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Bayer

March 29, 2023

This article is about the company. For other uses, see Bayer (disambiguation).

Bayer AG (/ˈbaɪ.ər/, commonly pronounced /ˈbeɪər/;[3] German: [ˈbaɪɐ]) is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of business include pharmaceuticals; consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals, seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the EURO STOXX 50 stock market index.[4]

Bayer AG
Headquarters in Leverkusen
TypeAktiengesellschaft
Industry
Founded1 August 1863; 159 years ago (1863-08-01)[1]
FounderFriedrich Bayer
HeadquartersLeverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
Revenue €44.081 billion (2021)[2]
€3.353 billion (2021)[2]
€1 billion (2021)[2]
Total assets €120.241 billion (2021)[2]
Total equity €33.168 billion (2021)[2]
Number of employees
99,637 (2021)[2]
Websitewww.bayer.com

Bayer was founded in 1863 in Barmen as a partnership between dye salesman Friedrich Bayer (1825–1880) and dyer Friedrich Weskott (1821–1876). As was common in this era, the company was established as a dyestuffs producer. The versatility of aniline chemistry led Bayer to expand their business into other areas, and in 1899 Bayer launched the compound acetylsalicylic acid under the trademarked name Aspirin. In 1904 Bayer received a trademark for the "Bayer Cross" logo, which was subsequently stamped onto each aspirin tablet, creating an iconic product that is still sold by Bayer. Other commonly known products initially commercialized by Bayer include heroin, phenobarbital, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates.

In 1925 Bayer merged with five other German companies to form IG Farben, creating the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical company. Following World War II, the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben's assets[a][5] because of its role in the Nazi war effort and involvement in the Holocaust including using slave labour from concentration camps and humans for dangerous medical testing, and production of Zyklon B, a chemical used in gas chambers.[6] In 1951 IG Farben was split into its constituent companies, and Bayer was reincorporated as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. Bayer played a key role in the Wirtschaftswunder in post-war West Germany, quickly regaining its position as one of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations.

Early history

Foundation

 
Share of Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Comp in Elberfeld, issued 1 May 1908

Bayer AG was founded as a dyestuffs factory in 1863 in Barmen (later part of Wuppertal), Germany, by Friedrich Bayer and his partner, Johann Friedrich Weskott, a master dyer.[7] Bayer was responsible for the commercial tasks. Fuchsine and aniline became the company's most important products.[citation needed]

The headquarters and most production facilities moved from Barmen to a larger area in Elberfeld in 1866. Friedrich Bayer (1851–1920), son of the company's founder, was a chemist and joined the company in 1873. After the death of his father in 1880, the company became a joint-stock company, Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayern & Co, also known as Elberfelder Farbenfabriken.[citation needed]

 
Bayer cross, Leverkusen

A further expansion in Elberfeld was impossible, so the company moved to the village Wiesdorf at Rhein and settled in the area of the alizarin producer Leverkus and Sons. A new city, Leverkusen, was founded there in 1930 and became home to Bayer AG's headquarters. The company's corporate logo, the Bayer cross, was introduced in 1904, consisting of the word BAYER written vertically and horizontally, sharing the Y and enclosed in a circle.[8] An illuminated version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen.[9]


Aspirin

 
Bottle of Bayer aspirin, 1899

Bayer's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid—first described by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853[10]—a modification of salicylic acid or salicin, a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow plant.[11][12] By 1899, Bayer's trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid, but it lost its trademark status in the United States, France and the United Kingdom after the confiscation of Bayer's US assets and trademarks during World War I by the United States, and because of the subsequent widespread usage of the word.[13]

 
Advert for Bayer Aspirin in Life magazine, 1927

The term aspirin continued to be used in the US, UK and France for all brands of the drug,[13] but it is still a registered trademark of Bayer in over 80 countries, including Canada, Mexico, Germany and Switzerland. As of 2011, approximately 40,000 tons of aspirin were produced each year and 10–20 billion tablets consumed in the United States alone for prevention of cardiovascular events.[14] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[15]

There is an unresolved controversy over the roles played by Bayer scientists in the development of aspirin. Arthur Eichengrün, a Bayer chemist, said he was the first to discover an aspirin formulation that did not have the unpleasant side effects of nausea and gastric pain. He also said he had invented the name aspirin and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy. Bayer contends that aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffmann to help his father, who had arthritis.[16] Various sources support the conflicting claims.[17][18] Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Hoffmann and/or Eichengrün.[12][18]

Heroin

 
Bayer Heroin bottle

Heroin (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug, was introduced as a non-addictive substitute for morphine,[19] and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and over-the-counter treatment for other common ailments, including pneumonia and tuberculosis.[20] Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, but the company led the way in commercializing it.[21] Heroin was a Bayer trademark until after World War I.[22] Bayer's director of pharmacology did not want the drug to have "too complicated a name" so Bayer settled on heroisch, the German word for heroic.[23]

Phenobarbital

In 1903, Bayer licensed the patent for the hypnotic drug diethylbarbituric acid from its inventors Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. It was marketed under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action at Bayer led to the discovery of phenobarbital in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014 it remains on the World Health Organization's list of essential medications.[24][25]

World War I

 
Bayer advertisement, 1911

During World War I (1914–1918), Bayer's assets, including the rights to its name and trademarks, were confiscated in the United States, Canada and several other countries.[26] In the United States and Canada, Bayer's assets and trademarks, including the well-known Bayer cross, were acquired by Sterling Drug, a predecessor of Sterling Winthrop and were not reclaimed until 1994.

Throughout the war, Bayer was involved in production and development of various chemical weapons. In 1914, Bayer manufactured dianisidine chlorosulfate for use in 105 mm artillery shell, intended as a lung irritant against British forces.[27][28]

In 1916, Bayer scientists discovered suramin, an anti-parasite drug that is still sold by Bayer under the brand name Germanin. The formula of suramin was kept secret by Bayer for commercial reasons, but it was elucidated and published in 1924 by Ernest Fourneau and his team at the Pasteur Institute.[29][30] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[31]

IG Farben

In 1925, Bayer became part of IG Farben, a German conglomerate formed from the merger of six chemical companies: BASF, Bayer, Hoechst (including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle), Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer.[32] In the 1930s, Gerhard Domagk, director of Bayer's Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, working with chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer, discovered prontosil, the first commercially available antibacterial drug.[33] The discovery and development of this first sulfonamide drug opened a new era in medicine.[34][page needed] Domagk won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil".[35] He was forced by the Nazi Party to relinquish the reward; German citizens had been forbidden from accepting Nobel prizes since the Nobel committee had awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to a German pacifist, Carl von Ossietzky.[36]

World War II and the Holocaust

Further information: Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps and IG Farben Trial

IG Farben, Bayer's parent company, used slave labour in factories it built in Nazi concentration camps, most notably in the Monowitz concentration camp (known as Auschwitz III), part of the Auschwitz camp complex in German-occupied Poland.[37][38] By 1943, almost half of IG Farben's 330,000-strong workforce consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners.[39]

Helmuth Vetter, an Auschwitz camp physician, SS captain and employee of the Bayer group within IG Farben conducted medical experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp.[40][41] In one study of an anaesthetic, the company paid RM 170 per person for the use of 150 female inmates of Auschwitz.[42][43] A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price."[44]

After the war, the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben for "knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential".[a][5] It was split into its six constituent companies in 1951, then split again into three: BASF, Bayer and Hoechst.[45][46] Bayer was at that point known as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG; it changed its name to Bayer AG in 1972.[7] After the war, some employees of Bayer appeared in the IG Farben Trial, one of the Nuremberg Subsequent Tribunals under US jurisdiction. Among them was Fritz ter Meer, who helped to plan the Monowitz camp (Auschwitz III) and IG Farben's Buna Werke factory at Auschwitz, where medical experimentation had been conducted and where 25,000 forced laborers were deployed. Ter Meer was sentenced to seven years, but was released in 1950 for good behavior. [47] He was elected to Bayer AG's supervisory board in 1956, a position he retained until 1964.[48]

Helge Wehmeier, then CEO of Bayer, offered a public apology in 1995 to Elie Wiesel for the company's actions during World War II (1939–1945) and the Holocaust.[49]

Products

Overview

In 1953, Bayer brought the first neuroleptic (chlorpromazine) onto the German market.[50] In the 1960s, Bayer introduced a pregnancy test, Primodos, that consisted of two pills that contained norethisterone (as acetate) and ethinylestradiol. It detected pregnancy by inducing menstruation in women who were not pregnant; the presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the user was pregnant. The test became the subject of controversy when it was blamed for birth defects, and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid-1970s. Litigation in the 1980s ended inconclusively. A review of the matter by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date and found the evidence for adverse effects to be inconclusive.[51]

 
Bayer has owned Alka-Seltzer since 1978.

In 1978, Bayer purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and Cutter Laboratories, acquiring along with them a variety of product lines including Alka-Seltzer, Flintstones vitamins and One-A-Day vitamins, and Cutter insect repellent.[52]

Along with the purchase of Cutter, Bayer acquired Cutter's Factor VIII business. Factor VIII, a clotting agent used to treat hemophilia, was produced, at the time, by processing donated blood. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS, and by 1983 the CDC had identified contaminated blood products as a source of infection. According to the New York Times, this was "one of the worst drug-related medical disasters in history". Companies, including Bayer, developed new ways to treat donated blood with heat to decontaminate it, and these new products were introduced early in 1984. In 1997, Bayer and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay $660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliacs infected in United States. But in 2003, documents emerged showing that Cutter had continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside the US until 1985, including in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan and Argentina, to offload a product they were unable to sell in Europe and the US; they also continued manufacturing the unheated product for several months. Bayer said it did this because some countries were doubtful about the efficacy of the new product.[53]

Bayer has been involved in other controversies regarding its drug products. In the late 1990s it introduced a statin drug, Baycol (cerivastatin), but after 52 deaths were attributed to it, Bayer discontinued it in 2001. The side effect was rhabdomyolysis, causing kidney failure, which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class.[54] Trasylol (aprotinin), used to control bleeding during major surgery, was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2007 when reports of increased mortality emerged; it was later re-introduced in Europe but not in the US.[citation needed]

Top-selling pharmaceutical products

In 2014, pharmaceutical products contributed €12.05 billion of Bayer's €40.15 billion in gross revenue.[55] In 2019, identified "key growth" products were Xarelto (rivaroxaban), Eylea (aflibercept), Stivarga (regorafenib), Xofigo (radium-223), and Adempas (riociguat).[56]: 93  Top-selling products as of 2014 included:

 
Bayer facility in Leverkusen
  • Kogenate (recombinant clotting factor VIII). Kogenate is a recombinant version of clotting factor VIII,[57] the absence or deficiency of which causes the abnormal bleeding associated with haemophilia type A. Kogenate is one of several commercially available Factor VIII products having equivalent efficacy.[58]
  • Xarelto (rivaroxaban) is a small molecule inhibitor of Factor Xa, a key enzyme involved in blood coagulation. In the United States, the FDA has approved rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke in people with atrial fibrillation, for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in people undergoing hip surgery.[59] Rivaroxaban competes with other newer generation anticoagulants such as edoxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran as well as with the generic anticoagulant warfarin. It has similar efficacy to warfarin and is associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding, but unlike warfarin there is no established protocol for rapidly reversing its effects in the event of uncontrolled bleeding or the need for emergency surgery.[60]
  • Betaseron (interferon beta-1b) is an injectable form of the protein interferon beta used to prevent relapses in the relapsing remitting form of multiple sclerosis.[61] Betaseron competes with other injectable forms of interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, and a variety of newer multiple sclerosis drugs, some of which can be taken orally (Dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, others).
  • Yasmin / Yaz birth control pills are part of a group of birth control pill products based on the progestin drospirenone. Yaz is approved in the United States for the prevention of pregnancy, to treat symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception, and to treat moderate acne in women at least 14 years of age who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception. The FDA conducted a safety review regarding the potential of Yaz and other drospirenone-containing products to increase the risk of blood clots; Yaz and Yasmin were associated with the deaths of 23 women in Canada, leading Health Canada to issue a warning in 2011.[62] Although conflicting results were obtained in different studies, the FDA added a warning to the label in 2012 that Yaz and related products may be associated with an increased risk of clotting relative to other birth control pill products.[63] Subsequently, a meta analysis suggested that birth control pills of the class Yasmin belongs to raise the risk of blood clots to a greater extent than some other classes of birth control pills.[64]
  • Nexavar (sorafenib) is a kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma), and certain types of thyroid cancer.[65]
  • Trasylol (Aprotinin) Trasylol is a trypsin inhibitor used to control bleeding during major surgery. In a 2006 meeting called by the FDA to review the drug's safety, Bayer scientists failed to reveal the results of an ongoing large study suggesting that Trasylol may increase the risks of death and stroke. According to a FDA official who preferred to remain anonymous, the FDA learned of the study only through information provided to the FDA by a whistleblowing scientist who was involved in it.[66][67] The study concluded Trasylol carried greater risks of death, serious kidney damage, congestive heart failure and strokes. On 15 December of the same year, the FDA restricted the use of Trasylol,[68] and in November 2007, they requested that the company suspend marketing.[69] In 2011, Health Canada lifted its suspension of Trasylol for its originally approved indication of limiting bleeding in coronary bypass surgery, citing flaws in the design of the studies that led to its suspension.[70] This decision was controversial.[71][72] In 2013, the European Medicines Agency lifted its suspension of the Trasylol marketing authorization for selected patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery, citing a favorable risk-benefit ratio.[73]
  • Cipro (ciprofloxacin) Ciprofloxacin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987. Ciprofloxacin is the most widely used of the second-generation quinolone antibiotics that came into clinical use in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[74][75] In 2010, over 20 million outpatient prescriptions were written for ciprofloxacin, making it the 35th-most commonly prescribed drug, and the 5th-most commonly prescribed antibacterial, in the US.[76]
  • Rennie antacid tablets, one of the biggest selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in Great Britain, with sales of £29.8 million.[77]

