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Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)

October 28, 2023

Berenice of Cilicia, also known as Julia Berenice and sometimes spelled Bernice (Greek: Βερενίκη or Βερνίκη, Bereníkē or Berníkē; 28 – after 81), was a Jewish client queen of the Roman Empire during the second half of the 1st century. Berenice was a member of the Herodian Dynasty that ruled the Roman province of Judaea between 39 BC and 92 AD. She was the daughter of King Herod Agrippa I and Cypros and a sister of King Herod Agrippa II.

Titus and Berenice, miniature of a pocket watch cover in 1815

What little is known about her life and background comes mostly from the early historian Flavius Josephus, who detailed a history of the Jewish people and wrote an account of the Jewish Rebellion of 67. Suetonius, Tacitus, Dio Cassius, Aurelius Victor, and Juvenal also write about her. She is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (25:13, 23; 26:30). However, it is for her tumultuous love life that she is primarily known since the Renaissance. Her reputation was based on the bias of the Romans against Eastern princesses like Cleopatra, or later Zenobia. After two marriages in which she was widowed in her 40s, she spent much of the remainder of her life at the court of her brother Herod Agrippa II, amidst rumors the two were carrying on an incestuous relationship, though this was neither proved nor disproved. During the First Jewish-Roman War, she began a love affair with the future emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus. However, her unpopularity among the Romans compelled Titus to dismiss her on his accession as emperor in 79. When he died two years later, she disappeared from the historical record.

Early life edit

Berenice was born in 28[1] to Herod Agrippa and Cypros, as granddaughter to Aristobulus IV and great-granddaughter to Herod the Great. Her elder brother was Agrippa II (b. 27), and her younger sisters were Mariamne (b. 34) and Drusilla (b. 38).[2][3] According to Josephus, there was also a younger brother called Drusus, who died before his teens.[2] Her family constituted part of what is known as the Herodian Dynasty, who ruled the Judaea Province between 39 BC and 92 AD.

 
Berenice depicted with her brother Agrippa II during the trial of St. Paul. From a stained glass window in St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne.

Josephus records three short-lived marriages in Berenice's life, the first which took place sometime between 41 and 43, when she was between the ages of 13 and 15, to Marcus Julius Alexander, brother of Tiberius Julius Alexander and son of Alexander the Alabarch of Alexandria.[4][5] On his early death in 44, she was married to her father's brother, Herod of Chalcis,[3] with whom she had two sons, Berenicianus and Hyrcanus.[6] After her husband died in 48, she lived with her brother Agrippa for several years and then married Polemon II of Pontus, king of Cilicia, whom she subsequently deserted.[7] According to Josephus, Berenice requested this marriage to dispel rumors that she and her brother were carrying on an incestuous relationship, with Polemon being persuaded to this union mostly on account of her wealth.[7] However the marriage did not last and she soon returned to the court of her brother. Josephus was not the only ancient writer to suggest incestuous relations between Berenice and Agrippa. Juvenal, in his sixth satire, outright claims that they were lovers.[8] Whether this was based on truth remains unknown.[9] Berenice indeed spent much of her life at the court of Agrippa, and by all accounts shared almost equal power. Popular rumors may also have been fueled by the fact that Agrippa himself never married.[9]

Like her brother, Berenice was a client ruler of the parts of the Roman Empire that lie in the present-day Israel. The Acts of the Apostles records that during this time, Paul the Apostle appeared before their court at Caesarea.[10]

During Jewish-Roman wars edit

Early phase of the revolt edit

 
Map of 1st century Judaea.
Main article: First Jewish–Roman War

In 64 emperor Nero appointed Gessius Florus as procurator of the Judaea Province. During his administration, the Jews were systematically discriminated against in favour of the Greek population of the region.[11] Tensions quickly rose to civil unrest when Florus plundered the treasury of the Temple of Jerusalem under the guise of imperial taxes.[11] Following riots, the instigators were arrested and crucified by the Romans. Appalled at the treatment of her countrymen, Berenice travelled to Jerusalem in 66 to personally petition Florus to spare the Jews. Not only did he refuse to comply with her requests, Berenice herself was nearly killed during skirmishes in the city.[12] Likewise a plea for assistance to the legate of Syria, Cestius Gallus, met with no response.[13]

