Battle of Madagascar
The Battle of Madagascar (5 May – 6 November 1942) was a British campaign to capture the Vichy French-controlled island Madagascar during World War II. The seizure of the island by the British was to deny Madagascar's ports to the Imperial Japanese Navy and to prevent the loss or impairment of the Allied shipping routes to India, Australia and Southeast Asia. It began with Operation Ironclad, the seizure of the port of Diego-Suarez (now Antsiranana) near the northern tip of the island, on 5 May 1942.[2][7]
| Battle of Madagascar | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Indian Ocean theatre of World War II | |||||||||
King's African Rifles' 25 pdr battery in action near Ambositra in Madagascar against Vichy positions during Operation Stream Line Jane, September 1942. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Naval only: Australia Netherlands Poland | Naval only: Japan | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Robert Sturges Edward Syfret | Armand Annet Noboru Ishizaki | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 10,000–15,000 soldiers 6 infantry tanks 6 light tanks 2 aircraft carriers 1 seaplane carrier 2 battleships 6 light cruisers 22 destroyers 8 corvettes 1 monitor 1 minelayer 4 minesweepers 5 assault transports over 81 aircraft[1] | Vichy France: 8,000 soldiers[2] 6 tanks 35 aircraft[3] 4 warships[4] Japanese Navy 2 soldiers 4 submarines 2 midget submarines 1 reconnaissance aircraft[5] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 107 killed 620 | 152 killed 500 wounded (does not include any casualties caused by disease)[3] 1,000 captured[6] 34 aircraft destroyed 1 midget submarine destroyed 1 midget submarine lost at sea | ||||||||
class=notpageimage| Location of Diego-Suarez Bay | |||||||||
A subsequent campaign to secure the entire island, Operation Stream Line Jane, was opened on 10 September. The Allies broke into the interior, linking up with forces on the coast and secured the island by the end of October. Fighting ceased and an armistice was granted on 6 November.[8] This was the first large-scale operation by the Allies combining sea, land and air forces. The island was placed under Free French control.[9][10]
Background
Geopolitical
Diego-Suarez is a large bay, with a fine harbour, near the northern tip of the island of Madagascar. It has an opening to the east through a narrow channel called Oronjia Pass. The naval base of Diego-Suarez lies on a peninsula between two of the four small bays enclosed within Diego-Suarez Bay. The bay cuts deeply into the northern tip of Madagascar's Cape Amber, almost severing it from the rest of the island.[11]: 133 In the 1880s, the bay was coveted by France, which claimed it as a coaling station for steamships travelling to French possessions farther east. The colonization was formalized after the first Franco-Hova War when Queen Ranavalona III signed a treaty on 17 December 1885 giving France a protectorate over the bay and surrounding territory; as well as the islands of Nosy Be and St. Marie de Madagascar. The colony's administration was subsumed into that of French Madagascar in 1897.[12]
In 1941, Diego-Suarez town, the bay and the channel were well protected by naval shore batteries.[11]: 133
Vichy
Following the Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia east of Burma by the end of February 1942, submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy moved freely throughout the north and eastern expanses of the Indian Ocean. In March, Japanese aircraft carriers raided merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal, and attacked bases in Colombo and Trincomalee in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). This raid drove the British Eastern Fleet out of the area and they were forced to relocate to a new base at Kilindini Harbour, Mombasa, Kenya.[13]
The move made the British fleet more vulnerable to attack. The possibility of Japanese naval forces using forward bases in Madagascar had to be addressed. The potential use of these facilities particularly threatened Allied merchant shipping, the supply route to the British Eighth Army and also the Eastern Fleet.[citation needed]
Japanese Kaidai-type submarines had the longest range of any Axis submarines at the time – more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km) in some cases, but being challenged by the United States Navy's then-relatively new Gato-class fleet submarines' 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km) top range figures. If the Imperial Japanese Navy's submarines could use bases on Madagascar, Allied lines of communication would be affected across a region stretching from the Pacific and Australia, to the Middle East and as far as the South Atlantic.[citation needed]
On 17 December 1941, Vice Admiral Fricke, Chief of Staff of Germany's Maritime Warfare Command (Seekriegsleitung), met Vice Admiral Naokuni Nomura, the Japanese naval attaché, in Berlin to discuss the delimitation of respective operational areas between the German Kriegsmarine and Imperial Japanese Navy forces. At another meeting on 27 March 1942, Fricke stressed the importance of the Indian Ocean to the Axis powers and expressed the desire that the Japanese begin operations against the northern Indian Ocean sea routes. Fricke further emphasized that Ceylon, the Seychelles, and Madagascar should have a higher priority for the Axis navies than operations against Australia.[11]: 116 By 8 April, the Japanese announced to Fricke that they intended to commit four or five submarines and two auxiliary cruisers for operations in the western Indian Ocean between Aden and the Cape of Good Hope, but they refused to disclose their plans for operations against Madagascar and Ceylon, only reiterating their commitment to operations in the area.[11]: 117
