This article is about the ethnic groups of Madagascar. For their language, see Malagasy language. For the residents or citizens of Madagascar, see Demographics of Madagascar.
The Malagasy (French: Malgache) are an Austronesian-speaking African ethnic group indigenous to the island country of Madagascar. Traditionally, the population have been divided by subgroups (tribes or ethnicities). Examples include "Highlander" (ethnically Austronesian/Malay race-Indonesian with less Bantu ancestry) groups such as the Merina and Betsileo of the central highlands around Antananarivo, Alaotra(Ambatondrazaka) and Fianarantsoa, and the "coastal dwellers" (ethnically Bantu with less Austronesian ancestry) with tribes like the Sakalava, Bara, Vezo, Betsimisaraka, Mahafaly, etc. The Merina are also further divided into two subgroups. The “Merina A” are the Hova and Andriana, and have an average of 30–40% Bantu ancestry. The second subgroup is the “Merina B”, the Andevo, who have an average of 40–50% Bantu ancestry. They make up less than 1/3 of Merina society.[1] The Malagasy population was 2,242,000 in the first census in 1900. Their population experienced a massive growth in the next hundred years, especially under French Madagascar.
Malagasy
Top: A Malagasy street vendor; Bottom: A traditional Malagasy Valiha orchestra
The genetics element about the dual origin of the Malagasy can be traced to the mid-20th century with results regarding blood group distribution. An expansive island-wide survey of the genetic diversity has been performed from 2008 to 2018. This project was called "MAGE" (for Madagascar, Anthropology Genetics Ethno-linguistic[2]). Around 3000 inhabitants of Madagascar have participated in this study and provided their saliva for a genetic study. Three hundred villages across Madagascar have been sampled in terms of genetic, linguistic and cultural diversity. This research was led and performed by Malagasy and European researchers and academics. This study demonstrated that all Malagasy people have mixed African and Asian ancestry.[3]
But the proportion of ancestral genes differs. Coastal Malagasy populations, including the Temoro, Vezo, and Mikea, etc. have approximately 70% African ancestry and 30% Asian ancestry,[4] while highlander tribes tend to have lower African ancestry at around 45%.[3] In a recent island-wide survey the male-only Y chromosomes of African origin are more common than those of East Asian origin, but it varies depending on the study (70.7 vs. 20.7 or 51% vs 34%).[5] However the mtDNA lineages, passed down from mother to child, are the opposite (42.4% African origin vs. 50.1% East Asian origin).[6][7]
Due to the proximity to Africa, the connection with Asian populations exhibited the most curiosity. Around 1996, a study was launched in an attempt to identify the presence of the Polynesian motif in the Malagasy population (mtDNAhaplotype B4a1a1a). A more recent study to identify two additional mutations (1473 and 3423A) found in all Polynesian motif carriers of Madagascar, hence named the Malagasy motif.[8] The frequency varied among three ethnic groups: 50% in Merina, 22% in Vezo, and 13% in Mikea. Based on this result, a study suggested that Madagascar was settled approximately 2,200 years ago by a very small group, which consisted of approximately 30 women, where 28 (93%) of them have maritime Southeast Asian descent and 2 (7%) of them have African descent. The Malagasy population existed through the intermixing of the first small founding population. The closest Asian parental population of the Malagasy are the Banjar and other South Kalimantan Dayak people of south east Borneo.[9][10] Language footprints of their ancestors from Southeastern Asia can presently be witnessed by many shared basic vocabulary with Ma'anyan, a language from the region of the Barito River in southern Borneo.
Historical subdivisions
The difference in origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions[citation needed]. In addition to the distinction in term of ancestral proportion between highland and coastal Malagasy, one may speak of a political distinction as well. Merina monarchs in the late 18th and early 19th century, united the Merina principalities and brought the neighbouring Betsileo people under their administration first. They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas. The neighbouring island of Moheli was also ruled by a Muslim Merina dynasty founded by Abderremane, Sultan of Mohéli, who was a brother-in-law of King Radama I. The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis-à-vis the Merina-Betsileo alliance. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony. This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in 1960; candidates' ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections.
Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings, the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups, who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices. These were namely agricultural, hunting, or fishing practices; construction style of dwellings; music; hair and clothing styles; and local customs or taboos, the latter was known in the Malagasy language as fady.[citation needed] The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated. The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the 21st century than they were in the past. But, many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity.
Malagasy were also brought to Latin America, notably Peru, during the Transatlantic Slave Trade. A community of descendants of these Malagasy reside in Morropón (Piura), a city in northern Peru; the Afro-Peruvians of Malagasy descent number about 7,000.[19]Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, the Peruvian army officer who served as the 48th President of Peru from 1931 to 1933, as well as Interim President of Peru, was a notable descendant of this community. They call themselves Mangaches or Malgaches. This section of Piura is called la Mangachería.
The first recorded African slave in Canada, Olivier Le Jeune, was taken from Madagascar to New France in 1628.
^"Genomic investigation of the ancestry proportion of six Malagasy ethnic groups". Researchgate.
^"Madagascar, illustration inédite de la mondialisation génétique | INEE". inee.cnrs.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-02-25.
^ abPierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (2017-08-08). "Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (32): E6498–E6506. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6498P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704906114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC5559028. PMID 28716916.
^Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (2014-01-21). "Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (3): 936–941. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111..936P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321860111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC3903192. PMID 24395773.
^Tofanelli, S.; Bertoncini, S.; Castri, L.; Luiselli, D.; Calafell, F.; Donati, G.; Paoli, G. (2009). (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–2124. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp120. PMID 19535740. S2CID 22042499. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-21.
^Heiske, Margit; Alva, Omar; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Van Schalkwyk, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Letellier, Thierry; Rakotarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Pierron, Denis (2021-01-22). "Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R72–R78. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab018. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 33481023.
^Cox, Murray P.; Nelson, Michael G.; Tumonggor, Meryanne K.; Ricaut, François-X.; Sudoyo, Herawati (2012). "A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1739): 2761–2768. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0012. PMC3367776. PMID 22438500.
^Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Brucato, Nicolas; Cox, Murray P.; Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Adelaar, Alexander; Sudoyo, Herawati; Letellier, Thierry; Ricaut, François-Xavier (2016). "Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 26066. Bibcode:2016NatSR...626066K. doi:10.1038/srep26066. PMC4870696. PMID 27188237.
^Brucato, Nicolas; Kusuma, Pradiptajati; Cox, Murray P.; Pierron, Denis; Purnomo, Gludhug A.; Adelaar, Alexander; Kivisild, Toomas; Letellier, Thierry; Sudoyo, Herawati; Ricaut, François-Xavier (2016). "Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post in Southeast Borneo". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 33 (9): 2396–2400. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw117. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC4989113. PMID 27381999.
^Wendy Wilson-Fall on Malagasy Americans, Afropop.org, Accessed January 18, 2020
^John, Egerton (September 1, 1991). Shades of Gray: Dispatches from the Modern South. p. 134.
^ NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, April 29, 2004. Accessed May 15, 2020.
^An American Family: The Mahammett Family of Maryland, Muslimsinamerica.org, Accessed January 18, 2020
^“Finding Your Roots”: Maya Rudolph, Shonda Rhimes and Keenan Ivory Wayans, Familytreemagazine.com, Accessed May 15, 2020
^Henry Louis Gates Jr., Finding Your Roots, Season 2: The Official Companion to the PBS Series, University of North Carolina Press, 2016, pg. 163
^“Finding Your Roots”: Maya Rudolph, Shonda Rhimes and Keenan Ivory Wayans, Familytreemagazine.com, Accessed February 10, 2020
^Maidei Magirosa (June 26, 2014). "Strong African presence in Peru". thePatriot. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Further reading
Memories of Madagascar and Slavery in the Black Atlantic by Wendy Wilson-Fall, 2015, Ohio University Press—Malagasy diaspora
Sandra Evers, Gwyn Campbell, Michael Lambek (2013). Contest for Land in Madagascar: Environment, Ancestors and Development. African Social Studies Series. Brill. ISBN9004256237, ISBN9789004256231.