To prevent Jewish violence from further escalating, Agrippa assembled the populace and delivered a tearful speech to the crowd in the company of his sister,[13] but the Jews alienated their sympathies when the insurgents burned down their palaces.[14] They fled the city to Galilee where they later gave themselves up to the Romans. Meanwhile, Cestius Gallus moved into the region with the Twelfth legion, but was unable to restore order and suffered defeat at the battle of Beth-Horon, forcing the Romans to retreat from Jerusalem.[15]

Affair with Titus edit

Emperor Nero then appointed Vespasian to put down the rebellion; he landed in Judaea with Fifth and Tenth legions in 67.[16] He was later joined at Ptolemais by his son Titus, who brought with him the Fifteenth legion.[17] With a strength of 60,000 professional soldiers, the Romans quickly swept across Galilee and by 69 marched on Jerusalem.[17]

It was during this time that Berenice met and fell in love with Titus, who was eleven years her junior.[18] The Herodians sided with the Flavians during the conflict, and later in 69, the Year of the Four Emperors—when the Roman Empire saw the quick succession of the emperors Galba, Otho and Vitellius—Berenice reportedly used all her wealth and influence to support Vespasian on his campaign to become emperor.[19] When Vespasian was declared emperor on 21 December 69, Titus was left in Judaea to finish putting down the rebellion. The war ended in 70 with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sack of Jerusalem, with approximately 1 million dead, and 97,000 taken captive by the Romans.[20] Triumphant, Titus returned to Rome to assist his father in the government, while Berenice stayed behind in Judaea.

In Rome edit

It took four years until Titus and Berenice reunited, when she and her brother Agrippa II came to Rome in 75. The reasons for this long absence are unclear, but have been linked to possible opposition to her presence by Gaius Licinius Mucianus, a political ally of emperor Vespasian who died sometime between 72 and 78.[21] Agrippa II was given the rank of praetor, while Berenice resumed her relationship with Titus, living with him at the palace and reportedly acting in every respect as his wife.[22] The ancient historian Cassius Dio writes that Berenice was at the height of her power during this time,[22] and if it can be any indication as to how influential she was, Quintilian records an anecdote in his Institutio Oratoria where, to his astonishment, he found himself pleading a case on Berenice's behalf where she herself presided as the judge.[23] The Roman populace however perceived the Eastern Queen as an intrusive outsider, and when the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre, Titus caved to the pressure and sent her away.[22]

Upon the accession of Titus as emperor in 79, she returned to Rome, but was quickly dismissed amidst a number of popular measures of Titus to restore his reputation with the populace.[24] It is possible that he intended to send for her at a more convenient time.[21] However, after reigning barely two years as emperor, he suddenly died on 13 September 81.[25]

It is not known what happened to Berenice after her final dismissal from Rome.[21] Her brother Agrippa II died around 92, and with him the Herodian Dynasty rule over Judaea came to an end.

Berenice in the arts edit

From the 17th century to contemporary times, there has been a long tradition of works of art (novels, dramas, operas, etc.) devoted to or featuring Berenice and especially her affair with the Roman Emperor Titus.[26] The list includes:

In modern history, her aspirations as a potential empress of Rome have led to her being described as a 'miniature Cleopatra'.[27]

Ancestry edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Josephus writes that Berenice was sixteen at the time of her father's death, which fixes her birthdate on the year 28. See Josephus, Ant. XIX.9.1
  2. ^ a b Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XVIII.5.4
  3. ^ a b Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.9.1
  4. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.5.1
  5. ^ Ilan, Tal (1992). "Julia Crispina, Daughter of Berenicianus, a Herodian Princess in the Babatha Archive: A Case Study in Historical Identification". The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. University of Pennsylvania Press. 82 (3/4): 361–381. doi:10.2307/1454863. JSTOR 1454863.
  6. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XX.5.2
  7. ^ a b Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XX.7.3
  8. ^ Juvenal, Satires VI
  9. ^ a b Macurdy, Grace H. (1935). "Julia Berenice". The American Journal of Philology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 56 (3): 246–253. doi:10.2307/289676. JSTOR 289676.
  10. ^ King James Bible, Acts 25, 26
  11. ^ a b Josephus, The War of the Jews II.14
  12. ^ Josephus, The War of the Jews II.15.1
  13. ^ a b Josephus, The War of the Jews II.16.1
  14. ^ Josephus, The War of the Jews II.17.6
  15. ^ Josephus, The War of the Jews II.19.9
  16. ^ Josephus, The War of the Jews III.1.2
  17. ^ a b Josephus, The War of the Jews III.4.2
  18. ^ Tacitus, Histories II.2
  19. ^ Tacitus, Histories II.81
  20. ^ Josephus, The War of the Jews VI.6.1, VI.9.3
  21. ^ a b c Crook, John A. (1951). "Titus and Berenice". The American Journal of Philology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 72 (2): 162–175. doi:10.2307/292544. JSTOR 292544.
  22. ^ a b c Cassius Dio, Roman History LXV.15
  23. ^ Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria IV.1
  24. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Titus 7
  25. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Titus 10, 11
  26. ^ Gabriele Boccaccini, Portraits of Middle Judaism in Scholarship and Arts (Turin: Zamorani, 1992); S. Akermann, Le mythe de Bérénice (Paris, 1978); Ruth Yordan, Berenice (London, 1974)
  27. ^ Mommsen, Theodor (1885). The History of Rome, Book V. The Establishment of the Military Monarchy. ISBN 1-153-70614-8. Retrieved 2007-07-30.