Allies
The Allies had heard the rumours of Japanese plans for the Indian Ocean and on 27 November 1941, the British Chiefs of Staff discussed the possibility that the Vichy government might cede the whole of Madagascar to Japan, or alternatively permit the Japanese Navy to establish bases on the island. British naval advisors urged the occupation of the island as a precautionary measure.[11]: 131 On 16 December, General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French in London, sent a letter to the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, in which he also urged a Free French operation against Madagascar.[14]: 223 Churchill recognised the risk of a Japanese-controlled Madagascar to Indian Ocean shipping, particularly to the important sea route to India and Ceylon, and considered the port of Diego-Suarez as the strategic key to Japanese influence in the Indian Ocean. However, he also made it clear to planners that he did not feel Britain had the resources to mount such an operation and, following experience in the Battle of Dakar in September 1940, did not want a joint operation launched by British and Free French forces to secure the island.[14]: 223
By 12 March 1942, Churchill had been convinced of the importance of such an operation and the decision was reached that the planning of the invasion of Madagascar would begin in earnest. It was agreed that the Free French would be explicitly excluded from the operation. As a preliminary battle outline, Churchill gave the following guidelines to the planners[14]: 225 and the operation was designated Operation Bonus:[14]: 225
- Force H, the ships guarding the Western Mediterranean, should move south from Gibraltar and should be replaced by an American Task Force
- The 4,000 men and ships proposed by Lord Mountbatten for the operation, should be retained as the nucleus around which the plan should be built
- The operation should commence around 30 April 1942
- In the event of success, the commandos recommended by Mountbatten should be replaced by garrison troops as soon as possible[14]: 225
On 14 March, Force 121 was constituted under the command of Major-General Robert Sturges of the Royal Marines with Rear-Admiral Edward Syfret being placed in command of naval Force H and the supporting sea force.[11]: 132
Allied preparations
Force 121 left the Clyde in Scotland on 23 March and joined with South African-born Syfret's ships at Freetown in Sierra Leone, proceeding from there in two convoys to their assembly point at Durban on the South African east coast. Here they were joined by the 13th Brigade Group of the 5th Division – General Sturges' force consisting of three infantry brigades, while Syfret's squadron consisted of the flag battleship HMS Ramillies, the aircraft carriers HMS Illustrious and HMS Indomitable, the cruisers HMS Hermione and HMS Devonshire, eleven destroyers, six minesweepers, six corvettes and auxiliaries. It was a formidable force to bring against the 8,000 troops (mostly conscripted Malagasy) at Diego-Suarez, but the chiefs of staff were adamant that the operation was to succeed, preferably without any fighting.[11]: 132
This was to be the first British amphibious assault since the disastrous landings in the Dardanelles twenty-seven years before.[14]: 230
During the assembly in Durban, Field-Marshal Jan Smuts pointed out that the mere seizure of Diego-Suarez would be no guarantee against continuing Japanese aggression and urged that the ports of Majunga and Tamatave be occupied as well. This was evaluated by the chiefs of staff, but it was decided to retain Diego-Suarez as the only objective due to the lack of manpower.[11]: 132 Churchill remarked that the only way to permanently secure Madagascar was by means of a strong fleet and adequate air support operating from Ceylon and sent General Archibald Wavell (India Command) a note stating that as soon as the initial objectives had been met, all responsibility for safeguarding Madagascar would be passed on to Wavell. He added that when the commandos were withdrawn, garrison duties would be performed by two African brigades and one brigade from the Belgian Congo or west coast of Africa.[14]: 231
In March and April, the South African Air Force (SAAF) had conducted reconnaissance flights over Diego-Suarez and No. 32, 36 and 37 Coastal Flights were withdrawn from maritime patrol operations and sent to Lindi on the Indian Ocean coast of Tanganyika, with an additional eleven Bristol Beauforts and six Martin Marylands to provide close air support during the planned operations.[11]: 133
Campaign
Allied commanders decided to launch an amphibious assault on Madagascar. The task was Operation Ironclad, executed by Force 121. It included Allied naval, land and air forces and was commanded by Major-General Robert Sturges of the Royal Marines. The British Army landing force included the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade Group, No 5 (Army) Commando, and two brigades of the 5th Infantry Division, the latter en route to India with the remainder of their division. The Allied naval contingent consisted of over 50 vessels, drawn from Force H, the British Home Fleet and the British Eastern Fleet, commanded by Syfret. The fleet included the aircraft carrier Illustrious, her sister ship Indomitable and the ageing battleship Ramillies to cover the landings.