Agricultural

Bayer produces various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and some crop varieties.[78]

  • Fungicides are primarily marketed for cereal crops, fresh produce, fungal with bacteria-based pesticides, and control of mildew and rust diseases.[79] Nativo products are a mixture of trifloxystrobin tebuconazole.[80][81] XPro products are a mix of bixafen and prothioconazole,[82] while Luna contains fluopyram and pyrimethanil.[83]
  • Herbicides are marketed primarily for field crops and orchards.[84] Liberty brands containing glufosinate (a.k.a. Liberty or Basta) are used for general weed control.[85] Capreno containing a mixture of thiencarbazone-methyl and tembotrione is used for grass and broad-leaf control.[86]
  • Insecticides are marketed according to specific crop and insect pest type.[87] Foliar insecticides include Belt containing flubendiamide, which is marketed against Lepidopteran pests,[88] and Movento containing spirotetramat, which is marketed against sucking insects.[89] Neonicotinoids such as clothianidin and imidacloprid are used as systemic seed treatments products such as Poncho and Gaucho.[90][91] In 2008, neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impacts starting in Germany. Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few non EU countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids.[92][93][94] Parathion was discovered by scientists at IG Farben in the 1940s as a cholinesterase inhibitor insecticide. Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide that was introduced by Bayer in 1959.[95]

Acquisitions

 
Bayer factory in Leverkusen, Germany, 2009

Overview

In 1994, Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop's over-the-counter (OTC) drug business from SmithKline Beecham and merged it with Miles Laboratories, thereby reclaiming the U.S. and Canadian trademark rights to "Bayer" and the Bayer cross, as well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada.[96]

In 2004, Bayer HealthCare acquired the over-the-counter pharmaceutical division of Roche.[97] In March 2008, Bayer HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel, Inc., a US-based company that markets OTC medications in most of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and others.[98][99]

On 28 August 2008, an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at Institute, West Virginia, United States. A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees.[100] The ruptured tank was close to a methyl isocyanate tank which was undamaged by the explosion.[101]

Acquisition of Schering

In March 2006, Merck KGaA announced a €14.6bn bid for Schering AG, founded in 1851. By 2006, Schering had annual gross revenue of around €5 billion[102] and employed about 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide.[103] Bayer responded with a white knight bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for €14.6bn,[104] and in 2007, Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering was the largest take-over in Bayer's history,[103][105] and as of 2015, was one of the ten biggest pharma mergers of all time.[106]

Other acquisitions

In November 2010, Bayer AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland-based animal health company Bomac Group.[107] Bayer partnered on the development of the radiotherapeutic Xofigo with Algeta, and in 2014, moved to acquire the company for about $2.9 billion.[108] In 2014, Bayer agreed to buy Merck's consumer health business for $14.2 billion which would provide Bayer control with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl's. Bayer would attain second place globally in nonprescription drugs.[109] In June 2015, Bayer agreed to sell its diabetic care business to Panasonic Healthcare Holdings for a fee of $1.02 billion.[110]

In August 2019, the business acquired the ≈60% of BlueRock Therapeutics it didn't already own for up to $600 million.[111][112]

In August 2020, Bayer announced it had acquired KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd, helping to boost its female healthcare business, for $425 million.[113][114][115] In October, Bayer agreed to acquire Asklepios BioPharmaceuticals for $2 billion upfront.[116]

In June 2021, the company announced it acquire Noria Therapeutics Inc. and PSMA Therapeutics Inc. gaining rights to a number of cancer-based investigational compounds based on actinium-225.[117]

Spin off of Covestro

In September 2015, Bayer spun out its $12.3 billion materials science division into a separate, publicly traded company called Covestro in which it retained about a 70% interest.[118][119] Bayer spun out the division because it had relatively low profit margins compared to its life science divisions (10.2%, compared with 24.9% for the agriculture business and 27.5% for healthcare) and because the business required high levels of investment to maintain its growth, and to more clearly focus its efforts and identity in the life sciences.[118] Covestro shares were first offered on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in October 2015.[120] Effective January 2016 following the spinout of Covestro, Bayer rebranded itself as a life sciences company, and restructured into three divisions and one business unit: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health, Crop Science, and Animal Health.[121]

Acquisition of Monsanto

In May 2016, Bayer offered to buy U.S. seeds company Monsanto for $62 billion.[122] Shortly after Bayer's offer, Monsanto rejected the acquisition bid, seeking a higher price.[123] In September 2016, Monsanto agreed to a $66 billion offer by Bayer.[124] In order to receive regulatory approval, Bayer agreed to divest a significant amount of its current agricultural assets to BASF in a series of deals.[125][126][127][128] On 21 March 2018 the deal was approved by the European Union,[129][130] and it was approved in the United States on 20 May 2018.[131] The sale closed on 7 June 2018.[132] The Monsanto brand was discontinued; its products will be marketed under the Bayer name.[133] On 16 September 2019, under the approval of National Company Law Tribunal, Bayer completed the merger of Monsanto India.[134]

Bayer's Monsanto acquisition is the biggest acquisition by a German company to date.[135] However, owing to ongoing litigation concerning the herbicide Roundup, produced by Monsanto, the deal is considered one of the worst corporate deals ever agreed, owing to the massive financial and reputational blows it has caused Bayer.[135][136][137]

Acquisition history

Bayer Acquisitions
  • Bayer
    • Miles Laboratories (Acq 1978)
      • Miles Canada
    • Cutter Laboratories
    • Hollister-Stier
    • Corn King Company
    • Plastron Specialties
    • Pacific Plastics Company
    • Olympic Plastics Company
    • Ashe-Lockhart Inc
    • Haver-Glover Laboratories
    • Sterling Winthrop (Acq 1994, Over the counter division)
    • Roche Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2004, Over the counter division)
    • Schering AG (Acq 2006, formed Bayer Schering Pharma AG, renamed Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals in 2011)
    • Jenapharm
    • Bomac Group (Acq 2010)
    • Algeta (Acq 2014)
    • Merck & Co (Acq 2014, Consumer Health Business)
    • Monsanto (Spun off from Pharmacia & Upjohn 2000)
      • Emergent Genetics (Acq 2005)
      • Seminis (Acq 2005)
      • Icoria, Inc (Acq 2005)
      • Delta & Pine Land Company (Acq 2007)
      • De Ruiter Seeds (Acq 2008)
      • Agroeste Sementes (Acq 2008)
      • Aly Participacoes Ltda (Acq 2008)
        • CanaVialis S.A.
        • Alellyx S.A.
      • Divergence, Inc (Acq 2011)
      • Beeologics (Acq 2011)
      • Precision Planting Inc (Acq 2012)
      • Climate Corp (Acq 2013)
        • 640 Labs (Acq 2014)
      • Agradis, Inc (Acq 2013)
      • Rosetta Green Ltd (Acq 2013)
      • American Seeds, Inc
        • Channel Bio Corp (Acq 2004)
        • Stone Seeds (Acq 2005)
        • Trelay Seeds (Acq 2005)
        • Stewart Seeds (Acq 2005)
        • Fontanelle Hybrids (Acq 2005)
        • Specialty Hybrids (Acq 2005) 
        • NC+ Hybrids, Inc (Acq 2005)
        • Diener Seeds (Seed marketing and sales division, acq 2006)
        • Sieben Hybrids (Acq 2006)
        • Kruger Seed Company (Acq 2006)
        • Trisler Seed Farms (Acq 2006)
        • Campbell Seed ((Seed marketing and sales business, acq 2006))
        • Gold Country Seed, Inc (Acq 2006)
        • Heritage Seeds (Acq 2013)
      • International Seed Group, Inc
        • Poloni Semences (Acq 2007)
        • Charentais Melon Breeding Company (Acq 2007)
    • BlueRock Therapeutics (Acq 2019)
    • KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd (Acq 2020)
    • Asklepios BioPharmaceutical (Acq 2020)
    • Noria Therapeutics Inc. (Acq 2021)
    • PSMA Therapeutics Inc. (Acq 2021)
    • Vividion Therapeutics (Acq 2021)

Corporate structure

 
Undated copper token of Bayer

In 2003, to separate operational and strategic managements, Bayer AG was reorganized into a holding company. The group's core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by Bayer AG. These companies were: Bayer CropScience AG; Bayer HealthCare AG; Bayer MaterialScience AG and Bayer Chemicals AG, and the three service limited companies Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG. In 2016, the company began a second restructuring with the aim of allowing it to transition to a life sciences based company.[138] By divesting its Chemicals division in 2004 and with the aim of off-loading its Materials division by mid-2016, Bayer will be left with the four core units, as depicted below.[139][140]

Bayer AG Divested business units
Bayer Pharmaceuticals
Head of Division: Stefan Oelrich		 Bayer Consumer Health
Head of Division: Heiko Schipper		 Bayer Crop Science
Head of Division: Rodrigo Santos 		Lanxess (Bayer Chemicals AG)
Diagnostics Division
Diabetes Devices Division
Covestro (Bayer MaterialScience)
Bayer Animal Health (sold to Elanco)

Bayer CropScience

Bayer CropScience has products in crop protection (i.e. pesticides), nonagricultural pest control, and seeds and plant biotechnology. In addition to conventional agrochemical business, it is involved in genetic engineering of food.[141] In 2002, Bayer AG acquired Aventis (now part of Sanofi) CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division (Bayer Pflanzenschutz or "Crop Protection") to form Bayer CropScience; the Belgian biotech company Plant Genetic Systems became part of Bayer through the Aventis acquisition.[141] Also in 2002, Bayer AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems, which at the time was one of the world's top five seed companies.[142][143]: 270  In 2006, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that Bayer CropScience's LibertyLink genetically modified rice had contaminated the U.S. rice supply. Shortly after the public learned of the contamination, the E.U. banned imports of U.S. long-grain rice and the futures price plunged. In April 2010, a Lonoke County, Arkansas jury awarded a dozen farmers $48 million. The case was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgement.[144] On 1 July 2011, Bayer CropScience agreed to a global settlement for up to $750 million.[145] In September 2014, the firm announced plans to invest $1 billion in the United States between 2013 and 2016. A Bayer spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the production of its herbicide Liberty. Liberty is an alternative to Monsanto's product, Roundup, which are both used to kill weeds. [146] In 2016, as part of the wholesale corporate restructuring, Bayer CropScience became one of the three major divisions of Bayer AG, reporting directly to the head of the division, Liam Condon.[147] Under the terms of the merger, Bayer promised to maintain Monsanto's more than 9,000 U.S. jobs and add 3,000 new U.S. high-tech positions.[148] The prospective merger parties said at the time the combined agriculture business planned to spend $16 billion on research and development over the next six years and at least $8 billion on research and development in the United States.[149] The global headquarters of Bayer CropScience is located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States.[150][151][152]

Bayer CropScience Limited is the Indian subsidiary of Bayer AG. It is listed on the Indian stock exchanges viz. the Bombay Stock Exchange & National Stock Exchange of India and has a market capitalization of $2 billion.[153] Bayer BioScience, headquartered in Hyderabad, India, has about 400 employees, and has research, production, and an extensive sales network spread across India.[154][155]