February 18, 2023
malagasy, people, this, article, about, ethnic, groups, madagascar, their, language, malagasy, language, residents, citizens, madagascar, demographics, madagascar, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article,. This article is about the ethnic groups of Madagascar For their language see Malagasy language For the residents or citizens of Madagascar see Demographics of Madagascar This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Malagasy people news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Malagasy French Malgache are an Austronesian speaking African ethnic group indigenous to the island country of Madagascar Traditionally the population have been divided by subgroups tribes or ethnicities Examples include Highlander ethnically Austronesian Malay race Indonesian with less Bantu ancestry groups such as the Merina and Betsileo of the central highlands around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the coastal dwellers ethnically Bantu with less Austronesian ancestry with tribes like the Sakalava Bara Vezo Betsimisaraka Mahafaly etc The Merina are also further divided into two subgroups The Merina A are the Hova and Andriana and have an average of 30 40 Bantu ancestry The second subgroup is the Merina B the Andevo who have an average of 40 50 Bantu ancestry They make up less than 1 3 of Merina society 1 The Malagasy population was 2 242 000 in the first census in 1900 Their population experienced a massive growth in the next hundred years especially under French Madagascar MalagasyTop A Malagasy street vendor Bottom A traditional Malagasy Valiha orchestraTotal populationc 26 8 millionRegions with significant populationsMadagascar Comoros Mayotte Reunion Mauritius France United Kingdom United States South Africa Australia Canada New ZealandLanguagesMalagasy FrenchReligionChristianity Traditional Faiths IslamRelated ethnic groupsAustronesian peoplesNative IndonesiansOverseas Indonesians Ma anyanBanjarDusun PakuLawanganother Barito peoplesPolynesiansMicronesiansMelanesiansDistribution of Malagasy ethnic groups Africa portalMadagascar portal Contents 1 Genetics and origins of the populations 2 Historical subdivisions 3 Malagasy diaspora 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingGenetics and origins of the populations Edit Merina children Sakalava children The genetics element about the dual origin of the Malagasy can be traced to the mid 20th century with results regarding blood group distribution An expansive island wide survey of the genetic diversity has been performed from 2008 to 2018 This project was called MAGE for Madagascar Anthropology Genetics Ethno linguistic 2 Around 3000 inhabitants of Madagascar have participated in this study and provided their saliva for a genetic study Three hundred villages across Madagascar have been sampled in terms of genetic linguistic and cultural diversity This research was led and performed by Malagasy and European researchers and academics This study demonstrated that all Malagasy people have mixed African and Asian ancestry 3 But the proportion of ancestral genes differs Coastal Malagasy populations including the Temoro Vezo and Mikea etc have approximately 70 African ancestry and 30 Asian ancestry 4 while highlander tribes tend to have lower African ancestry at around 45 3 In a recent island wide survey the male only Y chromosomes of African origin are more common than those of East Asian origin but it varies depending on the study 70 7 vs 20 7 or 51 vs 34 5 However the mtDNA lineages passed down from mother to child are the opposite 42 4 African origin vs 50 1 East Asian origin 6 7 Due to the proximity to Africa the connection with Asian populations exhibited the most curiosity Around 1996 a study was launched in an attempt to identify the presence of the Polynesian motif in the Malagasy population mtDNA haplotype B4a1a1a A more recent study to identify two additional mutations 1473 and 3423A found in all Polynesian motif carriers of Madagascar hence named the Malagasy motif 8 The frequency varied among three ethnic groups 50 in Merina 22 in Vezo and 13 in Mikea Based on this result a study suggested that