References edit

  • Tal Ilan, Queen Berenice: A Jewish Female Icon of the First Century CE, Brill, 2022.
  • Ilan, Tal (1992). "Julia Crispina, Daughter of Berenicianus, a Herodian Princess in the Babatha Archive: A Case Study in Historical Identification". The Jewish Quarterly Review. University of Pennsylvania Press. 82 (3/4): 361–381. doi:10.2307/1454863. JSTOR 1454863.
  • Macurdy, Grace H. (1935). "Julia Berenice". The American Journal of Philology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 56 (3): 246–253. doi:10.2307/289676. JSTOR 289676.
  • Crook, John A. (1951). "Titus and Berenice". The American Journal of Philology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 72 (2): 162–175. doi:10.2307/292544. JSTOR 292544.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa I).

Primary sources edit

  • Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, English translation
  • Josephus, The War of the Jews, Book II, English translation
  • Tacitus, Histories, Book 2, English translation
  • Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 65, Chapter 15, English translation
  • Biblical Archaeology Society

Images edit

  • Coinage of Berenice at Wildwinds.com

October 28, 2023
berenice, daughter, herod, agrippa, berenice, cilicia, also, known, julia, berenice, sometimes, spelled, bernice, greek, Βερενίκη, Βερνίκη, bereníkē, berníkē, after, jewish, client, queen, roman, empire, during, second, half, century, berenice, member, herodia. Berenice of Cilicia also known as Julia Berenice and sometimes spelled Bernice Greek Berenikh or Bernikh Berenike or Bernike 28 after 81 was a Jewish client queen of the Roman Empire during the second half of the 1st century Berenice was a member of the Herodian Dynasty that ruled the Roman province of Judaea between 39 BC and 92 AD She was the daughter of King Herod Agrippa I and Cypros and a sister of King Herod Agrippa II Titus and Berenice miniature of a pocket watch cover in 1815 What little is known about her life and background comes mostly from the early historian Flavius Josephus who detailed a history of the Jewish people and wrote an account of the Jewish Rebellion of 67 Suetonius Tacitus Dio Cassius Aurelius Victor and Juvenal also write about her She is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles 25 13 23 26 30 However it is for her tumultuous love life that she is primarily known since the Renaissance Her reputation was based on the bias of the Romans against Eastern princesses like Cleopatra or later Zenobia After two marriages in which she was widowed in her 40s she spent much of the remainder of her life at the court of her brother Herod Agrippa II amidst rumors the two were carrying on an incestuous relationship though this was neither proved nor disproved During the First Jewish Roman War she began a love affair with the future emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus However her unpopularity among the Romans compelled Titus to dismiss her on his accession as emperor in 79 When he died two years later she disappeared from the historical record Contents 1 Early life 2 During Jewish Roman wars 2 1 Early phase of the revolt 2 2 Affair with Titus 3 In Rome 4 Berenice in the arts 5 Ancestry 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 9 1 Primary sources 9 2 ImagesEarly life editBerenice was born in 28 1 to Herod Agrippa and Cypros as granddaughter to Aristobulus IV and great granddaughter to Herod the Great Her elder brother was Agrippa II b 27 and her younger sisters were Mariamne b 34 and Drusilla b 38 2 3 According to Josephus there was also a younger brother called Drusus who died before his teens 2 Her family constituted part of what is known as the Herodian Dynasty who ruled the Judaea Province between 39 BC and 92 AD nbsp Berenice depicted with her brother Agrippa II during the trial of St Paul From a stained glass window in St Paul s Cathedral Melbourne Josephus records three short lived marriages in Berenice s life the first which took place sometime between 41 and 43 when she was between the ages of 13 and 15 to Marcus Julius Alexander brother of Tiberius Julius Alexander and son of Alexander the Alabarch of Alexandria 4 5 On his early death in 44 she was married to her father s brother Herod of Chalcis 3 with whom she had two