Landings (Operation Ironclad)
Following many reconnaissance missions by the South African Air Force, the first wave of the British 29th Infantry Brigade and No. 5 Commando landed in assault craft on 5 May, with follow-up waves by two brigades of the 5th Infantry Division and Royal Marines. All were carried ashore by landing craft to Courrier Bay and Ambararata Bay, just west of the major port of Diego-Suarez, at the northern tip of Madagascar. A diversionary attack was staged to the east. Air cover was provided mainly by Fairey Albacore and Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers which attacked Vichy shipping and the airfield at Arrachart. They were supported by Grumman Martlets fighters from the Fleet Air Arm. A small number of SAAF planes assisted. The Swordfish sank the armed merchant cruiser Bougainville and then the submarine Bévéziers, although one Swordfish was shot down by anti-aircraft fire and its crew was taken prisoner.[15] The aircraft shot down had been dropping leaflets in French that encouraged the Vichy troops to surrender.[15]
The defending Vichy forces, led by Governor General Armand Léon Annet, included about 8,000 troops, of whom about 6,000 were Malagasy tirailleurs (colonial infantry). A large proportion of the rest were Senegalese. Between 1,500 and 3,000 Vichy troops were concentrated around Diego-Suarez.[2] However, naval and air defences were relatively light and/or obsolete: eight coastal batteries, two armed merchant cruisers, two sloops, five submarines, 17 Morane-Saulnier 406 fighters and 10 Potez 63 bombers.[citation needed]
The beach landings met with virtually no resistance and these troops seized Vichy coastal batteries and barracks. The Courier Bay force, the 17th Infantry Brigade, after toiling through mangrove swamp and thick bush took the town of Diego-Suarez taking a hundred prisoners of war. The Ambararata Bay force, the 29th Independent Brigade, headed towards the French naval base of Antisarane.[2] With assistance from six Valentines of 'B' Special Service Squadron and six Tetrarch light tanks of 'C' Special Service Squadron they advanced 21 miles overcoming light resistance with bayonet charges.[16] Antisarane itself was heavily defended with trenches, two redoubts, pillboxes, and flanked on both sides by impenetrable swamps.[17] Arrachart airfield was attacked, with five of the Morane fighters being destroyed and another two damaged, while two Potez-63s were also damaged. This attack effectively resulted in the Vichy air strength on the island being reduced by 25 per cent. Two Morane fighters did briefly appear and strafe beaches at Courier Bay, but two more Vichy aircraft were lost on the first day.[18]
On the morning of 6 May a frontal assault on the defences failed with the loss of three Valentines and two Tetrarchs.[16] Three Vichy Potez 63s attempted to attack the beach landing points but were intercepted by British Martlets and two were shot down.[18] Albacores were used to bomb French defences, while a Swordfish managed to sink the submarine Le Héros.[19] By the end of the day fierce resistance had resulted in the destruction 10 out of the 12 tanks the British had brought to Madagascar.[20] The British had been unaware of the strength of the French defences known as the 'Joffre line', and were hugely surprised at the level of resistance they had come across.[21] Another assault by the South Lancashires worked their way around the Vichy defences but the swamps and bad terrain meant they were broken up into groups. Nevertheless, they swung behind the Vichy line and caused chaos. Fire was poured on the Vichy defences from behind and the radio station and a barracks were captured.[17] In all 200 prisoners were taken, but the South Lancashires had to withdraw as communication with the main force was nonexistent after the radio set failed. At this time, the Vichy government in France began to learn of the landings, and Admiral Darlan sent a message to Governor Annet telling him to "Firmly defend the honour of our flag", and "Fight to the limit of your possibilities ... and make the British pay dearly." The Vichy forces then asked for assistance from the Japanese, who were in no position to provide substantial support.[22]