Bayer Consumer Health

Before the 2016 restructuring, Bayer HealthCare comprises a further four subdivisions: Bayer Schering Pharma, Bayer Consumer Care, Bayer Animal Health and Bayer Medical Care.[141] As part of the corporate restructuring, Animal Health was moved into its own business unit, leaving the division with the following categories; Allergy, Analgesics, Cardiovascular Risk Prevention, Cough & Cold, Dermatology, Foot Care, Gastrointestinals, Nutritionals and Sun Care.[156]

Bayer Consumer Care manages Bayer's OTC medicines portfolio. Key products include analgesics such as Bayer Aspirin and Aleve, food supplements Redoxon and Berocca, and skincare products Bepanthen and Bepanthol.[141] Women's healthcare is an example of a General Medicine business unit. Bayer Pharma produces the birth control pills Yaz and Yasmin. Both pills use a newer type of progestin hormone called drospirenone in combination with estrogen. Yaz is advertised as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and moderate acne. Other key products include the cancer drug Nexavar, the multiple sclerosis drug betaferon/betaseron and the blood-clotting drug, Kogenate.[141] In May 2014, it was announced that Bayer would buy Merck & Co's consumer health care unit for $14.2 billion.[157] Bayer also controls Dihon Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd in China.[158]

Bayer Pharmaceuticals

 
Headquarters of Bayer Pharmaceuticals in Berlin-Wedding

The Pharmaceuticals Division focuses on prescription products, especially for women's healthcare and cardiology, and also on specialty therapeutics in the areas of oncology, hematology and ophthalmology. The division also comprises the Radiology Business Unit which markets contrast-enhanced diagnostic imaging equipment together with the necessary contrast agents.[159]

In addition to internal R&D, Bayer has participated in public–private partnerships. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox program.[160][161] Another is the Innovative Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and the European Commission.[162]

Defunct business units

Bayer Chemicals AG (with the exception of H.C. Starck and Wolff Walsrode) was combined with certain components of the polymers segment to form the new company Lanxess on 1 July 2004; Lanxess was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in early 2005.[163] Bayer HealthCare's Diagnostics Division was acquired by Siemens Medical Solutions in January 2007.[164]

Bayer sold its Animal Health business to Elanco in 2020.[165]

Bayer Diabetes Care managed Bayer's medical devices portfolio. Key products included the blood glucose monitors Contour Next EZ (XT), Contour, Contour USB and Breeze 2 used in the management of diabetes.[141] The diabetes business unit was sold to Panasonic Healthcare Co. for $1.15 billion in June 2015.[166] Bayer MaterialScience was a supplier of high-tech polymers, and developed solutions for a broad range of applications relevant to everyday life.[141] On 18 September 2014, the Board of Directors of Bayer AG announced plans to float the Bayer MaterialScience business on the stock market as a separate entity.[167] On 1 June 2015, Bayer announced that the new company would be named Covestro;[168] Bayer formally spun out Covestro in September 2015.[118]

Finances

For the fiscal year 2017, Bayer reported earnings of EUR€7.3 billion, with an annual revenue of EUR€35 billion, a decrease of 25.1% over the previous fiscal cycle.[169] Bayer's shares traded at over €69 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US€65.4 billion in November 2018.[170] In September 2019, Bayer announced to reduce the number of management board members from seven to five to reduce overall costs.[171]

Year Revenue
in million EUR€ 		Net income
in million EUR€ 		Total Assets
in million EUR€ 		Employees
2013 40,157 3,189 51,317 112,360
2014 42,239 3,426 70,234 118,888
2015 46,324 4,110 73,917 116,800
2016 46,769 4,531 82,238 115,200
2017 35,015 7,336 75,087 99,820
2018 39,586 1,695 126,285 107,894
2019 43,545 2,411 126,258 103,824
2020 41,400 −15,569 117,046 99,538
2021 44,081 1,000 120,241 99,637

Bayer 04 Leverkusen

Main article: Bayer 04 Leverkusen

In 1904, the company founded the sports club TuS 04 ("Turn- und Spielverein der Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co."), later SV Bayer 04 ("Sportvereinigung Bayer 04 Leverkusen"), finally becoming TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen ("Turn- und Sportverein") in 1984, generally, however, known simply as Bayer 04 Leverkusen. The club is best known for its football team, but has been involved in many other sports, including athletics, fencing, team handball, volleyball, boxing, and basketball. TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany. The company also supports similar clubs at other company sites, including Dormagen (particularly handball), Wuppertal (particularly volleyball), and Krefeld-Uerdingen (featuring another former Bundesliga football club, SC Bayer 05 Uerdingen, now KFC Uerdingen 05).[172]

Awards and recognition

In October 2008, Bayer's Canadian division was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. The Canadian division was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by the Toronto Star newspaper.[173] Bayer USA was given a score of 85 (out of 100) in the Human Rights Campaign's 2011 Corporate Equality Index, a measure of gay and lesbian workplace equality.[174]

In 2016, Standard Ethics Aei gave a rating to Bayer in order to include the company in its Standard Ethics German Index. Bayer received an EE- rating, the fourth tier in an eight-tier ranking.[175]

Ranked third in Access to Seeds Index in 2016.[176][177]

Litigation

Roundup

In August 2018, two months after Bayer acquired Monsanto,[178] a U.S. jury ordered Monsanto to pay $289 million to a school groundskeeper who claimed his Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was caused by regularly using Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide produced by Monsanto.[179] Following the verdict, Bayer's share price dropped by around 14% or $14 Billion in market capitalization.[180] The company filed an appeal on 18 September 2018.[181] Pending appeal, the award was later reduced to $78.5 million.[182][183] In November 2018, Monsanto appealed the judgement, asking an appellate court to consider a motion for a new trial.[183] A verdict on the appeal was delivered in June 2020 upholding the verdict but further reducing the award to $21.5 million.[184] On 13 May 2019, a United States Superior Court Judge ordered Bayer to pay more than $ 2.5 billion in damages to a couple in California, both of whom contracted non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, later cut to $87 million on appeal.[185])

In June 2020, the company agreed to pay $9.6 billion to settle more than 10,000 lawsuits claiming harm from Roundup, saying this action will result in the resolution of 75% of those claims. Bayer will also assign $1.25 billion for future claims, an action that needs approval from the US District Court, Northern District of California. The settlement, according to the company, does not admit either liability or wrongdoing, but brings an end to irresolution in the case.[186] The settlement does not include three cases that have already gone to jury trials and are being appealed.[187] In July 2020, the California Court of Appeals denied the appeal but reduced the damages owed to $20.4 million.[188]

The general consensus among national regulatory agencies, and the European Commission is that labeled usage of the herbicide poses no carcinogenic or genotoxic risk to humans.[189][190][191][192] In January 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized its interim registration review for Roundup, stating that it "...did not identify any risks of concern" for cancer and other risks to humans from glyphosate exposure."[186]

Xarelto

In 2019, Bayer and Johnson & Johnson (who market Xarelto together) settled around 25,000 lawsuits on the blood thinning drug Xarelto (rivaroxaban) by agreeing to disburse $775 million (US) to federal and state plaintiffs who said the companies had not properly warned patients about possible fatal bleeding as a result of ingesting the drug. There was no admission of liability from the companies in the settlement as they noted they had prevailed in six previous trials. The settlement will be divided evenly between the companies.[193]

One A Day Vitamins

In 2019, a federal jury in San Francisco CA sided with Bayer in a $600 million (US) class action suit alleging that the company misinformed consumers by promoting its One A Day vitamins as supporting cardiac health, vigorous immune systems and boosting user energy. The suit was first filed as a nationwide class action; in 2017, the US District Court in San Francisco said subclasses of purchasers of the vitamin in Florida, New York, and California could act together.[194]

The jury found that the plaintiffs failed to prove that Bayer misrepresented its One A Day claims, and also did not demonstrate that any of the class representative consumers who purchased One A Day relied on the so-called false information as part of their buying decision.[195]

HIV contamination

In the mid-1980s, when Bayer's Cutter Laboratories realized that their blood products, the clotting agents Factor VIII and IX, were contaminated with HIV, the financial investment in the product was considered too high to destroy the inventory. Bayer misrepresented the results of its own research and knowingly supplied hemophilia medication tainted with HIV to patients in Asia and Latin America, without the precaution of heat treating the product, recommended for eliminating the risk. As a consequence, thousands who infused the product tested positive for HIV and later developed AIDS.[196]

Dicamba

On 14 February 2020, Bayer and BASF were ordered to pay Missouri peach farmer Bill Bader $15 million in damages as a result of destruction of his peach trees which was caused by the usage of dicamba by nearby farmers.[197] Dicamba was another product which Bayer acquired from Monsanto.[198] Bayer also inherited the lawsuit from Monsanto as well.[199][200] On 15 February 2020, Bayer-representing Monsanto- and BASF were ordered to pay not only the $15 million in damages, but an additional $250 million in punitive damages.[199][200][201] Bayer and BASF afterwards announced plans to appeal the $265 million fine.[202]

In June 2020, Bayer agreed to a settlement of up to $400 million for all 2015–2020 crop year dicamba claims, not including the $265 million judgement.[187] On 25 November 2020, U.S. District Judge Stephen Limbaugh Jr. reduced the punitive damage amount in the Bader Farms case to $60 million.[203]

PCB pollution

In June 2020, Bayer agreed to pay $800 million to settle lawsuits in a variety of jurisdictions which claimed contamination of public waterways with PCBs by Monsanto before 1978.[187] On 25 November 2020, however, U.S. District Judge Fernando M. Olguin rejected Bayer's settlement offer, which was now at $650 million, and allowed Monsanto-related lawsuits involving PCB to proceed.[204]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Peter Hayes (Cambridge University Press, 2001): "[O]ne of the first acts of the American occupation authorities in 1945 was to seize the enterprise as punishment for 'knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential'. Two years later, twenty-three of the firm's principal officers went on trial ... By the time John McCloy, the American high commissioner [for Germany], pardoned the last of them in 1951, IG Farben scarcely existed. Its holdings in the German Democratic Republic had been nationalized; those in the Federal Republic had been divided into six, later chiefly three, separate corporations: BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst."[45]

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Works cited

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Lifton, Robert Jay; Hackett, Amy (1998). "Nazi Doctors". In Berenbaum, Michael; Gutman, Yisrael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 301–316.
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Further reading

  • "The original Bayer Aspirin". wonderdrug.com. Bayer AG.
  • Blaschke, Stefan (1999). Unternehmen und Gemeinde: Das Bayerwerk im Raum Leverkusen 1891–1914. Cologne: SH-Verlag. ISBN 3-89498-068-0
  • Cornwell, John (2004). Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact. London: Penguin Books.
  • Lesch, John E., ed. (2000). The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  • Plumpe, Gottfried (1990). Die I.G. Farbenindustrie AG: Wirtschaft, Technik und Politik 1904–1945. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
  • Stokes, Raymond (1988). Divide and Prosper: The Heirs of I.G. Farben under Allied Authority, 1945–1951. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Stokes, Raymond (1994). Opting for Oil: The Political Economy of Technological Change in the West German Chemical Industry, 1945–1961. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tenfelde, Klaus (2007). Stimmt die Chemie? : Mitbestimmung und Sozialpolitik in der Geschichte des Bayer-Konzerns. Essen: Klartext. ISBN 978-3-89861-888-5
  • Tully, John (2011). The Devil's Milk: A Social History of Rubber. New York: Monthly Review Press.

