrupted brome Bromus japonicus Japanese brome Bromus kalmii Kalm s brome prairie brome Bromus kinabaluensis Bromus koeieanus Bromus kopetdagensis Bromus laevipes Chinook brome Bromus lanatipes woolly brome Bromus lanceolatus Mediterranean brome Bromus latiglumis earlyleaf brome Bromus lepidus slender soft brome Bromus luzonensis hoary brome Bromus macrostachys Bromus madritensis compact brome Bromus madritensis subsp rubens red brome foxtail brome Bromus mango mango brome Bromus marginatus mountain brome Bromus maritimus seaside brome Bromus mucroglumis sharpglume brome Bromus nottowayanus Nottoway Valley brome Bromus orcuttianus Orcutt s brome Bromus pacificus Pacific brome Bromus pannonicus Bromus polyanthus Great Basin brome Bromus polyanthus subsp paniculatus Bromus polyanthus subsp polyanthus Bromus porteri Porter brome Bromus pseudolaevipes Coast Range brome Bromus pseudosecalinus false rye brome Bromus pseudothominii hybrid soft brome Bromus pubescens hairy woodland brome Bromus ramosus hairy brome Bromus ramosus subsp benekii lesser hairy brome Bromus ramosus subsp ramosus smooth brome Bromus rigidus stiff brome ripgut brome Bromus scoparius broom brome Bromus secalinus rye brome Bromus sitchensis Alaska brome Bromus squarrosus rough brome corn brome Bromus stamineus roadside brome Bromus sterilis barren brome poverty brome sterile brome grass Bromus suksdorfii Suksdorf s brome Bromus tectorum drooping brome downy brome Bromus texensis Texas brome Bromus vulgaris Columbia brome Bromus willdenowii rescue bromeGallery edit nbsp awnless brome B inermis flowers nbsp Arctic bromeB kalmii nbsp red bromeB madritensis ssp rubens nbsp Alaska bromeB rigidus nbsp rye brome B secalinus flowers nbsp barren bromeB sterilisSee also editList of Poaceae generaReferences edit Bromus World Checklist of Selected Plant Families WCSP Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Watson L Dallwitz MJ 2008 The grass genera of the world descriptions illustrations identification and information retrieval including synonyms morphology anatomy physiology phytochemistry cytology classification pathogens world and local distribution and references The Grass Genera of the World Retrieved 2009 08 19 Soreng Robert J Peterson Paul M Romaschenko Konstantin Davidse Gerrit Teisher Jordan K Clark Lynn G Barbera Patricia Gillespie Lynn J Zuloaga Fernando O 2017 A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae Gramineae II An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55 4 259 290 doi 10 1111 jse 12262 hdl 10261 240149 ISSN 1674 4918 nbsp Nesbitt Mark 2005 Prance Ghillean Nesbitt Mark eds The Cultural History of Plants Routledge p 50 ISBN 0415927463 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bromus Brome grasses UK Interactive Key to Bromus of North America Clayton W D Vorontsova M S Harman K T Williamson H Bromus GrassBase The Online World Grass Flora Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 2015 12 20 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bromus amp oldid 1195216417, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