With the Vichy French defence highly effective, the deadlock was broken when the old destroyer HMS Anthony dashed straight past the harbour defences of Antisarane and landed fifty Royal Marines from Ramillies amidst the Vichy rear area.[17] The marines created a "disturbance in the town out of all proportion to their numbers" taking the French artillery command post along with its barracks and the naval depot. At the same time the troops of the 17th Infantry Brigade had broken through the defences and were soon marching in the town. The Vichy defence was broken and Antisarane surrendered that evening, although substantial Vichy forces withdrew to the south.[23] On 7 May British Martlets encountered three Morane French fighters, with one Martlet being shot down. All three of the French fighters were then shot down, meaning that by the third day of the attack on Madagascar, twelve Moranes and five Potez 63s had been destroyed out of a total of 35 Vichy aircraft on the entire island.[18] A further three Potez bombers were destroyed on the ground during a raid on Majunga on 15 May.[18] Fighting continued into 7 May but by the end of the day Operation Ironclad had effectively concluded. In just three days of fighting the British had seen 109 men killed and 283 wounded, with the French suffering 700 casualties.[24]
The Japanese submarines I-10, I-16, and I-20 arrived three weeks later on 29 May. I-10's reconnaissance plane spotted HMS Ramillies at anchor in Diego-Suarez harbour, but the plane was spotted and Ramillies changed her berth. I-20 and I-16 launched two midget submarines, one of which managed to enter the harbour and fired two torpedoes while under depth charge attack from two corvettes. One torpedo seriously damaged Ramillies, while the second sank the 6,993-ton oil tanker British Loyalty (later refloated).[25] Ramillies was later repaired in Durban and Plymouth.
The crew of one of the midget submarines, Lieutenant Saburo Akieda and Petty Officer Masami Takemoto, beached their craft (M-20b) at Nosy Antalikely and moved inland towards their pick-up point near Cape Amber. They were betrayed when they bought food at the village of Anijabe and both were killed in a firefight with Royal Marines three days later. One marine was killed in the action as well. The second midget submarine was lost at sea and the body of a crewman was found washed ashore a day later.[25]
Ground campaign (Operation Stream Line Jane)
Hostilities continued at a low level for several months. After 19 May two brigades of the 5th Infantry Division were transferred to India. On 8 June, the 22nd (East Africa) Brigade Group arrived on Madagascar.[26] The 7th South African Motorized Brigade arrived on 24 June.[27] On 2 July, an invasion force was sent to the Vichy-held island of Mayotte in order to take control of its valuable radio station and to utilise it as a useful base for British operations in the area. The island's defenders were caught by surprise and the key radio station and most of the sleeping defenders were captured. The Chief of Police and a few others attempted to escape by car but were stopped by roadblocks that had been assembled. The island's capture was carried out with no loss of life or major damage.[28]
The 27th (North Rhodesia) Infantry Brigade (including forces from East Africa) landed in Madagascar on 8 August.[29] The Vichy governor of Madagascar Annet attempted to obtain reinforcements from the central Vichy government, particularly in terms of aircraft, but was unable to do so. By August, Vichy air strength on the island primarily consisted of only four Morane fighters and three Potez-63s.[30]
The operation code-named "Stream Line Jane" (sometimes given as "Streamline Jane") consisted of three separate sub-operations code-named Stream, Line and Jane. Stream and Jane were, respectively, the amphibious landings at Majunga on 10 September and Tamatave on 18 September, while Line was the advance from Majunga to the French capital, Tananarive, which fell on 23 September.[31][32]
On 10 September the 29th Brigade and 22nd Brigade Group made an amphibious landing at Majunga, another port on the west coast of the island. No. 5 Commando spearheaded the landing and faced machine gun fire but despite this they stormed the quayside, took control of the local post office, stormed the governor's residence and raised the Union Jack.[33] Having severed communications with Tananarive, the Allies intended to re-launch the offensive ahead of the rainy season. Progress was slow for the Allied forces. In addition to occasional small-scale clashes with Vichy forces, they also encountered scores of obstacles erected on the main roads by Vichy soldiers. Vichy forces attempted to destroy the second bridge on the Majunga-Tananarive road, but only succeeded in causing the central span of the bridge to sag merely 3 ft into the river below, meaning that Allied vehicles could still pass over. Once the Vichy forces realised their mistake, a Potez-63 aircraft was sent to drop bombs to finish off the bridge, but the attack failed.[34] The Allies eventually captured the capital, Tananarive, without much opposition, and then the town of Ambalavao, but the devoutly Vichy Governor Annet escaped.[35]