External links

 
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March 29, 2023
bayer, this, article, about, company, other, uses, disambiguation, commonly, pronounced, german, ˈbaɪɐ, german, multinational, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, company, largest, pharmaceutical, companies, world, headquartered, leverkusen, areas, business, includ. This article is about the company For other uses see Bayer disambiguation Bayer AG ˈ b aɪ er commonly pronounced ˈ b eɪ er 3 German ˈbaɪɐ is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world Headquartered in Leverkusen Bayer s areas of business include pharmaceuticals consumer healthcare products agricultural chemicals seeds and biotechnology products The company is a component of the EURO STOXX 50 stock market index 4 Bayer AGHeadquarters in LeverkusenTypeAktiengesellschaftTraded asFWB BAYNDAX ComponentIndustryPharmaceuticals Chemicals Biotechnology HealthcareFounded1 August 1863 159 years ago 1863 08 01 1 FounderFriedrich BayerHeadquartersLeverkusen North Rhine Westphalia GermanyArea servedWorldwideKey peopleWerner Baumann CEO Dr Norbert Winkeljohann Chairman of the supervisory board ProductsPrescription pharmaceuticalsdiagnostic imagingtherapeuticsover the counter drugspesticidesseedsplant biotechnologyRevenue 44 081 billion 2021 2 Operating income 3 353 billion 2021 2 Net income 1 billion 2021 2 Total assets 120 241 billion 2021 2 Total equity 33 168 billion 2021 2 Number of employees99 637 2021 2 Websitewww wbr bayer wbr comBayer was founded in 1863 in Barmen as a partnership between dye salesman Friedrich Bayer 1825 1880 and dyer Friedrich Weskott 1821 1876 As was common in this era the company was established as a dyestuffs producer The versatility of aniline chemistry led Bayer to expand their business into other areas and in 1899 Bayer launched the compound acetylsalicylic acid under the trademarked name Aspirin In 1904 Bayer received a trademark for the Bayer Cross logo which was subsequently stamped onto each aspirin tablet creating an iconic product that is still sold by Bayer Other commonly known products initially commercialized by Bayer include heroin phenobarbital polyurethanes and polycarbonates In 1925 Bayer merged with five other German companies to form IG Farben creating the world s largest chemical and pharmaceutical company Following World War II the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben s assets a 5 because of its role in the Nazi war effort and involvement in the Holocaust including using slave labour from concentration camps and humans for dangerous medical testing and production of Zyklon B a chemical used in gas chambers 6 In 1951 IG Farben was split into its constituent companies and Bayer was reincorporated as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Bayer played a key role in the Wirtschaftswunder code deu promoted to code de in post war West Germany quickly regaining its position as one of the world s largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations Contents 1 Early history 1 1 Foundation 1 2 Aspirin 1 3 Heroin 1 4 Phenobarbital 1 5 World War I 1 6 IG Farben 1 7 World War II and the Holocaust 2 Products 2 1 Overview 2 2 Top selling pharmaceutical products 2 3 Agricultural 3 Acquisitions 3 1 Overview 3 2 Acquisition of Schering 3 3 Other acquisitions 3 4 Spin off of Covestro 3 5 Acquisition of Monsanto 3 6 Acquisition history 4 Corporate structure 4 1 Bayer CropScience 4 2 Bayer Consumer Health 4 3 Bayer Pharmaceuticals 4 4 Defunct business units 5 Finances 6 Bayer 04 Leverkusen 7 Awards and recognition 8 Litigation 8 1 Roundup 8 2 Xarelto 8 3 One A Day Vitamins 8 4 HIV contamination 8 5 Dicamba 8 6 PCB pollution 9 See also 10 References 10 1 Notes 10 2 Sources 10 3 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External linksEarly history EditFoundation Edit Share of Farbenfabriken vorm Friedr Bayer amp Comp in Elberfeld issued 1 May 1908 Bayer AG was founded as a dyestuffs factory in 1863 in Barmen later part of Wuppertal Germany by Friedrich Bayer and his partner Johann Friedrich Weskott a master dyer 7 Bayer was responsible for the commercial tasks Fuchsine and aniline became the company s most important products citation needed The headquarters and most production facilities moved from Barmen to a larger area in Elberfeld in 1866 Friedrich Bayer 1851 1920 son of the company s founder was a chemist and joined the company in 1873 After the death of his father in 1880 the company became a joint stock company Farbenfabriken vorm Friedr Bayern amp Co also known as Elberfelder Farbenfabriken citation needed Bayer cross Leverkusen A further expansion in Elberfeld was impossible so the company moved to the village Wiesdorf at Rhein and settled in the area of the alizarin producer Leverkus and Sons A new city Leverkusen was founded there in 1930 and became home to Bayer AG s headquarters The company s corporate logo the Bayer cross was introduced in 1904 consisting of the word BAYER written vertically and horizontally sharing the Y and enclosed in a circle 8 An illuminated version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen 9 Aspirin Edit Bottle of Bayer aspirin 1899 Bayer s first major product was acetylsalicylic acid first described by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853 10 a modification of salicylic acid or salicin a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow plant 11 12 By 1899 Bayer s trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer s brand of acetylsalicylic acid but it lost its trademark status in the United States France and the United Kingdom after the confiscation of Bayer s US assets and trademarks during World War I by the United States and because of the subsequent widespread usage of the word 13 Advert for Bayer Aspirin in Life magazine 1927 The term aspirin continued to be used in the US UK and France for all brands of the drug 13 but it is still a registered trademark of Bayer in over 80 countries including Canada Mexico Germany and Switzerland As of 2011 approximately 40 000 tons of aspirin were produced each year and 10 20 billion tablets consumed in the United States alone for prevention of cardiovascular events 14 It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines the most important medications needed in a basic health system 15 There is an unresolved controversy over the roles played by Bayer scientists in the development of aspirin Arthur Eichengrun a Bayer chemist said he was the first to discover an aspirin formulation that did not have the unpleasant side effects of nausea and gastric pain He also said he had invented the name aspirin and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy Bayer contends that aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffmann to help his father who had arthritis 16 Various sources support the conflicting claims 17 18 Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Hoffmann and or Eichengrun 12 18 Heroin Edit Bayer Heroin bottle Heroin diacetylmorphine now illegal as an addictive drug was introduced as a non addictive substitute for morphine 19 and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and over the counter treatment for other common ailments including pneumonia and tuberculosis 20 Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin but the company led the way in commercializing it 21 Heroin was a Bayer trademark until after World War I 22 Bayer s director of pharmacology did not want the drug to have too complicated a name so Bayer settled on heroisch the German word for heroic 23 Phenobarbital Edit In 1903 Bayer licensed the patent for the hypnotic drug diethylbarbituric acid from its inventors Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering It was marketed under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904 Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action at Bayer led to the discovery of phenobarbital in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti epileptic activity in 1912 Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s and as of 2014 it remains on the World Health Organization s list of essential medications 24 25 World War I Edit Bayer advertisement 1911 During World War I 1914 1918 Bayer s assets including the rights to its name and trademarks were confiscated in the United States Canada and several other countries 26 In the United States and Canada Bayer s assets and trademarks including the well known Bayer cross were acquired by Sterling Drug a predecessor of Sterling Winthrop and were not reclaimed until 1994 Throughout the war Bayer was involved in production and development of various chemical weapons In 1914 Bayer manufactured dianisidine chlorosulfate for use in 105 mm artillery shell intended as a lung irritant against British forces 27 28 In 1916 Bayer scientists discovered suramin an anti parasite drug that is still sold by Bayer under the brand name Germanin The formula of suramin was kept secret by Bayer for commercial reasons but it was elucidated and published in 1924 by Ernest Fourneau and his team at the Pasteur Institute 29 30 It is on the World Health Organization s List of Essential Medicines 31 IG Farben Edit In 1925 Bayer became part of IG Farben a German conglomerate formed from the merger of six chemical companies BASF Bayer Hoechst including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle Agfa Chemische Fabrik Griesheim Elektron and Chemische Fabrik vorm Weiler Ter Meer 32 In the 1930s Gerhard Domagk director of Bayer s Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology working with chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer discovered prontosil the first commercially available antibacterial drug 33 The discovery and development of this first sulfonamide drug opened a new era in medicine 34 page needed Domagk won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil 35 He was forced by the Nazi Party to relinquish the reward German citizens had been forbidden from accepting Nobel prizes since the Nobel committee had awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to a German pacifist Carl von Ossietzky 36 World War II and the Holocaust Edit Further information Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps and IG Farben Trial IG Farben Bayer s parent company used slave labour in factories it built in Nazi concentration camps most notably in the Monowitz concentration camp known as Auschwitz III part of the Auschwitz camp complex in German occupied Poland 37 38 By 1943 almost half of IG Farben s 330 000 strong workforce consisted of slave labour or conscripts including 30 000 Auschwitz prisoners 39 Helmuth Vetter an Auschwitz camp physician SS captain and employee of the Bayer group within IG Farben conducted medical experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp 40 41 In one study of an anaesthetic the company paid RM 170 per person for the use of 150 female inmates of Auschwitz 42 43 A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Hoss the Auschwitz commandant The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition However we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price 44 After the war the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben for knowingly and prominently building up and maintaining German war potential a 5 It was split into its six constituent companies in 1951 then split again into three BASF Bayer and Hoechst 45 46 Bayer was at that point known as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG it changed its name to Bayer AG in 1972 7 After the war some employees of Bayer appeared in the IG Farben Trial one of the Nuremberg Subsequent Tribunals under US jurisdiction Among them was Fritz ter Meer who helped to plan the Monowitz camp Auschwitz III and IG Farben s Buna Werke factory at Auschwitz where medical experimentation had been conducted and where 25 000 forced laborers were deployed Ter Meer was sentenced to seven years but was released in 1950 for good behavior 47 He was elected to Bayer AG s supervisory board in 1956 a position he retained until 1964 48 Helge Wehmeier then CEO of Bayer offered a public apology in 1995 to Elie Wiesel for the company s actions during World War II 1939 1945 and the Holocaust 49 Products EditOverview Edit In 1953 Bayer brought the first neuroleptic chlorpromazine onto the German market 50 In the 1960s Bayer introduced a pregnancy test Primodos that consisted of two pills that contained norethisterone as acetate and ethinylestradiol It detected pregnancy by inducing menstruation in women who were not pregnant the presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the user was pregnant The test became the subject of controversy when it was blamed for birth defects and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid 1970s Litigation in the 1980s ended inconclusively A review of the matter by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date and found the evidence for adverse effects to be inconclusive 51 Bayer has owned Alka Seltzer since 1978 In 1978 Bayer purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and Cutter Laboratories acquiring along with them a variety of product lines including Alka Seltzer Flintstones vitamins and One A Day vitamins and Cutter insect repellent 52 Along with the purchase of Cutter Bayer acquired Cutter s Factor VIII business Factor VIII a clotting agent used to treat hemophilia was produced at the time by processing donated blood In the early days of the AIDS epidemic people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS and by 1983 the CDC had identified contaminated blood products as a source of infection According to the New York Times this was one of the worst drug related medical disasters in history Companies including Bayer developed new ways to treat donated blood with heat to decontaminate it and these new products were introduced early in 1984 In 1997 Bayer and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay 660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6 000 hemophiliacs infected in United States But in 2003 documents emerged showing that Cutter had continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside the US until 1985 including in Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Japan and Argentina to offload a product they were unable to sell in Europe and the US they also continued manufacturing the unheated product for several months Bayer said it did this because some countries were doubtful about the efficacy of the new product 53 Bayer has been involved in other controversies regarding its drug products In the late 1990s it introduced a statin drug Baycol cerivastatin but after 52 deaths were attributed to it Bayer discontinued it in 2001 The side effect was rhabdomyolysis causing kidney failure which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class 54 Trasylol aprotinin used to control bleeding during major surgery was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2007 when reports of increased mortality emerged it was later re introduced in Europe but not in the US citation needed Top selling pharmaceutical products Edit In 2014 pharmaceutical products contributed 12 05 billion of Bayer s 40 15 billion in gross revenue 55 In 2019 identified key growth products were Xarelto rivaroxaban Eylea aflibercept Stivarga regorafenib Xofigo radium 223 and Adempas riociguat 56 93 Top selling products as of 2014 included Bayer facility in Leverkusen Kogenate recombinant clotting factor VIII Kogenate is a recombinant version of clotting factor VIII 57 the absence or deficiency of which causes the abnormal bleeding associated with haemophilia type A Kogenate is one of several commercially available Factor VIII products having equivalent efficacy 58 Xarelto rivaroxaban is a small molecule inhibitor of Factor Xa a key enzyme involved in blood coagulation In the United States the FDA has approved rivaroxaban for the prevention of stroke in people with atrial fibrillation for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in people undergoing hip surgery 59 Rivaroxaban competes with other newer generation anticoagulants such as edoxaban apixaban and dabigatran as well as with the generic anticoagulant warfarin It has similar efficacy to warfarin and is associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding but unlike warfarin there is no established protocol for rapidly reversing its effects in the event of uncontrolled bleeding or the need for emergency surgery 60 Betaseron interferon beta 1b is an injectable form of the protein interferon beta used to prevent relapses in the relapsing remitting form of multiple sclerosis 61 Betaseron competes with other injectable forms of interferon beta glatiramer acetate and a variety of newer multiple sclerosis drugs some of which can be taken orally Dimethyl fumarate teriflunomide others Yasmin Yaz birth control pills are part of a group of birth control pill products based on the progestin drospirenone Yaz is approved in the United States for the prevention of pregnancy to treat symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception and to treat moderate acne in women at least 14 years of age who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception The FDA conducted a safety review regarding the potential of Yaz and other drospirenone containing products to increase the risk of blood clots Yaz and Yasmin were associated with the deaths of 23 women in Canada leading Health Canada to issue a warning in 2011 62 Although conflicting results were obtained in different studies the FDA added a warning to the label in 2012 that Yaz and related products may be associated with an increased risk of clotting relative to other birth control pill products 63 Subsequently a meta analysis suggested that birth control pills of the class Yasmin belongs to raise the risk of blood clots to a greater extent than some other classes of birth control pills 64 Nexavar sorafenib is a kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma kidney cancer renal cell carcinoma and certain types of thyroid cancer 65 Trasylol Aprotinin Trasylol is a trypsin inhibitor used to control bleeding during major surgery In a 2006 meeting called by the FDA to review the drug s safety Bayer scientists failed to reveal the results of an ongoing large study suggesting that Trasylol may increase the risks of death and stroke According to a FDA official who preferred to remain anonymous the FDA learned of the study only through information provided to the FDA by a whistleblowing scientist who was involved in it 66 67 The study concluded Trasylol carried greater risks of death serious kidney damage congestive heart failure and strokes On 15 December of the same year the FDA restricted the use of Trasylol 68 and in November 2007 they requested that the company suspend marketing 69 In 2011 Health Canada lifted its suspension of Trasylol for its originally approved indication of limiting bleeding in coronary bypass surgery citing flaws in the design of the studies that led to its suspension 70 This decision was controversial 71 72 In 2013 the European Medicines Agency lifted its suspension of the Trasylol marketing authorization for selected patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery citing a favorable risk benefit ratio 73 Cipro ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration FDA in 1987 Ciprofloxacin is the most widely used of the second generation quinolone antibiotics that came into clinical use in the late 1980s and early 1990s 74 75 In 2010 over 20 million outpatient prescriptions were written for ciprofloxacin making it the 35th most commonly prescribed drug and the 5th most commonly prescribed antibacterial in the US 76 Rennie antacid tablets one of the biggest selling branded over the counter medications sold in Great Britain with sales of 29 8 million 77 Agricultural Edit Bayer produces various fungicides herbicides insecticides and some crop varieties 78 Fungicides are primarily marketed for cereal crops fresh produce fungal with bacteria based pesticides and control of mildew and rust diseases 79 Nativo products are a mixture of trifloxystrobin tebuconazole 80 81 XPro products are a mix of bixafen and prothioconazole 82 while Luna contains fluopyram and pyrimethanil 83 Herbicides are marketed primarily for field crops and orchards 84 Liberty brands containing glufosinate a k a Liberty or Basta are used for general weed control 85 Capreno containing a mixture of thiencarbazone methyl and tembotrione is used for grass and broad leaf control 86 Insecticides are marketed according to specific crop and insect pest type 87 Foliar insecticides include Belt containing flubendiamide which is marketed against Lepidopteran pests 88 and Movento containing spirotetramat which is marketed against sucking insects 89 Neonicotinoids such as clothianidin and imidacloprid are used as systemic seed treatments products such as Poncho and Gaucho 90 91 In 2008 neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impacts starting in Germany Neonicotinoid use has been linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects including honey bee colony collapse disorder CCD and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations In 2013 the European Union and a few non EU countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids 92 93 94 Parathion was discovered by scientists at IG Farben in the 1940s as a cholinesterase inhibitor insecticide Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide that was introduced by Bayer in 1959 95 Acquisitions Edit Bayer factory in Leverkusen Germany 2009 Overview Edit In 1994 Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop s over the counter OTC drug business from SmithKline Beecham and merged it with Miles Laboratories thereby reclaiming the U S and Canadian trademark rights to Bayer and the Bayer cross as well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada 96 In 2004 Bayer HealthCare acquired the over the counter pharmaceutical division of Roche 97 In March 2008 Bayer HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel Inc a US based company that markets OTC medications in most of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as Russia Ukraine Kazakhstan Belarus and others 98 99 On 28 August 2008 an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at Institute West Virginia United States A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees 100 The ruptured tank was close to a methyl isocyanate tank which was undamaged by the explosion 101 Acquisition of Schering Edit In March 2006 Merck KGaA announced a 14 6bn bid for Schering AG founded in 1851 By 2006 Schering had annual gross revenue of around 5 billion 102 and employed about 26 000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide 103 Bayer responded with a white knight bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for 14 6bn 104 and in 2007 Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma The acquisition of Schering was the largest take over in Bayer s history 103 105 and as of 2015 was one of the ten biggest pharma mergers of all time 106 Other acquisitions Edit In November 2010 Bayer AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland based animal health company Bomac Group 107 Bayer partnered on the development of the radiotherapeutic Xofigo with Algeta and in 2014 moved to acquire the company for about 2 9 billion 108 In 2014 Bayer agreed to buy Merck s consumer health business for 14 2 billion which would provide Bayer control with brands such as Claritin Coppertone and Dr Scholl s Bayer would attain second place globally in nonprescription drugs 109 In June 2015 Bayer agreed to sell its diabetic care business to Panasonic Healthcare Holdings for a fee of 1 02 billion 110 In August 2019 the business acquired the 60 of BlueRock Therapeutics it didn t already own for up to 600 million 111 112 In August 2020 Bayer announced it had acquired KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd helping to boost its female healthcare business for 425 million 113 114 115 In October Bayer agreed to acquire Asklepios BioPharmaceuticals for 2 billion upfront 116 In June 2021 the company announced it acquire Noria Therapeutics Inc and PSMA Therapeutics Inc gaining rights to a number of cancer based investigational compounds based on actinium 225 117 Spin off of Covestro Edit In September 2015 Bayer spun out its 12 3 billion materials science division into a separate publicly traded company called Covestro in which it retained about a 70 interest 118 119 Bayer spun out the division because it had relatively low profit margins compared to its life science divisions 10 2 compared with 24 9 for the agriculture business and 27 5 for healthcare and because the business required high levels of investment to maintain its growth and to more clearly focus its efforts and identity in the life sciences 118 Covestro shares were first offered on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in October 2015 120 Effective January 2016 following the spinout of Covestro Bayer rebranded itself as a life sciences company and restructured into three divisions and one business unit Pharmaceuticals Consumer Health Crop Science and Animal Health 121 Acquisition of Monsanto Edit In May 2016 Bayer offered to buy U S seeds company Monsanto for 62 billion 122 Shortly after Bayer s offer Monsanto rejected the acquisition bid seeking a higher price 123 In September 2016 Monsanto agreed to a 66 billion offer by Bayer 124 In order to receive regulatory approval Bayer agreed to divest a significant amount of its current agricultural assets to BASF in a series of deals 125 126 127 128 On 21 March 2018 the deal was approved by the European Union 129 130 and it was approved in the United States on 20 May 2018 131 The sale closed on 7 June 2018 132 The Monsanto brand was discontinued its products will be marketed under the Bayer name 133 On 16 September 2019 under the approval of National Company Law Tribunal Bayer completed the merger of Monsanto India 134 Bayer s Monsanto acquisition is the biggest acquisition by a German company to date 135 However owing to ongoing litigation concerning the herbicide Roundup produced by Monsanto the deal is considered one of the worst corporate deals ever agreed owing to the massive financial and reputational blows it has caused Bayer 135 136 137 Acquisition history Edit Bayer AcquisitionsBayer Miles Laboratories Acq 1978 Miles Canada Cutter Laboratories Hollister Stier Corn King Company Plastron Specialties Pacific Plastics Company Olympic Plastics Company Ashe Lockhart Inc Haver Glover Laboratories Sterling Winthrop Acq 1994 Over the counter division Roche Pharmaceuticals Acq 2004 Over the counter division Schering AG Acq 2006 formed Bayer Schering Pharma AG renamed Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals in 2011 Jenapharm Bomac Group Acq 2010 Algeta Acq 2014 Merck amp Co Acq 2014 Consumer Health Business Monsanto Spun off from Pharmacia amp Upjohn 2000 Emergent Genetics Acq 2005 Seminis Acq 2005 Icoria Inc Acq 2005 Delta amp Pine Land Company Acq 2007 De Ruiter Seeds Acq 2008 Agroeste Sementes Acq 2008 Aly Participacoes Ltda Acq 2008 CanaVialis S A Alellyx S A Divergence Inc Acq 2011 Beeologics Acq 2011 Precision Planting Inc Acq 2012 Climate Corp Acq 2013 640 Labs Acq 2014 Agradis Inc Acq 2013 Rosetta Green Ltd Acq 2013 American Seeds Inc Channel Bio Corp Acq 2004 Stone Seeds Acq 2005 Trelay Seeds Acq 2005 Stewart Seeds Acq 2005 Fontanelle Hybrids Acq 2005 Specialty Hybrids Acq 2005 NC Hybrids Inc Acq 2005 Diener Seeds Seed marketing and sales division acq 2006 Sieben Hybrids Acq 2006 Kruger Seed Company Acq 2006 Trisler Seed Farms Acq 2006 Campbell Seed Seed marketing and sales business acq 2006 Gold Country Seed Inc Acq 2006 Heritage Seeds Acq 2013 International Seed Group Inc Poloni Semences Acq 2007 Charentais Melon Breeding Company Acq 2007 BlueRock Therapeutics Acq 2019 KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd Acq 2020 Asklepios BioPharmaceutical Acq 2020 Noria Therapeutics Inc Acq 2021 PSMA Therapeutics Inc Acq 2021 Vividion Therapeutics Acq 2021 Corporate structure Edit Undated copper token of Bayer In 2003 to separate operational and strategic managements Bayer AG was reorganized into a holding company