sons Berenicianus and Hyrcanus 6 After her husband died in 48 she lived with her brother Agrippa for several years and then married Polemon II of Pontus king of Cilicia whom she subsequently deserted 7 According to Josephus Berenice requested this marriage to dispel rumors that she and her brother were carrying on an incestuous relationship with Polemon being persuaded to this union mostly on account of her wealth 7 However the marriage did not last and she soon returned to the court of her brother Josephus was not the only ancient writer to suggest incestuous relations between Berenice and Agrippa Juvenal in his sixth satire outright claims that they were lovers 8 Whether this was based on truth remains unknown 9 Berenice indeed spent much of her life at the court of Agrippa and by all accounts shared almost equal power Popular rumors may also have been fueled by the fact that Agrippa himself never married 9 Like her brother Berenice was a client ruler of the parts of the Roman Empire that lie in the present day Israel The Acts of the Apostles records that during this time Paul the Apostle appeared before their court at Caesarea 10 During Jewish Roman wars editEarly phase of the revolt edit nbsp Map of 1st century Judaea Main article First Jewish Roman War In 64 emperor Nero appointed Gessius Florus as procurator of the Judaea Province During his administration the Jews were systematically discriminated against in favour of the Greek population of the region 11 Tensions quickly rose to civil unrest when Florus plundered the treasury of the Temple of Jerusalem under the guise of imperial taxes 11 Following riots the instigators were arrested and crucified by the Romans Appalled at the treatment of her countrymen Berenice travelled to Jerusalem in 66 to personally petition Florus to spare the Jews Not only did he refuse to comply with her requests Berenice herself was nearly killed during skirmishes in the city 12 Likewise a plea for assistance to the legate of Syria Cestius Gallus met with no response 13 To prevent Jewish violence from further escalating Agrippa assembled the populace and delivered a tearful speech to the crowd in the company of his sister 13 but the Jews alienated their sympathies when the insurgents burned down their palaces 14 They fled the city to Galilee where they later gave themselves up to the Romans Meanwhile Cestius Gallus moved into the region with the Twelfth legion but was unable to restore order and suffered defeat at the battle of Beth Horon forcing the Romans to retreat from Jerusalem 15 Affair with Titus edit Emperor Nero then appointed Vespasian to put down the rebellion he landed in Judaea with Fifth and Tenth legions in 67 16 He was later joined at Ptolemais by his son Titus who brought with him the Fifteenth legion 17 With a strength of 60 000 professional soldiers the Romans quickly swept across Galilee and by 69 marched on Jerusalem 17 It was during this time that Berenice met and fell in love with Titus who was eleven years her junior 18 The Herodians sided with the Flavians during the conflict and later in 69 the Year of the Four Emperors when the Roman Empire saw the quick succession of the emperors Galba Otho and Vitellius Berenice reportedly used all her wealth and influence to support Vespasian on his campaign to become emperor 19 When Vespasian was declared emperor on 21 December 69 Titus was left in Judaea to finish putting down the rebellion The war ended in 70 with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sack of Jerusalem with approximately 1 million dead and 97 000 taken captive by the Romans 20 Triumphant Titus returned to Rome to assist his father in the government while Berenice stayed behind in Judaea In Rome editIt took four years until Titus and Berenice reunited when she and her brother Agrippa II came to Rome in 75 The reasons for this long absence are unclear but have been linked to possible opposition to her presence by Gaius Licinius Mucianus a political ally of emperor Vespasian who died sometime between 72 and 78 21 Agrippa II was given the rank of praetor while Berenice resumed her relationship with Titus living with him at the palace and reportedly acting in every respect as his wife 22 The ancient historian Cassius Dio writes that Berenice was at the height of her power