Eight days later a British force set out to capture Tamatave. Heavy surf interfered with the operation. As HMS Birmingham's launch was heading to shore it was fired at by French shore batteries and promptly turned around. Birmingham then opened her guns up on the shores batteries and within three minutes the French hauled up the white flag and surrendered. From there the South Lancashires and the Royal Welch Fusiliers set out to the south to link up with forces there. After they reached Tananarive they pressed on towards Moramanga and on 25 September they linked up with the King's African Rifles having secured the British lines of communication around the island. At the same time the East African infantry and South African armoured cars set out to find the elusive Governor Annet.[35] The same day, a bombing raid was launched by South African Marylands on a Vichy-held fort in Fianarantsoa, the only major centre of population that was still in French hands and where the remainder of the Vichy aircraft were now based. Tetrarch and Valentine tanks of 'B' and 'C' Special Service Squadrons had been embarked for use in these operations, but they were not used as they could not ford the Ivondro River and the railway bridges were unsuitable.[36]
On 29 September, two companies of the South African Pretoria Highlanders performed the only amphibious landing by South African forces of the entire war at the west coast harbor town of Tulear some 900 miles south of Diego Suarez.[37] HMS Birmingham, 2 destroyers and 200 Royal Marines supported the unopposed landing.
On 6 October, a Morane fighter strafed British positions near Antinchi, and on 8 October a British bombing raid on Ihosy airfield destroyed four Vichy aircraft.[38]
The last major action took place on 18 October, at Andramanalina, a U-shaped valley with the meandering Mangarahara River where an ambush was planned for British forces by Vichy troops. The King's African Rifles split into two columns and marched around the 'U' of the valley and met Vichy troops in the rear and then ambushed them. The Vichy troops suffered heavy losses which resulted in 800 of them surrendering.[35] A single Morane fighter was operational until 21 October, and even strafed South African troops, but by 21 October the only serviceable aircraft the Vichy forces had was a Salmson Phrygane transport aircraft.[39] On 25 October the King's African Rifles entered Fianarantsoa but found Annet gone, this time near Ihosy 100 miles south. The Africans swiftly moved after him, but they received an envoy from Annet asking for terms of surrender. He had had enough and couldn't escape further. An armistice was signed in Ambalavao on 6 November, and Annet surrendered two days later.[40]
The Allies suffered about 500 casualties in the landing at Diego-Suarez, and 30 more killed and 90 wounded in the operations which followed on 10 September 1942.
Julian Jackson, in his biography of de Gaulle, observed that the French had held out longer against the Allies in Madagascar in 1942 than they had against the Germans in France in 1940.[41]
Aftermath
With Madagascar in their hands, the Allies established military and naval installations across the island. The island was crucial for the rest of the war. Its deep water ports were vital for control of the passageway to India and the Persian corridor, and were now beyond the grasp of the Axis.[35] This was the first large-scale operation of World War II by the Allies combining sea, land, and air forces. In the makeshift Allied planning of the war's early years, the invasion of Madagascar held a prominent strategic place.[9]
Historian John Grehan has claimed that the British capture of Madagascar before it could fall into Japanese hands was so crucial in the context of the war that it led to Japan's eventual downfall and defeat.[42]
Free French General Paul Legentilhomme was appointed High Commissioner for Madagascar in December 1942[43] only to replace British administration. Like many colonies, Madagascar sought its independence from the French Empire following the war. In 1947, the island experienced the Malagasy Uprising, a costly revolution that was crushed in 1948. It was not until 26 June 1960, about twelve years later, that the Malagasy Republic successfully proclaimed its independence from France.