The group s core businesses were transformed into limited companies each controlled by Bayer AG These companies were Bayer CropScience AG Bayer HealthCare AG Bayer MaterialScience AG and Bayer Chemicals AG and the three service limited companies Bayer Technology Services GmbH Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH amp Co OHG In 2016 the company began a second restructuring with the aim of allowing it to transition to a life sciences based company 138 By divesting its Chemicals division in 2004 and with the aim of off loading its Materials division by mid 2016 Bayer will be left with the four core units as depicted below 139 140 Bayer AG Divested business unitsBayer PharmaceuticalsHead of Division Stefan Oelrich Bayer Consumer HealthHead of Division Heiko Schipper Bayer Crop ScienceHead of Division Rodrigo Santos Lanxess Bayer Chemicals AG Diagnostics Division Diabetes Devices Division Covestro Bayer MaterialScience Bayer Animal Health sold to Elanco Bayer CropScience Edit Bayer CropScience has products in crop protection i e pesticides nonagricultural pest control and seeds and plant biotechnology In addition to conventional agrochemical business it is involved in genetic engineering of food 141 In 2002 Bayer AG acquired Aventis now part of Sanofi CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division Bayer Pflanzenschutz or Crop Protection to form Bayer CropScience the Belgian biotech company Plant Genetic Systems became part of Bayer through the Aventis acquisition 141 Also in 2002 Bayer AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems which at the time was one of the world s top five seed companies 142 143 270 In 2006 the U S Department of Agriculture announced that Bayer CropScience s LibertyLink genetically modified rice had contaminated the U S rice supply Shortly after the public learned of the contamination the E U banned imports of U S long grain rice and the futures price plunged In April 2010 a Lonoke County Arkansas jury awarded a dozen farmers 48 million The case was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court which affirmed the judgement 144 On 1 July 2011 Bayer CropScience agreed to a global settlement for up to 750 million 145 In September 2014 the firm announced plans to invest 1 billion in the United States between 2013 and 2016 A Bayer spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the production of its herbicide Liberty Liberty is an alternative to Monsanto s product Roundup which are both used to kill weeds 146 In 2016 as part of the wholesale corporate restructuring Bayer CropScience became one of the three major divisions of Bayer AG reporting directly to the head of the division Liam Condon 147 Under the terms of the merger Bayer promised to maintain Monsanto s more than 9 000 U S jobs and add 3 000 new U S high tech positions 148 The prospective merger parties said at the time the combined agriculture business planned to spend 16 billion on research and development over the next six years and at least 8 billion on research and development in the United States 149 The global headquarters of Bayer CropScience is located in St Louis Missouri United States 150 151 152 Bayer CropScience Limited is the Indian subsidiary of Bayer AG It is listed on the Indian stock exchanges viz the Bombay Stock Exchange amp National Stock Exchange of India and has a market capitalization of 2 billion 153 Bayer BioScience headquartered in Hyderabad India has about 400 employees and has research production and an extensive sales network spread across India 154 155 Bayer Consumer Health Edit Before the 2016 restructuring Bayer HealthCare comprises a further four subdivisions Bayer Schering Pharma Bayer Consumer Care Bayer Animal Health and Bayer Medical Care 141 As part of the corporate restructuring Animal Health was moved into its own business unit leaving the division with the following categories Allergy Analgesics Cardiovascular Risk Prevention Cough amp Cold Dermatology Foot Care Gastrointestinals Nutritionals and Sun Care 156 Bayer Consumer Care manages Bayer s OTC medicines portfolio Key products include analgesics such as Bayer Aspirin and Aleve food supplements Redoxon and Berocca and skincare products Bepanthen and Bepanthol 141 Women s healthcare is an example of a General Medicine business unit Bayer Pharma produces the birth control pills Yaz and Yasmin Both pills use a newer type of progestin hormone called drospirenone in combination with estrogen Yaz is advertised as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMDD and moderate acne Other key products include the cancer drug Nexavar the multiple sclerosis drug betaferon betaseron and the blood clotting drug Kogenate 141 In May 2014 it was announced that Bayer would buy Merck amp Co s consumer health care unit for 14 2 billion 157 Bayer also controls Dihon Pharmaceutical Group Co Ltd in China 158 Bayer Pharmaceuticals Edit Headquarters of Bayer Pharmaceuticals in Berlin Wedding The Pharmaceuticals Division focuses on prescription products especially for women s healthcare and cardiology and also on specialty therapeutics in the areas of oncology hematology and ophthalmology The division also comprises the Radiology Business Unit which markets contrast enhanced diagnostic imaging equipment together with the necessary contrast agents 159 In addition to internal R amp D Bayer has participated in public private partnerships One example in the area of non clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox program 160 161 Another is the Innovative Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and the European Commission 162 Defunct business units Edit Bayer Chemicals AG with the exception of H C Starck and Wolff Walsrode was combined with certain components of the polymers segment to form the new company Lanxess on 1 July 2004 Lanxess was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in early 2005 163 Bayer HealthCare s Diagnostics Division was acquired by Siemens Medical Solutions in January 2007 164 Bayer sold its Animal Health business to Elanco in 2020 165 Bayer Diabetes Care managed Bayer s medical devices portfolio Key products included the blood glucose monitors Contour Next EZ XT Contour Contour USB and Breeze 2 used in the management of diabetes 141 The diabetes business unit was sold to Panasonic Healthcare Co for 1 15 billion in June 2015 166 Bayer MaterialScience was a supplier of high tech polymers and developed solutions for a broad range of applications relevant to everyday life 141 On 18 September 2014 the Board of Directors of Bayer AG announced plans to float the Bayer MaterialScience business on the stock market as a separate entity 167 On 1 June 2015 Bayer announced that the new company would be named Covestro 168 Bayer formally spun out Covestro in September 2015 118 Finances EditFor the fiscal year 2017 Bayer reported earnings of EUR 7 3 billion with an annual revenue of EUR 35 billion a decrease of 25 1 over the previous fiscal cycle 169 Bayer s shares traded at over 69 per share and its market capitalization was valued at US 65 4 billion in November 2018 170 In September 2019 Bayer announced to reduce the number of management board members from seven to five to reduce overall costs 171 Year Revenuein million EUR Net incomein million EUR Total Assetsin million EUR Employees2013 40 157 3 189 51 317 112 3602014 42 239 3 426 70 234 118 8882015 46 324 4 110 73 917 116 8002016 46 769 4 531 82 238 115 2002017 35 015 7 336 75 087 99 8202018 39 586 1 695 126 285 107 8942019 43 545 2 411 126 258 103 8242020 41 400 15 569 117 046 99 5382021 44 081 1 000 120 241 99 637Bayer 04 Leverkusen EditMain article Bayer 04 Leverkusen In 1904 the company founded the sports club TuS 04 Turn und Spielverein der Farbenfabriken vorm Friedr Bayer amp Co later SV Bayer 04 Sportvereinigung Bayer 04 Leverkusen finally becoming TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen Turn und Sportverein in 1984 generally however known simply as Bayer 04 Leverkusen The club is best known for its football team but has been involved in many other sports including athletics fencing team handball volleyball boxing and basketball TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany The company also supports similar clubs at other company sites including Dormagen particularly handball Wuppertal particularly volleyball and Krefeld Uerdingen featuring another former Bundesliga football club SC Bayer 05 Uerdingen now KFC Uerdingen 05 172 Awards and recognition EditIn October 2008 Bayer s Canadian division was named one of Canada s Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc The Canadian division was named one of Greater Toronto s Top Employers by the Toronto Star newspaper 173 Bayer USA was given a score of 85 out of 100 in the Human Rights Campaign s 2011 Corporate Equality Index a measure of gay and lesbian workplace equality 174 In 2016 Standard Ethics Aei gave a rating to Bayer in order to include the company in its Standard Ethics German Index Bayer received an EE rating the fourth tier in an eight tier ranking 175 Ranked third in Access to Seeds Index in 2016 176 177 Litigation EditRoundup Edit In August 2018 two months after Bayer acquired Monsanto 178 a U S jury ordered Monsanto to pay 289 million to a school groundskeeper who claimed his Non Hodgkin s lymphoma was caused by regularly using Roundup a glyphosate based herbicide produced by Monsanto 179 Following the verdict Bayer s share price dropped by around 14 or 14 Billion in market capitalization 180 The company filed an appeal on 18 September 2018 181 Pending appeal the award was later reduced to 78 5 million 182 183 In November 2018 Monsanto appealed the judgement asking an appellate court to consider a motion for a new trial 183 A verdict on the appeal was delivered in June 2020 upholding the verdict but further reducing the award to 21 5 million 184 On 13 May 2019 a United States Superior Court Judge ordered Bayer to pay more than 2 5 billion in damages to a couple in California both of whom contracted non Hodgkin s Lymphoma later cut to 87 million on appeal 185 In June 2020 the company agreed to pay 9 6 billion to settle more than 10 000 lawsuits claiming harm from Roundup saying this action will result in the resolution of 75 of those claims Bayer will also assign 1 25 billion for future claims an action that needs approval from the US District Court Northern District of California The settlement according to the company does not admit either liability or wrongdoing but brings an end to irresolution in the case 186 The settlement does not include three cases that have already gone to jury trials and are being appealed 187 In July 2020 the California Court of Appeals denied the appeal but reduced the damages owed to 20 4 million 188 The general consensus among national regulatory agencies and the European Commission is that labeled usage of the herbicide poses no carcinogenic or genotoxic risk to humans 189 190 191 192 In January 2020 the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA finalized its interim registration review for Roundup stating that it did not identify any risks of concern for cancer and other risks to humans from glyphosate exposure 186 Xarelto Edit In 2019 Bayer and Johnson amp Johnson who market Xarelto together settled around 25 000 lawsuits on the blood thinning drug Xarelto rivaroxaban by agreeing to disburse 775 million US to federal and state plaintiffs who said the companies had not properly warned patients about possible fatal bleeding as a result of ingesting the drug There was no admission of liability from the companies in the settlement as they noted they had prevailed in six previous trials The settlement will be divided evenly between the companies 193 One A Day Vitamins Edit In 2019 a federal jury in San Francisco CA sided with Bayer in a 600 million US class action suit alleging that the company misinformed consumers by promoting its One A Day vitamins as supporting cardiac health vigorous immune systems and boosting user energy The suit was first filed as a nationwide class action in 2017 the US District Court in San Francisco said subclasses of purchasers of the vitamin in Florida New York and California could act together 194 The jury found that the plaintiffs failed to prove that Bayer misrepresented its One A Day claims and also did not demonstrate that any of the class representative consumers who purchased One A Day relied on the so called false information as part of their buying decision 195 HIV contamination Edit In the mid 1980s when Bayer s Cutter Laboratories realized that their blood products the clotting agents Factor VIII and IX were contaminated with HIV the financial investment in the product was considered too high to destroy the inventory Bayer misrepresented the results of its own research and knowingly supplied hemophilia medication tainted with HIV to patients in Asia and Latin America without the precaution of heat treating the product recommended for eliminating the risk As a consequence thousands who infused the product tested positive for HIV and later developed AIDS 196 Dicamba Edit On 14 February 2020 Bayer and BASF were ordered to pay Missouri peach farmer Bill Bader 15 million in damages as a result of destruction of his peach trees which was caused by the usage of dicamba by nearby farmers 197 Dicamba was another product which Bayer acquired from Monsanto 198 Bayer also inherited the lawsuit from Monsanto as well 199 200 On 15 February 2020 Bayer representing Monsanto and BASF were ordered to pay not only the 15 million in damages but an additional 250 million in punitive damages 199 200 201 Bayer and BASF afterwards announced plans to appeal the 265 million fine 202 In June 2020 Bayer agreed to a settlement of up to 400 million for all 2015 2020 crop year dicamba claims not including the 265 million judgement 187 On 25 November 2020 U S District Judge Stephen Limbaugh Jr reduced the punitive damage amount in the Bader Farms case to 60 million 203 PCB pollution Edit In June 2020 Bayer agreed to pay 800 million to settle lawsuits in a variety of jurisdictions which claimed contamination of public waterways with PCBs