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Bitterroot

January 01, 1970

For the waterway, see Bitterroot River.

Bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva) is a small perennial herb in the family Montiaceae. Its specific epithet rediviva ("revived, reborn") refers to its ability to regenerate from dry and seemingly dead roots.[1]

Bitterroot
Lewisia rediviva var. rediviva in Wenas Wildlife Area, Washington
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Montiaceae
Genus: Lewisia
Species:
L. rediviva
Binomial name
Lewisia rediviva

The genus Lewisia was moved in 2009 from the purslane family (Portulacaceae) with adoption of the APG III system, to the family Montiaceae.

Description edit

 
Bitterroot Flower

Lewisia rediviva is a low-growing perennial plant with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base and a low rosette of thick fleshy linear leaves with blunt tips. The leaves are roughly circular in cross section, sometimes somewhat flattened on the adaxial (top) surface. The absence of an adaxial groove on the leaves distinguishes this from other Lewisia species with overlapping ranges. The leaves often wither before flowers open.

The very short flower stems are leafless, 1–3 centimetres (3⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) tall, bearing at the tip a whorl of 5–6 linear bracts which are 5–10 mm long. A single proportionally huge flower appears on each stem with 5–9 oval-shaped sepals and many petals.[2] The petals (usually about 15) are oblong in shape and are 18–35 millimetres (3⁄4–1+3⁄8 in) long.[2] They range in color from whitish to deep pink or lavender. Flowering occurs from April through July.[3] At maturity, the bitterroot produces egg-shaped capsules with 6–20 nearly round seeds.[2]

Distribution edit

The plant is native to western North America from low to moderate elevations on grassland, open bushland, forest in dry rocky or gravelly soils. Its range extends from southern British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade Range to southern California, and east to western Montana, Wyoming, northern Colorado and northern Arizona.[3][4][2][5]

Uses edit

The thick roots come into season in spring[6] and can survive extremely dry conditions. If collected early enough in the season,[7] they can be peeled, boiled, and made into a jelly-like food.[6]

History and culture edit

French trappers knew the plant as racine amère (bitter root).[8] Native American names include spetlum/sp̓eƛ̓m̓ or spetlem ("hand-peeled"), nakamtcu (Ktanxa: naqam¢u),[9] and mo'ôtáa-heséeo'ôtse (Cheyenne, "black medicine").[10]

The roots were consumed by tribes such as the Shoshone and the Flathead Indians as an infrequent delicacy. Traditionally, the Ktunaxa cooked bitterroot with grouse. For the Ktunaxa, bitterroot is eaten with sugar; other tribes prefer eating it with salt.[11] The Lemhi Shoshone believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers, notably being able to stop a bear attack.[8] Plains Indians peeled and boiled the root prior to its consumption.[7]

 
L. rediviva var. rediviva, Glass Mountain, Owens Valley, California
 
Before flowering

Meriwether Lewis ate bitterroot in 1805 and 1806 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The specimens he brought back were identified and given their scientific name, Lewisia rediviva, by a German-American botanist, Frederick Pursh.[8] Based on Lewis and Clark's manuscript, Pursh labeled it "spatlum"; this apparently was actually a Salishan name for "tobacco".[12]

The bitterroot was selected as the Montana state flower in 1895.[13]

Three major geographic features – the Bitterroot Mountains (running north–south and forming the divide between Idaho and Montana), the Bitterroot Valley, and the Bitterroot River (which flows south–north, terminating in the Clark Fork river in the city of Missoula) – owe the origins of their names to this flower.[8][14]