during this time 22 and if it can be any indication as to how influential she was Quintilian records an anecdote in his Institutio Oratoria where to his astonishment he found himself pleading a case on Berenice s behalf where she herself presided as the judge 23 The Roman populace however perceived the Eastern Queen as an intrusive outsider and when the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre Titus caved to the pressure and sent her away 22 Upon the accession of Titus as emperor in 79 she returned to Rome but was quickly dismissed amidst a number of popular measures of Titus to restore his reputation with the populace 24 It is possible that he intended to send for her at a more convenient time 21 However after reigning barely two years as emperor he suddenly died on 13 September 81 25 It is not known what happened to Berenice after her final dismissal from Rome 21 Her brother Agrippa II died around 92 and with him the Herodian Dynasty rule over Judaea came to an end Berenice in the arts editFrom the 17th century to contemporary times there has been a long tradition of works of art novels dramas operas etc devoted to or featuring Berenice and especially her affair with the Roman Emperor Titus 26 The list includes Lettres de Berenice a Titus 1642 a French novel by Madeleine de Scudery Berenice 1648 50 a French novel by Jean Regnauld de Segrais Tite 1660 a French drama by Jean Magnon Il Tito 1666 an Italian opera by Antonio Cesti mus and Nicola Beregani libr Berenice 1670 a French drama by Jean Racine Tite et Berenice 1670 a French drama by Pierre Corneille Titus and Berenice 1676 an English drama by Thomas Otway Tito e Berenice 1714 an Italian opera by Antonio Caldara mus and Carlo Sigismondo Capace libr Berenice 1725 an Italian opera by Giuseppe Maria Orlandini mus and Benedetto Pasqualigo libr Also set to music by Niccolo Vito Piccinni 1766 La clemenza di Tito 1734 an Italian opera by librettist Pietro Metastasio set to music by over 40 composers including Antonio Caldara 1734 Johann Adolph Hasse 1735 Giuseppe Arena 1738 Francesco Corradini 1747 Christoph Willibald Gluck 1752 Andrea Adolfati 1753 Niccolo Jommelli 1753 Ignaz Holzbauer 1757 Vincenzo Legrezio Ciampi 1757 Gioacchino Cocchi 1760 Marcello Bernardini 1768 Andrea Bernasconi 1768 Pasquale Anfossi 1769 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart La clemenza di Tito 1791 Tito e Berenice 1776 an Italian opera by Raimondo Mei mus and Carlo Giuseppe Lanfranchi Rossi libr Tito e Berenice 1782 a ballet by Paolino Franchi chor Tito o La partenza di Berenice 1790 a ballet by Domenico Maria Gaspero Angiolini mus and chor Tito e Berenice 1793 an Italian opera by Sebastiano Nasolini mus and Giuseppe Maria Foppa libr Tito che abbandona Berenice 1828 a painting by Giuseppe Bezzuoli Titus et Berenice 1860 a French opera by Leon Gustave Cyprien Gastinel mus and Edouard Fournier libr Daniel Deronda 1876 George Eliot s final novel in which a set of drawings of Berenice s story is an important symbolic element Berenice 1890 a German novel by Heinrich Vollrat Schumacher Cross Triumphant The 1898 a historical fiction novel by Florence Morse Kingsley Berenice 1909 a French opera by Alberic Magnard mus and libr Titus und die Judin 1911 a German drama by Hans Kyser Lost Diaries From the Diary of Emperor Titus 1913 an English novel by Maurice Baring Berenice l Herodienne 1919 a French drama by Albert du Bois Berenice 1920 incidental music by Marcel Samuel Rousseau Berenice 1922 an English drama by John Masefield Berenice 1934 a French parody by Noel Ouden The Jospephus Trilogy 1932 1942 historical fiction by Lion Feuchtwanger in which Berenice plays a prominent role Berinikah 1945 a Hebrew drama by Eisig Silberschlag and Carl de Haas Le reine de Cesaree 1954 a French drama by Robert Brasillach Berenice Princess of Judea 1959 an English novel by Leon Kolb Mission to Claudies 1963 an English novel by Leon Kolb Agrippa s Daughter 1964 an English novel by Howard Melvin Fast La pourpre de Judee ou Les delices du genre humain 1967 a French novel by Maurice Clavel Berenice 1968 a French TV film by Piere Alain Jolivet Tito y Berenice 1970 a Spanish drama by Rene Marques Berenice 1983 a French TV film by Raoul Ruiz Assassins of Rome 2002 and the Enemies of Jupiter 2003 in Caroline Lawrence s