Madagascar was settled approximately 2 200 years ago by a very small group which consisted of approximately 30 women where 28 93 of them have maritime Southeast Asian descent and 2 7 of them have African descent The Malagasy population existed through the intermixing of the first small founding population The closest Asian parental population of the Malagasy are the Banjar and other South Kalimantan Dayak people of south east Borneo 9 10 Language footprints of their ancestors from Southeastern Asia can presently be witnessed by many shared basic vocabulary with Ma anyan a language from the region of the Barito River in southern Borneo Historical subdivisions EditThe difference in origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions citation needed In addition to the distinction in term of ancestral proportion between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late 18th and early 19th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighbouring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas The neighbouring island of Moheli was also ruled by a Muslim Merina dynasty founded by Abderremane Sultan of Moheli who was a brother in law of King Radama I The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis a vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the 19th and 20th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in 1960 candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter was known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the 21st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity Highlander ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Bara Betsimisaraka Bezanozano Mahafaly Makoa Mikea Sakalava Tanala Tsimihety VezoMalagasy diaspora EditCountries with a significant Malagasy diaspora include France specifically the overseas departments of Mayotte and Reunion 11 Comoros specifically the island of Moheli South Africa Latin America and the Caribbean and the United States The Malagasy diaspora in the United States includes those descended from people who slave or free came during the 18th and 19th centuries 12 Other Americans of Malagasy ancestry are recent immigrants from Madagascar Some notable Americans who have Malagasy ancestry include Andy Razaf Katherine Dunham Regina M Anderson William H Hastie George Schuyler and Philippa Schuyler Muhammad Ali 13 Robert Reed Church and Mary Church Terrell Frederick D Gregory 14 Thomas P Mahammitt 15 Paschal Beverly Randolph Maya Rudolph 16 Claude McKay Jess Tom Ben Jealous 17 and Keenan Ivory Wayans 18 Malagasy were also brought to Latin America notably Peru during the Transatlantic Slave Trade A community of descendants of these Malagasy reside in Morropon Piura a city in northern Peru the Afro Peruvians of Malagasy descent number about 7 000 19 Luis Miguel Sanchez Cerro the Peruvian army officer who served as the 48th President of Peru from 1931 to 1933 as well as Interim President of Peru was a notable descendant of this community They call themselves Mangaches or Malgaches This section of Piura is called la Mangacheria The first recorded African slave in Canada Olivier Le Jeune was taken from Madagascar to New France in 1628 See also EditMalagasy language Culture of Madagascar Culture of Indonesia Seychellois Creole people Mauritian Creoles Cafres Cape MalayReferences Edit Genomic investigation of the ancestry proportion of six Malagasy ethnic groups Researchgate Madagascar illustration inedite de la mondialisation genetique INEE inee cnrs fr in French Retrieved 2021 02 25 a b Pierron Denis Heiske Margit Razafindrazaka Harilanto Rakoto Ignace Rabetokotany Nelly Ravololomanga Bodo Rakotozafy Lucien M A Rakotomalala Mireille Mialy Razafiarivony Michel Rasoarifetra Bako Raharijesy Miakabola Andriamampianina 2017 08 08 Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 32 E6498 E6506 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114E6498P doi 10 1073 pnas 1704906114 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 5559028 PMID 28716916 Pierron Denis Razafindrazaka Harilanto Pagani Luca Ricaut Francois Xavier Antao Tiago Capredon Melanie Sambo Clement Radimilahy Chantal Rakotoarisoa Jean Aime