Campaign service in Madagascar did not qualify for the British and Commonwealth Africa Star. It was instead covered by the 1939–1945 Star.[44]
Order of battle
Allied Forces
- Battleships
- HMS Ramillies
- Aircraft Carriers
- HMS Illustrious
- HMS Indomitable
- Cruisers
- HMS Birmingham[45]
- HMS Dauntless[45]
- HMS Gambia[45]
- HMS Hermione
- HMS Devonshire
- HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck
- Minelayer
- HMS Manxman[45]
- Monitor
- HMS Erebus[45]
- Seaplane Carrier
- HMS Albatross[45]
- Destroyers
- HMS Active
- HMS Anthony
- HMS Arrow[45]
- HMS Blackmore[45]
- HMS Duncan
- HMS Fortune[45]
- HMS Foxhound[45]
- HMS Inconstant
- HMS Hotspur[45]
- HMS Javelin
- HMS Laforey
- HMS Lightning
- HMS Lookout
- HMAS Napier[45]
- HMAS Nepal[45]
- HMAS Nizam
- HMAS Norman
- HMS Pakenham
- HMS Paladin
- HMS Panther
- HNLMS Van Galen[45]
- HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes[45]
- Corvettes
- HMS Freesia
- HMS Auricula
- HMS Nigella
- HMS Fritillary
- HMS Genista
- HMS Cyclamen
- HMS Thyme
- HMS Jasmine
- Minesweepers
- HMS Cromer
- HMS Poole
- HMS Romney
- HMS Cromarty
- Assault transports
- HMS Winchester Castle
- HMS Royal Ulsterman
- HMS Keren
- HMS Karanja
- MS Sobieski (Polish)
- Special ships
- HMS Derwentdale (LCA)
- HMS Bachaquero (LST)
- Troop ships
- SS Oronsay
- RMS Duchess of Atholl
- RMS Franconia
- Stores and MT ships
- SS Empire Kingsley
- M/S Thalatta
- SS Mahout
- SS City of Hong Kong
- SS Mairnbank
- SS Martand II[46]
- Naval Ground Forces
- Royal Naval Commandos
- Royal Marines
Ground forces
- 29th Infantry Brigade (independent) arrived via amphibious landing near Diego-Suarez on 5 May 1942
- 2nd South Lancashire Regiment
- 2nd East Lancashire Regiment
- 1st Royal Scots Fusiliers
- 2nd Royal Welch Fusiliers
- 455th Light Battery (Royal Artillery)
- MG company
- 'B' Special Service Squadron with 6 Valentine
- 'C' Special Service Squadron with 6 Tetrarch tanks
- Commandos arrived via amphibious landing near Diego-Suarez on 5 May 1942
- No. 5 Commando
- British 17th Infantry Brigade Group (of 5th Division) landed near Diego-Suarez as second wave on 5 May 1942
- 2nd Royal Scots Fusiliers
- 2nd Northamptonshire Regiment
- 6th Seaforth Highlanders
- 9th Field Regiment (Royal Artillery)
- British 13th Infantry Brigade (of 5th Division) landed near Diego-Suarez as third wave on 6 May 1942. Departed 19 May 1942 for India
- 2nd Cameronians
- 2nd Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
- 2nd Wiltshire Regiment
- East African Brigade Group arrived 22 June to replace 13 and 17 Brigades
- South African 7th Motorised Brigade
- Rhodesian 27th Infantry Brigade arrived 8 August 1942; departed 29 June 1944
- 2nd Northern Rhodesia Regiment
- 3rd Northern Rhodesia Regiment
- 4th Northern Rhodesia Regiment
- 55th (Tanganyika) Light Battery
- 57th (East African) Field Battery[46]
Fleet Air Arm
- Aboard HMS Illustrious
- 881 Squadron - 12 Grumman Martlet Mk.II
- 882 Squadron - 8 Grumman Martlet Mk.II, 1 Fairey Fulmar
- 810 Squadron - 10 Fairey Swordfish
- 829 Squadron - 10 Fairey Swordfish
- Aboard HMS Indomitable
- 800 Squadron - 8 Fairey Fulmar
- 806 Squadron - 4 Fairey Fulmar
- 880 Squadron - 6 Hawker Sea Hurricane Mk IA
- 827 Squadron - 12 Fairey Albacore
- 831 Squadron - 12 Fairey Albacore[46]
Vichy France
- Merchant Cruiser Bougainville 2
- Sloop D'Entrecasteaux
- Submarines
- Bévéziers
- Le Héros
- Monge[46]
Land forces