References edit

  1. ^ William Curtis (1801). The Curtis's botanical magazine. p. 123. The specific name rediviva is given by Pursh in consequence of the root, long preserved in the herbarium, and apparently dead, having been planted, revived in a garden in Philadelphia.
  2. ^ a b c d Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014). . E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
  3. ^ a b Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Lewisia rediviva". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
  4. ^ . PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
  5. ^ Giblin, David, ed. (2015). "Lewisia rediviva". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
  6. ^ a b Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 36. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
  7. ^ a b Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 122. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  8. ^ a b c d . Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  9. ^ "FirstVoices: Ktunaxa words". Retrieved 2012-07-08.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ Cheyenne Dictionary[permanent dead link] by Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanchez.
  11. ^ Ashley Casimer. . Aqam Community Learning Centre. Archived from the original on 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  12. ^ Bureau of American Ethnology (1910). Handbook of American Indians. p. 624. its supposed name was obtained from Lewis's manuscript by Pursh, who gives it as spatlum (Spatlum Aboriginorum). The name, which is Salishan, is here a misapplication, since spatlûm in the Comox dialect (spätlûm in the Kwantlin) is the name for
  13. ^ Montana. Dept. of Public Instruction (1929). Montana Educational Directory. p. 30. The Montana state flower, adopted by act of the Legislative Assembly, approved February 27, 1895, is the Bitter Root (Lewisia rediviva).
  14. ^ US Forest Service (1909). Names of National Forests with Their Origin, Definition, Or Derivation. Washington. From the plant Lewisia rediviva, which gives name to the Bitter Root mountains and river of Montana and Idaho.

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
Look up bitterroot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  •   Media related to Lewisia rediviva
    (bitter root) at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Lewisia rediviva at Wikispecies
  • Calflora Database: Lewisia rediviva (Bitter root)
  • Bitterroot, Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, U.S. Forest Service