by Monsanto before 1978 187 On 25 November 2020 however U S District Judge Fernando M Olguin rejected Bayer s settlement offer which was now at 650 million and allowed Monsanto related lawsuits involving PCB to proceed 204 See also EditList of German companies List of pharmaceutical companiesReferences EditNotes Edit a b Peter Hayes Cambridge University Press 2001 O ne of the first acts of the American occupation authorities in 1945 was to seize the enterprise as punishment for knowingly and prominently building up and maintaining German war potential Two years later twenty three of the firm s principal officers went on trial By the time John McCloy the American high commissioner for Germany pardoned the last of them in 1951 IG Farben scarcely existed Its holdings in the German Democratic Republic had been nationalized those in the Federal Republic had been divided into six later chiefly three separate corporations BASF Bayer and Hoechst 45 Sources Edit History of Bayer 1863 1881 Bayer AG a b c d e f Bayer AG Annual Report 2021 PDF Bayer AG Retrieved 11 April 2022 Kim Susanna 4 September 2014 Ikea and Other Brand Names You ve Been Mispronouncing ABC News Archived from the original on 2 October 2022 Euro Stoxx 50 Borse Frankfurt Frankfurt Stock Exchange Deutsche Boerse Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 Retrieved 17 January 2017 a b Law No 9 PDF Allied Control Council Archived PDF from the original on 22 September 2018 Bayer Holocaust Encyclopedia Archived from the original on 8 November 2021 Retrieved 8 November 2021 a b Lewis amp Zitzlsperger 2016 p 92 Sanchez Serrano 2011 p 51 Europe Tourism 5 March 2015 landmarks Landmarks Cologne Nearby Attractions Archived 7 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Schror 2016 p 12 Schror 2016 p 8 a b Mahdi J G Mahdi A J Mahdi A J Bowen I D April 2006 The historical analysis of aspirin discovery its relation to the willow tree and antiproliferative and anticancer potential Cell Proliferation 39 2 147 155 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2184 2006 00377 x PMC 6496865 PMID 16542349 S2CID 16515437 a b Tulett Simon 28 May 2014 Genericide Brands destroyed by their own success BBC News Fuster Valentin Sweeny Joseph M 22 February 2011 Aspirin A Historical and Contemporary Therapeutic Overview Circulation 123 7 768 778 doi 10 1161 CIRCULATIONAHA 110 963843 PMID 21343593 WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines PDF World Health Organization October 2013 Felix Hoffmann ist der Vater des Aspirin Press release Bayer AG courtesy of LaHave Media Services Limited September 1999 Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Jewish Scientist s Claim to Discover Aspirin Denied by Nazis PDF Press release Royal Society of Chemistry 1999 Archived from the original PDF on 28 May 2005 a b Sneader Walter 23 December 2000 The discovery of aspirin a reappraisal BMJ 321 7276 1591 1594 doi 10 1136 bmj 321 7276 1591 PMC 1119266 PMID 11124191 Moore Deborah 24 August 2014 Heroin A brief history of unintended consequences Times Union Fernandez amp Libby 2011 p 22 Felix Hoffmann Science History Institute 8 December 2017 Edwards Jim 17 November 2011 Yes Bayer Promoted Heroin for Children Here Are The Ads That Prove It Business Insider Sneader Walter 21 November 1998 The discovery of heroin The Lancet 352 9141 1697 1699 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 98 07115 3 PMID 9853457 S2CID 1819676 Yasiry Z Shorvon SD December 2012 How phenobarbital revolutionized epilepsy therapy the story of phenobarbital therapy in epilepsy in the last 100 years Epilepsia 53 Suppl 8 26 39 doi 10 1111 epi 12026 PMID 23205960 S2CID 8934654 Lopez Munoz F Ucha Udabe R Alamo C December 2005 The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 1 4 329 343 PMC 2424120 PMID 18568113 History of Bayer 1914 1925 Bayer AG Legg J Parker G 2002 The Germans develop a new weapon the gas cloud The Great War Retrieved 6 August 2007 Abelshauser Werner 2003 German Industry and Global Enterprise BASF The History of a Company Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 82726 4 Sneader 2005 pp 378 379 Fourneau E Th Vallee J 1924 Sur une nouvelle serie de medicaments trypanocides Comptes rendus de l Academie des Sciences 178 675 WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines PDF World Health Organization October 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2014 Tammen 1978 p 195 Vardanyan amp Hruby 2016 p 645 Hager 2006 Gerhard Domagk Nobel Foundation Gerhard Domagk Science History Institute 4 December 2017 Archived from the original on 31 May 2018 Dickerman 2017 p 440 I G Auschwitz Frankfurt Wollheim Memorial Fritz Bauer Institute Hayes 2001 pp xxi xxii Lifton amp Hackett 1998 p 310 Other doctor perpetrators Auschwitz Birkenau Memorial and Museum Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 Strzelecka 2000 p 363 Rees 2006 p 179 Jacobs 2017 pp 312 314 Worthington Daryl 20 May 2015 IG Farben Opens Factory at Auschwitz New Historian Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 Strzelecka 2000 p 363 Rees 2006 p 179 that the letter was directed at Hoss see Jeffreys 2009 p 278 a b Hayes 2001 p xxii Schneibel Gerhard 19 August 2011 Stock of former Nazi chemicals giant to be delisted Deutsche Welle United Nations War Crimes Commission 1949 p 63 Fritz Friedrich Hermann ter Meer 1884 1967 Frankfurt Wollheim Memorial Fritz Bauer Institute Retrieved 25 February 2012 Bayer s CEO Helge Wehmeier Faces Past and Fights for Future CNN 26 January 2002 Bangen Hans Geschichte der medikamentosen Therapie der Schizophrenie Berlin 1992 p 98 ISBN 3 927408 82 4 Assessment of historical evidence on Primodos and congenital malformations a synopsis PDF Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 12 May 2014 Retrieved 12 May 2014 Cutter Laboratories 1897 1972 A Dual Trust The Bancroft Library University of California Berkeley Regional Oral History Office transcript 1972 1974 Bogdanich Walt Koli Eric 19 September 2003 2 Paths of Bayer Drug in 80 s Riskier One Steered Overseas The New York Times Furberg C Pitt B 2001 Withdrawal of cerivastatin from the world market Current Controlled Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine 2 5 205 207 doi 10 1186 CVM 2 5 205 PMC 59524 PMID 11806796 Bayer 2014 Annual report available at http www investor bayer com en overview Archived 15 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Bayer Annual Report 2018 Bayer 2018 labeling bayerhealthcare com PDF Mannucci PM Mancuso ME Santagostino E 2012 How we choose factor VIII to treat hemophilia Blood 119 18 4108 14 doi 10 1182 blood 2012 01 394411 PMID 22411872 S2CID 36273104 www accessdata fda gov PDF Sardar P Chatterjee S Wu WC Lichstein E Ghosh J Aikat S Mukherjee D 2013 New oral anticoagulants are not superior to warfarin in secondary prevention of stroke or transient ischemic attacks but lower the risk of intracranial bleeding insights from a meta analysis and indirect treatment comparisons PLOS ONE 8 10 e77694 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 877694S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0077694 PMC 3808395 PMID 24204920 labeling bayerhealthcare com PDF Yaz and Yasmin pills linked to 23 deaths say Health Canada documents Macleans The Canadian Press 11 June 2013 Health Canada reviewing safety of drospirenone containing oral contraceptives Yasmin and Yaz and risk of venous thromboembolism Health Canada 7 June 2011 Yasmin and Yaz drospirenone Updated information on increased risk of blood clots Health Canada 5 December 2011 FDA Drug Safety Communication Updated information about the risk of blood clots in women taking birth control pills containing drospirenone U S Food amp Drug Administration 10 April 2012 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Stegeman BH de Bastos M Rosendaal FR et al 2013 Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis systematic review and network meta analysis BMJ 347 f5298 doi 10 1136 bmj f5298 PMC 3771677 PMID 24030561 Hasskarl Jens 2014 Sorafenib Targeting Multiple Tyrosine Kinases in Cancer Small Molecules in Oncology Recent Results in Cancer Research Vol 201 pp 145 164 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 54490 3 8 ISBN 978 3 642 54489 7 PMID 24756790 FDA Statement Regarding New Trasylol Data Food and Drug Administration Harris Gardiner 30 September 2006 F D A Says Bayer Failed to Reveal Drug Risk Study The New York Times FDA Revises Labeling for Trasylol Aprotinin Injection to Strengthen Safety Warnings and Limit Usage of Drug to Specific Situations Food and Drug Administration FDA Requests Marketing Suspension of Trasylol Food and Drug Administration MedEffect Health Canada s Response to the Final Report of the Expert Advisory Panel on Trasylol aprotinin Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Wood Shelly 29 September 2014 Aprotinin Reintroduction Puts Lives at Risk in Canada EU Medscape Retrieved 18 April 2015 McMullan V Alston RP 2013 III Aprotinin and cardiac surgery a sorry tale of evidence misused Br J Anaesth 110 5 675 8 doi 10 1093 bja aet008 PMID 23599511 www ema europa eu PDF Goossens H Ferech M Coenen S Stephens P April 2007 European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Project Group Comparison of outpatient systemic antibacterial use in 2004 in the United States and 27 European countries Clin Infect Dis 44 8 1091 5 doi 10 1086 512810 PMID 17366456 British Columbia Annual Summary of Antibiotics Utilization 2010 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 30 December 2013 Drug topics June 2011 2010 Top 200 generic drugs by total prescriptions A breakdown of the over the counter medicines market in Britain in 2016 Pharmaceutical Journal 28 April 2017 Archived from the original on 22 October 2019 Retrieved 29 May 2017 Bayer s Agricultural Products Retrieved 15 April 2015 Fungicide list Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Nativo label PDF 20 August 2015 Nativo label PDF Archived from the original PDF on 16 April 2015 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Xpro label PDF Archived from the original PDF on 16 April 2015 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Luna label PDF Herbicide list Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Liberty label PDF Capreno label PDF Insecticide list Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 Retrieved 15 April 2015 Belt label PDF Movento label PDF Poncho label PDF Gaucho label PDF Cressey D 2013 Europe debates risk to bees Nature 496 7446 408 Bibcode 2013Natur 496 408C doi 10 1038 496408a PMID 23619669 Gill R J Ramos Rodriguez O Raine N E 2012 Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual and colony level traits in bees Nature 491 7422 105 108 Bibcode 2012Natur 491 105G doi 10 1038 nature11585 PMC 3495159 PMID 23086150 Dicks L 2013 Bees lies and evidence based policy Nature 494 7437 283 Bibcode 2013Natur 494 283D doi 10 1038 494283a PMID 23426287 Stoddart C 2012 The buzz about pesticides Nature doi 10 1038 nature 2012 11626 S2CID 208530336 Osborne J L 2012 Ecology Bumblebees and pesticides Nature 491 7422 43 45 Bibcode 2012Natur 491 43O doi 10 1038 nature11637 PMID 23086148 S2CID 532877 Cressey D 2013 Reports spark row over bee bothering insecticides Nature doi 10 1038 nature 2013 12234 S2CID 88428354 Nature Studies by Michael McCarthy Have we learned nothing since Silent Spring The Independent 7 January 2011 Do people know perfectly well what s killing bees IO9 com 6 January 2011 Bees amp Pesticides Commission goes ahead with plan to better protect bees 30 May 2013 McDonald Gibson Charlotte 29 April 2013 Victory for bees as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population The Independent London Retrieved 1 May 2013 EXTOXNET Extension Toxicology Network Pesticide Information Profile Propoxur June 1996 OLMOS DAVID 14 September 1994 German Firm to Reclaim Bayer Aspirin Name Drugs It will acquire Sterling Winthrop s over the counter business and recover the rights it lost after WWI LA Times Retrieved 3 May 2013 Sale of Roche Consumer Health to Bayer completed Press release Roche 3 January 2005 Archived from the original on 17 September 2016 Bayer HealthCare to acquire OTC Business of Sagmel Inc official press release Archived 14 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Bayer Buys Over the Counter Health Unit From Sagmel Bloomberg 11 March 2008 Bayer CropScience Pesticide Waste Tank Explosion U S Chemical Safety Board Retrieved 4 September 2014 Bayer Pesticide Plant Disaster 2008 Institute West Virginia Semp us Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 14 June 2011 2005 a Record Year for Schering AG Shering AG press release PR Newswire 20 February 2006 Archived from the original on 8 October 2016 a b Kumar 2012 pp 49 52 Laforte Marie Eve 12 July 2006 Bayer completes acquisition of Schering AG First Word Pharma Griffiths Katherine 25 June 2006 Bayer acquires Schering in 17bn deal The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Staff 13 April 2015 Healthy appetite the ten biggest pharmaceutical takeovers Pharmaceutical Technology Bayer Acquires Animal Health Co Bomac in New Zealand Nasdaq Retrieved 3 November 2010 Algeta Board OKs 2 9B Acquisition by Bayer Gen Eng Biotechnol News paper Vol 34 no 2 15 January 2014 p 10 Bayer and Merck Investment Information spiderbook com Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 Retrieved 18 August 2014 Burger Ludwig 10 June 2015 Bayer sells Diabetes Care business to Panasonic Healthcare Reuters Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 Retrieved 10 June 2015 Bayer acquires BlueRock Therapeutics to build leading position in cell therapy BioSpace 8 August 2019 Retrieved 27 November 2019 Already Owning 40 8 of BlueRock Therapeutics Bayer Buys Rest of Company for 600 Million BioSpace Bayer Bolsters Women s Health Pipeline with Acquisition of KaNDy Therapeutics Bayer to Acquire UK Based Biotech KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd BioSpace Bayer takes on Astellas in purchase of experimental menopause relief Reuters 11 August 2020 via www reuters com Conover Damien 26 October 2020 Bayer s Announced Acquisition Adds Needed Boost Morningstar com Retrieved 13 November 