Bacha bazi

Bacha bāzī (Persian: بچه بازی, lit. 'boy play')^[1] is a practice in which men (sometimes called bacha baz) buy and keep adolescent boys (sometimes called dancing boys) for entertainment and sex.^[2][3] It is a custom in Afghanistan and in historical Turkestan and often involves sexual slavery and child prostitution by older men of young adolescent males. It might also be practiced by Afghan refugees in Pakistan.^[4]

Dance of bacha, Samarkand, 1905–1915, Photo by Prokudin-Gorsky

"Portrait of bacha", by Vasily Vereshchagin (1867–1868)

Though outlawed, bacha bazi is still practiced in certain regions of Afghanistan.^[5][6][7] Force and coercion are common, and security officials of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan stated they were unable to end such practices and that many of the men involved in bacha bazi are powerful and well-armed warlords.^[8][9][10]

During times under Taliban currently and previously, bacha bazi carries the death penalty under Taliban law.^[11] Under the post-Taliban government, the practice of dancing boys was illegal under Afghan law, but the laws were seldom enforced against powerful offenders, and police had reportedly been complicit in related crimes.^[12][13] The practice of bacha bazi had decreased under the rule of the post-Taliban government.^[14][15] On 23 September 2016, the Taliban militants in northern Baghlan province executed a man and a boy on charges of “bacha bazi” (pederasty).^[16]

A controversy arose after allegations surfaced that U.S. government forces in Afghanistan after the invasion of the country deliberately ignored bacha bazi abuse by Afghan allies.^[17] The U.S. military responded by claiming the abuse was largely the responsibility of the "local Afghan government".^[18]

History

A study published in 2014 reported that 78% of Afghan men who keep bacha bazi boys are married to a woman.^[19][3] Some Afghans believe that bacha bazi violates Islamic law on grounds that it is homosexual in nature, others believe that Islam only forbids a man to sexually engage with another man, but not with a boy.^[3]

One of the original factors mobilizing the rise of the Taliban was their opposition to the bacha bazi.^[6] After the Taliban came to power in 1996, bacha bazi was banned along with homosexuality. The Taliban considered it incompatible with Sharia law.^[20] Both bacha bazi and homosexuality carried the death penalty,^[11] with the boys sometimes being charged rather than the perpetrators.^[20] Often, boys are selected because they are poor and vulnerable.^[5] Men who have been bacha boys face social stigma and struggle with the psychological effects of their abuse.^[14]

In 2011, in an agreement between the United Nations and Afghanistan, Radhika Coomaraswamy and Afghan officials signed an action plan promising to end the practice, along with enforcing other protections for children.^[21] In 2014, Suraya Subhrang, child rights commissioner at the national Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, stated that the areas practicing bacha bazi had increased.^[20]

In 2022, after the Taliban's return to power following the United States' military disengagement from Afghanistan, it was reported that the abuse persisted in the reinstated Islamic Emirate, with Taliban officials broadly engaging in bacha bazi.^[22]

Modern examples

Clover Films and Afghan journalist Najibullah Quraishi made a documentary film titled The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan about the practice, which was shown in the UK in March 2010^[23] and aired in the US the following month.^[24] Journalist Nicholas Graham of The Huffington Post lauded the documentary as "both fascinating and horrifying".^[25] The film won the 2011 Documentary award in the Amnesty International UK Media Awards.^[26]

The practice of bacha bazi prompted the United States Department of Defense to hire social scientist AnnaMaria Cardinalli to investigate the problem, as ISAF soldiers on patrol often passed older men walking hand-in-hand with young boys. Coalition soldiers often found that young Afghan men were trying to "touch and fondle them", which the soldiers did not understand.^[27]

In December 2010, a leaked diplomatic cable revealed that foreign contractors hired by the American military contractor DynCorp had spent money on bacha bazi in northern Afghanistan. Afghan Interior Minister Mohammad Hanif Atmar requested that the U.S. military assume control over DynCorp training centres in response, but the U.S. embassy claimed that this was not "legally possible under the DynCorp contract".^[28]