January 01, 1970
bitterroot, waterway, river, lewisia, rediviva, small, perennial, herb, family, montiaceae, specific, epithet, rediviva, revived, reborn, refers, ability, regenerate, from, seemingly, dead, roots, lewisia, rediviva, rediviva, wenas, wildlife, area, washington,. For the waterway see Bitterroot River Bitterroot Lewisia rediviva is a small perennial herb in the family Montiaceae Its specific epithet rediviva revived reborn refers to its ability to regenerate from dry and seemingly dead roots 1 Bitterroot Lewisia rediviva var rediviva in Wenas Wildlife Area Washington Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Order Caryophyllales Family Montiaceae Genus Lewisia Species L rediviva Binomial name Lewisia redivivaPursh The genus Lewisia was moved in 2009 from the purslane family Portulacaceae with adoption of the APG III system to the family Montiaceae Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Uses 4 History and culture 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp Bitterroot Flower Lewisia rediviva is a low growing perennial plant with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base and a low rosette of thick fleshy linear leaves with blunt tips The leaves are roughly circular in cross section sometimes somewhat flattened on the adaxial top surface The absence of an adaxial groove on the leaves distinguishes this from other Lewisia species with overlapping ranges The leaves often wither before flowers open The very short flower stems are leafless 1 3 centimetres 3 8 1 1 8 in tall bearing at the tip a whorl of 5 6 linear bracts which are 5 10 mm long A single proportionally huge flower appears on each stem with 5 9 oval shaped sepals and many petals 2 The petals usually about 15 are oblong in shape and are 18 35 millimetres 3 4 1 3 8 in long 2 They range in color from whitish to deep pink or lavender Flowering occurs from April through July 3 At maturity the bitterroot produces egg shaped capsules with 6 20 nearly round seeds 2 Distribution editThe plant is native to western North America from low to moderate elevations on grassland open bushland forest in dry rocky or gravelly soils Its range extends from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade Range to southern California and east to western Montana Wyoming northern Colorado and northern Arizona 3 4 2 5 Uses editThe thick roots come into season in spring 6 and can survive extremely dry conditions If collected early enough in the season 7 they can be peeled boiled and made into a jelly like food 6 History and culture editFrench trappers knew the plant as racine amere bitter root 8 Native American names include spetlum sp eƛ m or spetlem hand peeled nakamtcu Ktanxa naqam u 9 and mo otaa heseeo otse Cheyenne black medicine 10 The roots were consumed by tribes such as the Shoshone and the Flathead Indians as an infrequent delicacy Traditionally the Ktunaxa cooked bitterroot with grouse For the Ktunaxa bitterroot is eaten with sugar other tribes prefer eating it with salt 11 The Lemhi Shoshone believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers notably being able to stop a bear attack 8 Plains Indians peeled and boiled the root prior to its consumption 7 nbsp L rediviva var rediviva Glass Mountain Owens Valley California nbsp Before flowering Meriwether Lewis ate bitterroot in 1805 and 1806 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition The specimens he brought back were identified and given their scientific name Lewisia rediviva by a German American botanist Frederick Pursh 8 Based on Lewis and Clark s manuscript Pursh labeled it spatlum this apparently was actually a Salishan name for tobacco 12 The bitterroot was selected as the Montana state flower in 1895 13 Three major geographic features the Bitterroot Mountains running north south and forming the divide between Idaho and Montana the Bitterroot Valley and the Bitterroot River which flows south north terminating in the Clark Fork river in the city of Missoula owe the origins of their names to this flower 8 14 References edit William Curtis 1801 The Curtis s botanical magazine p 123 The specific name rediviva is given by Pursh in consequence of the root long preserved in the herbarium and apparently dead having been planted revived in a garden in Philadelphia a b c d Klinkenberg Brian ed 2014 Lewisia rediviva E Flora BC Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia eflora bc ca Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis Department of Geography University of British Columbia Vancouver Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2015 04 23 a b Sullivan Steven K 2015 Lewisia rediviva Wildflower Search Retrieved 2015 04 23 Lewisia rediviva PLANTS Database United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service 2015 Archived from the original on 2013 07 03 Retrieved 2015 04 23 Giblin David ed 2015 Lewisia rediviva WTU Herbarium Image Collection Burke Museum University of Washington Retrieved 2015 04 23 a b Angier Bradford 1974 Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants Harrisburg PA Stackpole Books p 36 ISBN 0 8117 0616 8 OCLC 799792 a b Taylor Ronald J 1994 1992 Sagebrush Country A Wildflower Sanctuary rev ed Missoula MT Mountain Press Pub Co p 122 ISBN 0 87842 280 3 OCLC 25708726 a b c d Trivia BitterrootHeaven com Archived from the original on 2012 04 15 Retrieved 2012 07 08 FirstVoices Ktunaxa words Retrieved 2012 07 08 permanent dead link Cheyenne Dictionary permanent dead link by Fisher Leman Pine Sanchez Ashley Casimer Nutrition Ktunaxa People and the Traditional Food History Aqam Community Learning Centre Archived from the original on 2009 11 12 Retrieved 2012 07 08 Bureau of American Ethnology 1910 Handbook of American Indians p 624 its supposed name was obtained from Lewis s manuscript by Pursh who gives it as spatlum Spatlum Aboriginorum The name which is Salishan is here a misapplication since spatlum in the Comox dialect spatlum in the Kwantlin is the name for Montana Dept of Public Instruction 1929 Montana Educational Directory p 30 The Montana state flower adopted by act of the Legislative Assembly approved February 27 1895 is the Bitter Root Lewisia rediviva US Forest Service 1909 Names of National Forests with Their Origin Definition Or Derivation Washington From the plant Lewisia rediviva which gives name to the Bitter Root mountains and river of Montana and Idaho Further reading editJohnny Arlee 2008 The Gift of the Bitterroot PDF Salish Kootenai College Npustin Press ISBN 9780981683416 Retrieved 2018 01 24 Moerman D Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press Oregon 1998 ISBN 0 88192 453 9External links edit nbsp Look up bitterroot in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Media related to Lewisia rediviva bitter root at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Lewisia rediviva at Wikispecies Calflora Database Lewisia rediviva Bitter root Central Washington Native Plant Society Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Bitterroot Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail U S Forest Service WSDOT Ethnobotany Herbs Lewisia rediviva Bitter root Sand Rose Portulacaceae Purslane Family Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bitterroot amp oldid 1218821683, 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