historical youth fiction series The Roman Mysteries Lindsey Davis s historical fiction Falco series circa 1990s 2010s incorporates Berenice as a minor recurring character The Last Disciple 2004 a historical novel by Hank Hanegraff and Sigmund Brouwer includes BereniceIn modern history her aspirations as a potential empress of Rome have led to her being described as a miniature Cleopatra 27 Ancestry editAncestors of Berenice daughter of Herod Agrippa 16 Antipater the Idumaean8 Herod the Great17 Cypros the Nabatean4 Aristobulus IV18 Alexander of Judaea9 Mariamne the Hasmonean19 Alexandra the Maccabee2 Herod Agrippa10 Costobarus5 Berenice22 Antipater the Idumaean 16 11 Salome I23 Cypros the Nabatean 17 1 Berenice24 Antipater the Idumaean 16 12 Phasael25 Cypros the Nabatean 17 6 Phasael II3 Cypros28 Antipater the Idumaean 16 14 Herod the Great 8 29 Cypros the Nabatean 17 7 Salampsio30 Alexander of Judaea 18 15 Mariamne the Hasmonean 9 31 Alexandra the Maccabee 19 See also editList of biblical figures identified in extra biblical sources Paneas Caesarea Philippi Neronias Banias city with probable palace of Agrippas and BereniceNotes edit Josephus writes that Berenice was sixteen at the time of her father s death which fixes her birthdate on the year 28 See Josephus Ant XIX 9 1 a b Josephus Antiquities of the Jews XVIII 5 4 a b Josephus Antiquities of the Jews XIX 9 1 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews XIX 5 1 Ilan Tal 1992 Julia Crispina Daughter of Berenicianus a Herodian Princess in the Babatha Archive A Case Study in Historical Identification The Jewish Quarterly Review New Series University of Pennsylvania Press 82 3 4 361 381 doi 10 2307 1454863 JSTOR 1454863 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews XX 5 2 a b Josephus Antiquities of the Jews XX 7 3 Juvenal Satires VI a b Macurdy Grace H 1935 Julia Berenice The American Journal of Philology The Johns Hopkins University Press 56 3 246 253 doi 10 2307 289676 JSTOR 289676 King James Bible Acts 25 26 a b Josephus The War of the Jews II 14 Josephus The War of the Jews II 15 1 a b Josephus The War of the Jews II 16 1 Josephus The War of the Jews II 17 6 Josephus The War of the Jews II 19 9 Josephus The War of the Jews III 1 2 a b Josephus The War of the Jews III 4 2 Tacitus Histories II 2 Tacitus Histories II 81 Josephus The War of the Jews VI 6 1 VI 9 3 a b c Crook John A 1951 Titus and Berenice The American Journal of Philology The Johns Hopkins University Press 72 2 162 175 doi 10 2307 292544 JSTOR 292544 a b c Cassius Dio Roman History LXV 15 Quintilian Institutio Oratoria IV 1 Suetonius The Lives of Twelve Caesars Life of Titus 7 Suetonius The Lives of Twelve Caesars Life of Titus 10 11 Gabriele Boccaccini Portraits of Middle Judaism in Scholarship and Arts Turin Zamorani 1992 S Akermann Le mythe de Berenice Paris 1978 Ruth Yordan Berenice London 1974 Mommsen Theodor 1885 The History of Rome Book V The Establishment of the Military Monarchy ISBN 1 153 70614 8 Retrieved 2007 07 30 References editTal Ilan Queen Berenice A Jewish Female Icon of the First Century CE Brill 2022 Ilan Tal 1992 Julia Crispina Daughter of Berenicianus a Herodian Princess in the Babatha Archive A Case Study in Historical Identification The Jewish Quarterly Review University of Pennsylvania Press 82 3 4 361 381 doi 10 2307 1454863 JSTOR 1454863 Macurdy Grace H 1935 Julia Berenice The American Journal of Philology The Johns Hopkins University Press 56 3 246 253 doi 10 2307 289676 JSTOR 289676 Crook John A 1951 Titus and Berenice The American Journal of Philology The Johns Hopkins University Press 72 2 162 175 doi 10 2307 292544 JSTOR 292544 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berenice daughter of Herod Agrippa I Primary sources edit Josephus Antiquities of the Jews English translation Josephus The War of the Jews Book II English translation Tacitus Histories Book 2 English translation Cassius Dio Roman History Book 65 Chapter 15 English translation The New Cleopatra and the Jewish Tax Biblical Archaeology SocietyImages edit Coinage of Berenice at Wildwinds com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Berenice daughter of Herod Agrippa amp oldid 1181831181, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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