2020 Bayer Acquires Noria and PSMA Therapeutics to Expand Pipeline in Prostate Cancer a b c Alessi Christopher 1 September 2015 Bayer Separates Material Science Business Covestro Wall Street Journal Gannon Joyce 1 September 2015 Bayer MaterialScience assumes its new identity as Covestro Pittsburgh Post Gazette Matthews Sheenagh and Webb Alex 6 October 2015 Covestro Jumps on First Day of Trading in Frankfurt After IPO Bloomberg News Bayer 2015 Annual Report Corporate Structure Burger Ludwig amp Prodhan Georgina 23 March 2016 Bayer defies critics with 62 billion Monsanto offer Reuters Retrieved 23 March 2016 Exclusive Monsanto to reject Bayer bid seeking a higher price sources Reuters 24 March 2016 Retrieved 24 March 2016 Bayer confirms 66bn Monsanto takeover BBC News 14 September 2016 Retrieved 5 June 2018 BASF The unexpected winner in the Bayer Monsanto merger Handelsblatt Global Edition 22 March 2018 Retrieved 5 June 2018 Bayer Will Sell More Units to BASF in Bid to Clinch Monsanto Bloomberg News 26 April 2018 Retrieved 5 June 2018 Shevlin Anthony Drozdiak Natalia 13 October 2017 Bayer to Sell Assets to BASF for 7 Billion Amid Scrutiny of Monsanto Megadeal The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 5 June 2018 Competition Bureau asks Bayer to divest some Canadian assets to win Monsanto deal approval The Globe and Mail Retrieved 5 June 2018 White Aoife 21 March 2018 Bayer Clears EU Hurdle for Monsanto Deal With BASF Sale Bloomberg News US set to approve Bayer Monsanto deal with divestures Financial Times 29 May 2018 Retrieved 5 June 2018 subscription required Bayer Wins U S Approval for Monsanto After Two Year Quest Bloomberg com 29 May 2018 Retrieved 5 June 2018 Bayer closes Monsanto acquisition Press release Bayer AG 7 June 2018 Retrieved 25 June 2018 Bayer to ditch Monsanto name after closing 54bn deal The Irish Times Retrieved 5 June 2018 Bayer completes merger of Monsanto India The Economic Times 16 September 2019 Retrieved 17 September 2019 a b Sherman Ruth Bender Graphics by Merrill 28 August 2019 How Bayer Monsanto Became One of the Worst Corporate Deals in 12 Charts Wall Street Journal Retrieved 23 September 2019 Worst deal ever Bayer s market cap now close to the total cost it paid for Monsanto FiercePharma 29 August 2019 Retrieved 23 September 2019 Randazzo Sara 3 February 2021 Bayer Tries Again to Limit Roundup Liability The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 4 February 2021 Bayer organises its Life Science businesses into three divisions Pharmaceuticals Consumer Health and Crop Science www manufacturingchemist com Names Facts Figures about Bayer Bayer 31 December 2015 Retrieved 7 March 2016 Bayer aligns organization with Life Science businesses Bayer News Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 Retrieved 6 March 2016 a b c d e f g Annual Report 2010 Bayer Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 Retrieved 1 March 2011 Fruitnet 4 April 2014 Bayer Cropscience rebrands Nunhems Ram HH and Yadava R Genetic Resources and Seed Enterprises Management and Policies New India Publishing 2007 ISBN 9788189422653 Bayer CropScience LP v Schafer Justia Law Retrieved 19 September 2021 Bloomberg L P 1 July 2011 Bayer Settles With Farmers Over Modified Rice Seeds The New York Times Bayer CropScience to invest 1 billion in U S by 2016 Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Reuters 4 September 2014 Patel Nikhil 30 September 2015 Bayer restructures its operations drops Bayer Healthcare group PMLive Bayer Monsanto pledge U S R amp D spending jobs after merger Reuters 17 January 2017 via www reuters com Monsanto Shares up on Bayer Trump Promise for Billions in U S Investment Jobs Fox Business 13 January 2017 Bayer Monsanto plan 16 billion in R amp D spending half in the U S St Louis Business Journal Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 Missouri Partnership Economic Development Bayer amp Monsanto Complete Merger Establish Global Seeds amp Traits and North American Headquarters in Missouri 11 June 2018 Edwards Greg 18 May 2021 St Louis based Bayer Crop Science names successor to retiring Begemann St Louis Business Journal Retrieved 1 June 2022 Bayer CropScience moneycontrol com Bayer Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Our Bureau Bayer launches multi crop breeding station in Hyderabad The Hindu Business Line Bayer restructures appoints new board members Kresge Naomi 6 May 2014 Bayer to Buy Merck Consumer Health Unit for 14 2 Billion Bloomberg Bayer Focuses on Life Sciences Profile of Pharmaceuticals at Bayer Mattes William B 2008 Public Consortium Efforts in Toxicogenomics In Mendrick Donna L Mattes William B eds Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics Methods in Molecular Biology Vol 460 pp 221 238 doi 10 1007 978 1 60327 048 9 11 ISBN 978 1 58829 638 2 PMID 18449490 InnoMed PredTox Member Organizations Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 Retrieved 25 August 2008 Innovative Medicines Initiative IMI Call Topics 2008 IMI GB 018v2 24042008 CallTopics pdf European Commission Archived from the original on 15 October 2009 Retrieved 25 August 2008 History LANXESS Acquisition of Bayer s Diagnostic Division Finalized Press release Business Wire Communications Bayer AG Bayer to sell its Animal Health business unit to Elanco for 7 6 billion U S dollars Bayer to sell its Animal Health business unit to Elanco for 7 6 billion U S dollars Kitamura Makiko 10 June 2015 Bayer to Sell Diabetes Unit to KKR Unit for 1 15 Billion Bloomberg Bray Chad 18 September 2014 Bayer to Spin Off Plastics Group to Focus on Health Care The New York Times Gannon Joyce 1 June 2015 Bayer to rename its MaterialScience business Covestro Pittsburgh Post Gazette Bayer Bilanz Gewinn und Umsatz Bayer Geschaftsbericht BAY001 wallstreet online de Retrieved 5 November 2018 BAYN DE Key Statistics BAYER AG NA O N Stock Yahoo Finance finance yahoo com Retrieved 5 November 2018 Bayer to reduce size of management board to five Reuters 10 September 2019 Retrieved 23 September 2019 Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fussball GmbH bayer04 de Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 Retrieved 26 January 2017 Top Employer Bayer content eluta ca Workplace Issues Human Rights Campaign Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Hrc org 12 July 2013 Retrieved on 2013 07 17 German Index www standardethicsindices eu Awards of Bayer AG Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 Retrieved 6 May 2019 The Index Rosenblatt Joel Burnson Robert Kresge Naomi 13 August 2018 Bayer Takes the Hit After Monsanto Loses Roundup Cancer Trial Bloomberg Retrieved 18 September 2018 Jury orders Monsanto to pay 289 million to cancer patient in Roundup lawsuit USA Today Burger Ludwig 13 August 2018 Roundup cancer verdict sends Bayer shares sliding Reuters Bellon Tina 18 September 2018 Bayer s Monsanto asks U S court to toss 289 million glyphosate verdict Reuters Monsanto appeals Roundup cancer verdict Phys org Retrieved 30 November 2018 a b Roundup maker Monsanto appeals 78 5 million verdict over Bay Area man s cancer ABC7 San Francisco 21 November 2018 Retrieved 30 November 2018 Egelko Bob 21 July 2020 Award to Vallejo groundskeeper in Monsanto cancer case slashed again verdict upheld San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 3 March 2021 Telford Taylor 26 July 2019 Judge cuts 2 billion award for couple with cancer to 86 7 million in Roundup lawsuit The Washington Post Retrieved 27 July 2019 a b Denham Hannah 24 June 2020 Bayer maker of Roundup weedkiller agrees to pay 10 billion in cancer settlements The Washington Post Washington DC Nash Holdings a b c Chappell Bill 24 June 2020 Bayer To Pay More Than 10 Billion To Resolve Cancer Lawsuits Over Weedkiller Roundup NPR Randazzo Sara 20 July 2020 Bayer Loses Roundup Weedkiller Appeal The Wall Street Journal New York City Dow Jones amp Company Tarazona Jose V Court Marques Daniele Tiramani Manuela Reich Hermine Pfeil Rudolf Istace Frederique Crivellente Federica 3 April 2017 Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC Archives of Toxicology 91 8 2723 2743 doi 10 1007 s00204 017 1962 5 PMC 5515989 PMID 28374158 The BfR has finalised its draft report for the re evaluation of glyphosate BfR Retrieved 18 August 2018 Guston David Ludlow Karinne 2010 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications Inc ISBN 978 1 4129 6987 1 US EPA OCSPP 18 December 2017 EPA Releases Draft Risk Assessments for Glyphosate Announcements and Schedules US EPA Retrieved 18 August 2018 Thomas Katie 25 March 2019 Bayer and Johnson amp Johnson Settle Lawsuits Over Xarelto a Blood Thinner for 775 Million The New York Times Retrieved 15 May 2019 Bronstad Amanda 1 March 2019 A Tale of 2 Trials How These Defense Teams Notched Rare Class Action Verdicts The Law com New York ALM Retrieved 15 May 2019 Frankel Allison 26 February 2019 Lessons from a class action trial Should Bayer s big win embolden defendants Reuters Retrieved 15 May 2019 Khoshnood M McHenry L 2014 Blood money Bayer s inventory of HIV contaminated blood products and third world hemophiliacs Accountability in Research California State University 21 6 389 400 doi 10 1080 08989621 2014 882780 PMID 24785997 S2CID 38140759 Feeley Jef Bross Tim Loh Tim 17 February 2020 February 14 2020 Bayer s Dicamba Hit Tests Patience of Frustrated Investors Bloomberg Retrieved 26 February 2022 Is Fear Driving Sales Of Monsanto s Dicamba Proof Soybeans NPR a b Monsanto BASF Will Pay 250 Million in Punitive Damages in First Dicamba Trial 15 February 2020 a b Archived copy The New York Times Archived from the original on 15 February 2020 Retrieved 15 February 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Bayer Faces More Monsanto Pain with 265 Million Dicamba Award Archived from the original on 15 February 2020 Retrieved 15 February 2020 German firms Bayer and BASF fight 265m US fine over weedkiller BBC News 17 February 2020 Reeves J C 15 December 2020 District Judge orders reduction of punitive damages in dicamba case Southeast Missourian Retrieved 15 December 2020 dead link Rosenblatt Joel Chediak Mark 1 December 2020 Bayer s 650 Million PCB Pollution Settlement Rejected by Judge Claims Journal Retrieved 15 December 2020 dead link Works cited Edit Bangen Hans 1992 Geschichte der medikamentosen Therapie der Schizophrenie Berlin VWB Verlag ISBN 3 927408 82 4 Dickerman Michael 2017 Monowitz In Bartrop Paul R Dickerman Michael eds The Holocaust An Encyclopedia and Document Collection Volume 1 Santa Barbara ABC CLIO pp 439 440 Strzelecka Irena 2000 Experiments In Dlugoborski Waclaw Piper Franciszek eds Auschwitz 1940 1945 Central Issues in the History of the Camp Volume 2 The Prisoners their Life and Work Oswiecim Auschwitz Birkenau State Museum Fernandez Humberto Libby Therissa A 2011 Heroin Its History Pharmacology amp Treatment Center City MN Hazelden Publishing Hager Thomas 2006 The Demon under the Microscope Harmony Books ISBN 1 4000 8214 5 Hayes Peter 2001 1987 Industry and Ideology IG Farben in the Nazi Era Cambridge Cambridge University Press Jacobs Steven Leonard 2017 I G Farben In Bartrop Paul R Dickerman Michael eds The Holocaust An Encyclopedia and Document Collection Volume 1 Santa Barbara ABC CLIO pp 312 314 Jeffreys Diarmuid 2009 2008 Hell s Cartel IG Farben and the Making of Hitler s War Machine London Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Kumar B Rajesh 2012 Mega Mergers and Acquisitions Case Studies from Key Industries New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1137005908 Lewis Derek Zitzlsperger Ulrike 2016 Bayer AG Historical Dictionary of Contemporary Germany Lanham MA and Plymouth Rowman amp Littlefield Lifton Robert Jay Hackett Amy 1998 Nazi Doctors In Berenbaum Michael Gutman Yisrael eds Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 301 316 Rees Laurence 2006 2005 Auschwitz A New History New York PublicAffairs Sanchez Serrano Ibis 2011 The World s Health Care Crisis From the Laboratory Bench to the Patient s Bedside Elsevier ISBN 978 0123918758 Sneader Walter 2005 Drug Discovery A History John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0471899792 Schror Karsten 2016 Acetylsalicylic Acid Weinheim Wiley VCH Tammen Helmuth 1978 Die I G Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft 1925 1933 Ein Chemiekonzern in der Weimarer Republik Berlin H Tammen ISBN 3 88344 001 9 The United Nations War Crimes Commission 1949 Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals Volume X The I G Farben and Krupp trials PDF London His Majesty s Stationery Office pp 1 67 Archived PDF from the original on 11 December 2008 Vardanyan Ruben Hruby Victor 2016 Synthesis of Best Seller Drugs Academic Press Further reading Edit The original Bayer Aspirin wonderdrug com Bayer AG Blaschke Stefan 1999 Unternehmen und Gemeinde Das Bayerwerk im Raum Leverkusen 1891 1914 Cologne SH Verlag ISBN 3 89498 068 0 Cornwell John 2004 Hitler s Scientists Science War and the Devil s Pact London Penguin Books Lesch John E ed 2000 The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century Dordrecht Springer Netherlands Plumpe Gottfried 1990 Die I G Farbenindustrie AG Wirtschaft Technik und Politik 1904 1945 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot Stokes Raymond 1988 Divide and Prosper The Heirs of I G Farben under Allied Authority 1945 1951 Berkeley University of California Press Stokes Raymond 1994 Opting for Oil The Political Economy of Technological Change in the West German Chemical Industry 1945 1961 New York Cambridge University Press Tenfelde Klaus 2007 Stimmt die Chemie Mitbestimmung und Sozialpolitik in der Geschichte des Bayer Konzerns Essen Klartext ISBN 978 3 89861 888 5 Tully John 2011 The Devil s Milk A Social History of Rubber New York Monthly Review Press External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bayer Official website Documents and clippings about Bayer in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Portals Germany Medicine Companies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bayer amp oldid 1146881987, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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