In 2011, an Afghan mother in the Konduz province reported that her 12-year-old son had been chained to a bed and raped for two weeks by an Afghan Local Police (ALP) commander named Abdul Rahman. When confronted, Rahman laughed and confessed. He was subsequently severely beaten by two U.S. Special Forces soldiers and thrown off the base.^[29] The soldiers were involuntarily separated from the military, but later reinstated after a lengthy legal case.^[30] As a direct result of this incident, legislation was created called the "Mandating America's Responsibility to Limit Abuse, Negligence and Depravity", or "Martland Act" named after Special Forces Sgt. 1st Class Charles Martland.^[31]

In December 2012, a teenage victim of sexual exploitation and abuse by a commander of the Afghan Border Police killed eight guards. He made a drugged meal for the guards and then, with the help of two friends, attacked them, after which they fled to neighbouring Pakistan.^[32]

In a 2013 documentary by Vice Media titled This Is What Winning Looks Like, British independent film-maker Ben Anderson describes the systematic kidnapping, sexual enslavement and murder of young men and boys by local security forces in the Afghan city of Sangin. The film depicts several scenes of Anderson along with American military personnel describing how difficult it is to work with the Afghan police considering the blatant molestation and rape of local youth. The documentary also contains footage of an American military advisor confronting the then-acting police chief about the abuse after a young boy is shot in the leg after trying to escape a police barracks. When the Marine suggests that the barracks be searched for children, and that any policeman found to be engaged in pedophilia be arrested and jailed, the high-ranking officer insists what occurs between the security forces and the boys is consensual, saying "[the boys] like being there and giving their asses at night". He went on to claim that this practice was historic and necessary, rhetorically asking: "If [my commanders] don't fuck the asses of those boys, what should they fuck? The pussies of their own grandmothers?"^[33]

In 2015, The New York Times reported that U.S. soldiers serving in Afghanistan were instructed by their commanders to ignore child sexual abuse being carried out by Afghan security forces, except "when rape is being used as a weapon of war". American soldiers have been instructed not to intervene—in some cases, not even when their Afghan allies have abused boys on military bases, according to interviews and court records. But the U.S. soldiers have been increasingly troubled that instead of weeding out pedophiles, the U.S. military was arming them against the Taliban and placing them as the police commanders of villages—and doing little when they began abusing children.^[17][34]

According to a report published in June 2017 by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, the DOD had received 5,753 vetting requests of Afghan security forces, some of which related to sexual abuse. The DOD was investigating 75 reports of gross human rights violations, including 7 involving child sexual assault.^[35] According to The New York Times, discussing that report, American law required military aid to be cut off to the offending unit, but that never happened. US Special Forces officer, Capt. Dan Quinn, was relieved of his command in Afghanistan after fighting an Afghan militia commander who had been responsible for keeping a boy as a sex slave.^[1]

In fiction

The musical The Boy Who Danced on Air by Rosser & Sohne premiered off-off-Broadway in 2017.^[36] Inspired by The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan documentary,^[37] it follows Paiman, a bacha bazi who is growing older and will be released from slavery soon. He meets Feda, a fellow bacha bazi, and the two consider running away as they fall in love. In the background, Paiman and Feda's masters, Jahander and Zemar, reckon with America's influence on Afghanistan's society.

The production received positive to mixed reviews. Jesse Green, writing for The New York Times, said the work "[took] the challenge of difficult source material too far... The ick factor here is dangerously high, a problem that the production... labors hard to mitigate through aesthetics," and appreciated the romance but wished it had not attempted "a stab at political relevance."^[37] Jonathan Mandell, writing for New York Theater, said that the Jahander subplot was "one of the ways [Rosser and Sohne] are trying to compensate for their Western perspective and the show's focus on the fictional romance. But their efforts at filling in the background don't strike me as sufficient."^[38] TheaterMania's review called it "both emotionally and intellectually stirring. Anyone who cares about the future of the American musical should run out and see it now—as should anyone who cares about the country in which the United States is presently fighting the longest war in our history."^[36]