The following order of battle represents the Malagasy and Vichy French forces on the island directly after the initial Ironclad landings.[49]
- West coast
- Two platoons of reservists and volunteers at Nossi-Bé
- Two companies of the Régiment mixte malgache (RMM – Mixed Madagascar Regiment) at Ambanja
- One battalion of the 1er RMM at Majunga
- East coast
- One battalion of the 1er RMM at Tamatave
- One artillery section (65mm) at Tamatave
- One company of the 1er RMM at Brickaville
- Centre of the island
- Three battalions of the 1er RMM at Tananarive
- One motorised reconnaissance detachment at Tananarive
- Emyrne battery at Tananarive
- One artillery section (65mm) at Tananarive
- One engineer company at Tananarive
- One company of the 1er RMM at Mevatanana
- One company of the Bataillon de tirailleurs malgaches (BTM - Malagasy Tirailleurs Battalion) at Fianarantsoa
- South of the island
- Other
- One company of the BTM at Fort Dauphin
- One company of the BTM at Tuléar
Japan
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Sutherland and Canwell, pp. 98-109
- ^ a b c d Rigge pp 103-04
- ^ a b c Wessels 1996.
- ^ Stapleton, Timothy J. A Military History of Africa p. 225
- ^ Sutherland and Canwell, p. 108
- ^ Winston Churchill, Prime Minister (10 November 1942). "MADAGASCAR (OPERATIONS) HC Deb 10 November 1942 vol 383 cc2259-60". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. from the original on 22 May 2014.
- ^ Grehan (2013), p. 18
- ^ Thomas 1996.
- ^ a b Rigge p. 100
- ^ Grehan (2013), Ch. 9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Turner, Gordon-Cummings & Betzler 1961.
- ^ "History of Madagascar". History World. from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
- ^ Chris Madsen. "Imperial Defence in the Indian Ocean, 1928-60" (PDF). The Northern Mariner. Canadian Nautical Research Association. p. 144.
- ^ a b c d e f g Churchill 1950.
- ^ a b Sutherland and Canwell, p. 101
- ^ a b Flint, pp. 68-69
- ^ a b c Rigge pp.105-06
- ^ a b c d Sutherland, Jon; Canwell, Diane (2011). Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. pp. 101–105. ISBN 978-1-84884-336-3.
- ^ Sutherland and Canwell, p. 102
- ^ Grehan, John (2013). Churchill's Secret Invasion : Britains First Large Scale Combined Offensive 1942. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-78159-382-0.
- ^ Grehan, John (2013). Churchill's Secret Invasion : Britains First Large Scale Combined Offensive 1942. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-78159-382-0.
- ^ Grehan, John (2013). Churchill's Secret Invasion : Britains First Large Scale Combined Offensive 1942. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-78159-382-0.
- ^ Combined Operations: the Official Story of the Commandos. Great Britain: Combined Operations Command. 1943. pp. 101–109. ISBN 9781417987412.
- ^ Grehan, John (2013). Churchill's Secret Invasion : Britains First Large Scale Combined Offensive 1942. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-78159-382-0.
- ^ a b Rigge pp. 107–108
- ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 421–422.
- ^ "Stone & Stone: Armies of the Second World War". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- ^ Grehan, John (2013). Churchill's Secret Invasion : Britains First Large Scale Combined Offensive 1942. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-1-78159-382-0.
- ^ Joslen 2003, pp. 425–426.
- ^ Sutherland, Jon; Canwell, Diane (2011). Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-84884-336-3.