Blench Roger M Letellier Thierry 2014 01 21 Genome wide evidence of Austronesian Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter gatherer group of Madagascar Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 3 936 941 Bibcode 2014PNAS 111 936P doi 10 1073 pnas 1321860111 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 3903192 PMID 24395773 Tofanelli S Bertoncini S Castri L Luiselli D Calafell F Donati G Paoli G 2009 On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy New Evidence from High Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages PDF Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 9 2109 2124 doi 10 1093 molbev msp120 PMID 19535740 S2CID 22042499 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 01 21 Pierron Denis Heiske Margit Razafindrazaka Harilanto Rakoto Ignace Rabetokotany Nelly Ravololomanga Bodo Rakotozafy Lucien M A Rakotomalala Mireille Mialy Razafiarivony Michel Rasoarifetra Bako Raharijesy Miakabola Andriamampianina Razafindralambo Lolona Ramilisonina Fanony Fulgence Lejamble Sendra Thomas Olivier Mohamed Abdallah Ahmed Rocher Christophe Arachiche Amal Tonaso Laure Pereda loth Veronica Schiavinato Stephanie Brucato Nicolas Ricaut Francois Xavier Kusuma Pradiptajati Sudoyo Herawati Ni Shengyu Boland Anne Deleuze Jean Francois Beaujard Philippe Grange Philippe Adelaar Sander Stoneking Mark Rakotoarisoa Jean Aime Radimilahy Chantal Letellier Thierry 2017 Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 32 E6498 E6506 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114E6498P doi 10 1073 pnas 1704906114 PMC 5559028 PMID 28716916 Heiske Margit Alva Omar Pereda Loth Veronica Van Schalkwyk Matthew Radimilahy Chantal Letellier Thierry Rakotarisoa Jean Aime Pierron Denis 2021 01 22 Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population Human Molecular Genetics 30 R1 R72 R78 doi 10 1093 hmg ddab018 ISSN 0964 6906 PMID 33481023 Cox Murray P Nelson Michael G Tumonggor Meryanne K Ricaut Francois X Sudoyo Herawati 2012 A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 279 1739 2761 2768 doi 10 1098 rspb 2012 0012 PMC 3367776 PMID 22438500 Kusuma Pradiptajati Brucato Nicolas Cox Murray P Pierron Denis Razafindrazaka Harilanto Adelaar Alexander Sudoyo Herawati Letellier Thierry Ricaut Francois Xavier 2016 Contrasting Linguistic and Genetic Origins of the Asian Source Populations of Malagasy Scientific Reports 6 1 26066 Bibcode 2016NatSR 626066K doi 10 1038 srep26066 PMC 4870696 PMID 27188237 Brucato Nicolas Kusuma Pradiptajati Cox Murray P Pierron Denis Purnomo Gludhug A Adelaar Alexander Kivisild Toomas Letellier Thierry Sudoyo Herawati Ricaut Francois Xavier 2016 Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post in Southeast Borneo Molecular Biology and Evolution 33 9 2396 2400 doi 10 1093 molbev msw117 ISSN 0737 4038 PMC 4989113 PMID 27381999 Malagasy expatriates in France Wendy Wilson Fall on Malagasy Americans Afropop org Accessed January 18 2020 John Egerton September 1 1991 Shades of Gray Dispatches from the Modern South p 134 NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project April 29 2004 Accessed May 15 2020 An American Family The Mahammett Family of Maryland Muslimsinamerica org Accessed January 18 2020 Finding Your Roots Maya Rudolph Shonda Rhimes and Keenan Ivory Wayans Familytreemagazine com Accessed May 15 2020 Henry Louis Gates Jr Finding Your Roots Season 2 The Official Companion to the PBS Series University of North Carolina Press 2016 pg 163 Finding Your Roots Maya Rudolph Shonda Rhimes and Keenan Ivory Wayans Familytreemagazine com Accessed February 10 2020 Maidei Magirosa June 26 2014 Strong African presence in Peru thePatriot Retrieved April 15 2015 Further reading EditMemories of Madagascar and Slavery in the Black Atlantic by Wendy Wilson Fall 2015 Ohio University Press Malagasy diaspora Sandra Evers Gwyn Campbell Michael Lambek 2013 Contest for Land in Madagascar Environment Ancestors and Development African Social Studies Series Brill ISBN 9004256237 ISBN 9789004256231 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Malagasy people amp oldid 1140062452, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