After an online stream of the original production was released in July 2020,^[39] the work received significant backlash from Afghans,^[40] particularly LGBT Afghans, who perceived it as romanticizing child sexual abuse and criticized the white American writers for orientalism and misrepresenting bacha bazi as an accepted "tradition" in Afghanistan. The backlash led many to apologize for their involvement with the production and stream; the stream was removed ahead of schedule. After consulting with members of the Afghan community, creators Tim Rosser and Charlie Sohne acknowledged in a statement that "no Afghan voices were empowered in the creation of the show," and chose to end all distribution of the music and donate previous proceeds to Afghan charities.^[2]

See also

•  Afghanistan portal
•  Pakistan portal

• Child sexual abuse
• Human rights in Afghanistan
• Bacha posh, cross-dressing a daughter as a boy for increased social freedom in Afghanistan
• The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan (2010 documentary)
• Khawal, cross-dressed male dancers in pre-20th century Egypt
• Köçek, cross-dressed male dancers in Ottoman Turkey
• Ubayd Zakani, a 14th-century Persian poet
• Anti-Afghan sentiment

References

1. Nordland, Rod (January 23, 2018). "Afghan Pedophiles Get Free Pass From U.S. Military, Report Says". The New York Times. from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
2. Haidare, Sodaba (August 11, 2020). "'Bacha bazi' outrage after pandemic takes play to the small screen". BBC News. from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
3. Jones, Samuel V. (2015-04-25). "Ending Bacha Bazi: Boy Sex Slavery and the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine". Indiana International & Comparative Law Review. 25 (1): 63. doi:10.18060/7909.0005. ISSN 2169-3226.
4. "Boys in Afghanistan Sold Into Prostitution, Sexual Slavery" 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Journal, Nov 20, 2007
5. Qobil, Rustam (September 7, 2010). "The sexually abused dancing boys of Afghanistan". BBC News. from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2016. I'm at a wedding party in a remote village in northern Afghanistan.
6. Mondloch, Chris (Oct 28, 2013). "Bacha Bazi: An Afghan Tragedy". Foreign Policy Magazine. Retrieved Apr 23, 2015.
7. Wijngaarden, Jan Willem de Lind van (October 2011). "Male adolescent concubinage in Peshawar, Northwestern Pakistan". Culture, Health & Sexuality. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 13 (9): 1061–1072. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.599863. JSTOR 23047511. PMID 21815728. S2CID 5058030. from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
8. . ec2-107-21-207-21.compute-1.amazonaws.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-14.
9. Roshni Kapur, The Diplomat. "Bacha Bazi: The Tragedy of Afghanistan's Dancing Boys". The Diplomat. from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
10. "Afghan boy dancers sexually abused by former warlords". Reuters. 2007-11-18. from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
11. "Bacha bazi: Afghanistan's darkest secret". Human Rights and discrimination. from the original on 2021-08-22. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
12. Quraishi, Najibullah Uncovering the world of "bacha bazi" 2016-04-10 at the Wayback Machine at The New York Times April 20, 2010
13. Bannerman, Mark The Warlord's Tune: Afghanistan's war on children 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine at Australian Broadcasting Corporation February 22, 2010
14. "Bacha bazi: the scandal of Afghanistan's abused boys". The Week. 29 January 2020. from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
15. "Afghanistan must end the practice of bacha bazi, the sexual abuse of boys". European Interest. 25 December 2019. from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
16. "Taliban kill 2 people over "bacha bazi" in Baghlan – Archive".
17. Goldstein, Joseph (2015-09-20). "U.S. Soldiers Told to Ignore Sexual Abuse of Boys by Afghan Allies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 2015-09-21. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
18. Londoño, Ernesto. "Afghanistan sees rise in 'dancing boys' exploitation". Washington Post. from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