- ^ Buckley 1977, pp. 191, 202.
- ^ Chant 1986, pp. 196 (Jane) and 266 (Stream). See also Stream, Line and Jane at Codenames: Operations of World War II (retrieved 2017-11-18).
- ^ "Operation Ironclad: 5–7 May 1942". www.combinedops.com. from the original on 21 March 2009.
- ^ Sutherland and Canwell, p. 110
- ^ a b c d Rigge pp 110-11
- ^ Phillips, Russell (5 May 2021). A Strange Campaign: The Battle for Madagascar. Shilka Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 9781912680276.
- ^ "Operation Rose". Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ Sutherland, Jon; Canwell, Diane (2011). Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-84884-336-3.
- ^ Sutherland, Jon; Canwell, Diane (2011). Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-84884-336-3.
- ^ . Time. 16 November 1942. JSTOR 2. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010.
- ^ Jackson, Julian (2018). A Certain Idea of France: the life of Charles de Gaulle. London: Allen Lane. pp. Chapter 9. ISBN 978-1846143519.
- ^ Grehan, John (2013). Churchill's Secret Invasion: Britains First Large Scale Combined Offensive 1942. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-78159-382-0.
- ^ "In Hands of French: Control of Madagascar". Waikato Times. 15 December 1942 – via Papers Past.
- ^ "Medals: campaigns, descriptions & eligibility", Guidance, UK: Government, from the original on 23 June 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Operation Ironclad: Invasion of Madagascar". from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ Nafziger, George. "Operation Ironclad Invasion of Madagascar 5 May 1942" (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Research Library. (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^ Nafziger, George. "British Infantry Brigades 1st thru 215th 1939-1945" (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Research Library. (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^ "Madagascar, Ordres de bataille" (in French). from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
References
- Buckley, Christopher (1977). Five Ventures: Iraq, Syria, Persia, Madagascar, Dodecanese. H. M. Stationery Office.
- Chant, Christopher (1986). The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II. Routledge.
- Churchill, Winston (1950). The Hinge of Fate. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 396148.
- Flint, Keith (2006). Airborne Armour: Tetrarch, Locust, Hamilcar and the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment 1938–1950. Helion & Company. ISBN 1-874622-37-X.
- Grehan, John (2013). Churchill's Secret Invasion: Britain's First Large-scale Combined Operations Offensive 1942. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 9781781593820.
- Jennings, Eric T. (2001). Vichy in the Tropics: Petain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940–44. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804750475.
- Joslen, H. F. (2003). Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945. Vol. I (repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HM Stationery Office. ISBN 1843424746.
- Rigge, Simon (1980). War in the Outposts. World War II: Time-Life International. Vol. 24. Time-Life Books. ISBN 9780809433797.
- Shores, Christopher (1996). Dust Clouds in the Middle East: Air War for East Africa, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42. London: Grub Street.
- Smith, Colin (2010). England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940–42. Hachette UK. ISBN 9780297857815.
- Sutherland, Jon; Canwell, Diane (2011). Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II. Pen & Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-84884-336-3.
- Thomas, Martin (December 1996). "Imperial Backwater or Strategic Outpost? The British Takeover of Vichy Madagascar, 1942". The Historical Journal. Cambridge University Press. 39 (4): 1049–1074. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00024754. JSTOR 2639867. S2CID 162889286.
- Turner, Leonard Charles Frederick; Gordon-Cummings, H. R.; Betzler, J. E. (1961). Turner, L. C. F. (ed.). War in the Southern Oceans: 1939–1945. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. OCLC 42990496.
- Wessels, André (June 1996). "South Africa and the War against Japan, 1941–1945". Military History Journal. South African Military History Society. 10 (3).
Further reading
- Harrison, E.D.R. (April 1999). "British Subversion in French East Africa, 1941–42: SOE's Todd Mission". English Historical Review. 114 (456): 339–369. doi:10.1093/enghis/114.456.339. JSTOR 580082.
- Nativel, Eric (1998). "La "guérilla" des troupes vichystes à Madasgar en 1942". Revue Historique des Armées. 1.
External links
- exordio.com, ?, "Operación Ironclad" (Spanish language)
- Outline of Japanese involvement