19. Essar, Mohammad Yasir; Tsagkaris, Christos; Ghaffari, Hujjatullah; Ahmad, Shoaib; Aborode, Abdullahi Tunde; Hashim, Hashim Talib; Ahmadi, Attaullah; Mazin, Rafael; Lucero-Prisno, Don Eliseo (2021-04-03). "Rethinking 'Bacha Bazi', a culture of child sexual abuse in Afghanistan". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 37 (2): 118–123. doi:10.1080/13623699.2021.1926051. ISSN 1362-3699. PMID 33971772. S2CID 234361313.
20. Arni Snaevarr (March 19, 2014). . United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC). Archived from the original on April 8, 2019.
21. "New UN-Afghan pact will help curb recruitment, sexual abuse of children – UN". UN News. 3 February 2011. from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
22. "Photos, video, and testimony suggest that the Taliban are sexually exploiting young boys". Washington Examiner. 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
23. "True Stories: The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan" 2010-08-31 at the Wayback Machine, 29 March 2010
24. "The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan" 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine, PBS Frontline TV documentary, April 20, 2010.
25. Graham, Nicholas (April 22, 2010). "'Dancing Boys Of Afghanistan': Bacha Bazi Documentary Exposes Horrific Sexual Abuse Of Young Afghan Boys (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
26. . Amnesty International UK (AIUK). May 24, 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
27. Brinkley, Joel (29 August 2010). "Afghanistan's dirty little secret". Retrieved 9 May 2016.
28. Boone, Jon (December 2, 2010). "Foreign contractors hired Afghan 'dancing boys', WikiLeaks cable reveals". The Guardian. London. from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
29. Jahner, Kyle (30 September 2015). "'One of the best': Defenders show support for ousted Green Beret". from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
30. Mark, David (28 September 2015). "Green Beret who beat Afghan official over alleged child assault to stay in Army". CNN. from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
31. Jahner, Kyle (2 March 2016). "'Martland Act' would empower U.S. troops to block sexual abuse on foreign soil". Retrieved 9 May 2016.
32. "Betrayed while asleep, Afghan police die at hands of their countrymen". The New York Times, December 27, 2012.
33. "This Is What Victory Looks Like" 2023-08-24 at the Wayback Machine. Vice, May 6, 2013
34. The Editorial Board (2015-09-21). "Ignoring Sexual Abuse in Afghanistan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
35. "Child Sexual Assault in Afghanistan:Implementation of the Leahy Laws and Reports of Assault by Afghan Security Forces" (PDF). Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. June 2017. (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
36. Stewart, Zachary (May 25, 2017). "The Boy Who Danced on Air". TheaterMania. from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
37. Green, Jesse (May 25, 2017). "Review: Tackling a Major Taboo in 'The Boy Who Danced on Air'". The New York Times. from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
38. Mandell, Jonathan (May 28, 2017). "The Boy Who Danced on Air Review: Afghan Slaves in Homoerotic Musical". New York Theater. from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
39. BWW News Desk (June 22, 2020). "Diversionary Announces Online Stream Of THE BOY WHO DANCED ON AIR". Broadway World. from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
40. "AFGHAN DIASPORA ORGANIZATIONS AND MEMBERS CONDEMN RACIST MUSICAL". Afghan Diaspora For Equality & Progress. July 16, 2020. from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2021.

Further reading

• Abdi, Ali (2022). "Bachah-bāzī: A Socio-Erotic Tradition". Afghanistan. 5 (2): 153–171. doi:10.3366/afg.2022.0091. S2CID 252611948.
• Abdi, Ali (2022). "The Afghan Bachah and its Discontents: An Introductory History". Iranian Studies. 56: 161–180. doi:10.1017/irn.2022.42. S2CID 250567083.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bacha bazi.

• Joseph Goldstein, U.S. Soldiers Told to Ignore Afghan Allies' Abuse of Boys, The New York Times (September 2015)
• Confessions of an Afghan Boy Sex Slave, Newsweek (May 2015)
• , Hagar International (April 2014)
• Kandahar Journal; Shh, It's an Open Secret: Warlords and Pedophilia, The New York Times (February 2002)
• This is What Winning Looks Like
• PBS Frontline: The Dancing Boys of Afghanistan
• "The Documentary: Afghanistan's Dancing Boys". BBC World Service. March 23, 2011.