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Australia–India relations

January 01, 1970

Foreign diplomatic relations between Australia and India are well-established, with both nations sharing a "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" since both were part of the British Empire. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, and share political, economic, security, lingual and sporting ties. Besides strong trading & migration, culture, arts, music, commercial & international sports like cricket, tennis, badminton have emerged as a strong cultural connection between the two nations. Military cooperation between Australia and India includes the regular joint naval exercise AUSINDEX.[2]

Australian–Indian relations

Australia
India
Diplomatic mission
High Commission of Australia, New DelhiHigh Commission of India, Canberra
Envoy
Australian High Commissioner to India Philip Green[1]Indian High Commissioner to Australia Manpreet Vohra

History edit

Pre-1788 edit

Prior to colonisation of Australia, there is evidence of ancient migration of Indians to Australia around 4,000 to 5,000 years ago based on DNA and language development in native Indians and Indigenous Australians according to a recent study.[3]

1788–1947: Colonial era edit

The ties between Australia and India started immediately following European settlement of Australia in 1788. On the founding of the penal colony of New South Wales, all trade to and from the colony was controlled by the British East India Company, although this was widely flouted.[4] An early ship built in India from Calcutta, the newly renamed Sydney Cove was marooned, with its cargo of rum, off Tasmania, and the crew (including 12 Indian lascars) made a journey in 1796 CE, initially rowing a long boat, and then a long trek from Tasmania to Sydney, with only one Indian and two British sailors surviving.[5][6]

The Western Australian town of Australind (est. 1841) is a portmanteau word named after Australia and India.[7] Mangalore city is present in both India and Australia (Mangalore, Karnataka, Mangalore, Victoria, Mangalore, Tasmania and Mangalore, Queensland).[8] Australian towns of Cervantes, Northampton and Madura (est. 1876) were used for breeding cavalry horses for the British Indian Army during the late 19th century.[9] The horses were used in the North-West Frontier Province (now Pakistan).

In the early colonies, Indians were brought to Australia as labourers and domestic workers, with migration being curtailed after federation.[10] Gradual migration during the later years of the White Australia policy saw workers moving to Australia especially during periods of labour shortage, such as the Sikhs in Woolgoolga.

1947–present: After Indian Independence edit

 
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi holding a koala at Taronga Zoo in 1968, with Sir Arthur Tange, Australian High Commissioner to India, in the background.

After World War II, the Australian government of Ben Chifley supported the independence of India from the British Empire to act as a frontier against communism.[11] Later, under Robert Menzies, Australia supported the admission of India as a Republic to the Commonwealth Nations. In 1950, Menzies became the first Australian Prime Minister to visit India, where he met with the Governor-General Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[12]

As part of the Colombo Plan,[13] many Indian students were sponsored to come and study in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s. Easing of restrictions in the late 1960s saw an increase in non-European Indians migrating to Australia especially professionals.[10] In 2011–12, Indians were the largest source of permanent migration to Australia.[14] Australia is also the second most popular destination for Indian university students, with nearly 60,000 Indians on student visa in Australia in 2017.[15]

After independence, Australia has maintained relations with both India and Pakistan, with some concern from India over defence sales over the border such as 50 Mirage fighter jets and parts in 2007.[16]

Diplomatic relations edit

India first established a Trade Office in Sydney, Australia in 1941. It is currently represented by a High Commissioner in the Indian High Commission at Canberra and Consulate generals in Sydney, Perth and Melbourne.[17] Australia has a High Commission in New Delhi, India and Consulates in Mumbai and Chennai.[18] In early 2018, the Australian government announced that a Consulate-General in Kolkata would be established particularly to encourage business with India's growing mining sector.[19][20]

Besides both being members of the Commonwealth of Nations, both nations are founding members of the United Nations, and members of regional organisations including the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation and ASEAN Regional forum.

Australia has traditionally supported India's position on Arunachal Pradesh, which is subject to diplomatic disputes between India and the People's Republic of China.[21]

The Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing, a botched attempt to allegedly assassinate the Indian prime minister at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 1978 received significant attention at the time.

Although Australia and India sometimes had divergent strategic perspectives during the Cold War, in recent years there have been much closer security relations, including a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation in 2009.[22]

Recent visits by Indian and Australian prime ministers, such as Tony Abbott's visit in 2014, and later the same year Narendra Modi's visit to Australia - the latter being the first by an Indian prime minister in 28 years,[23] and Malcolm Turnbull's visit in 2017 have continued to progress the relationship.

Australian PM Scott Morrison was scheduled to visit New Delhi in January 2020, but had postponed it due to the bush fires in Australia. The rescheduled plan for May was put on hold due to the outbreak of COVID-19.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has held his first virtual bilateral summit on 4 June, as he hopes to expand the strategic partnership with Australia in the backdrop of China's renewed efforts to step up aggression in the Indo-Pacific region. The summit is happening also amid new tensions between China and Australia over Canberra's call for a global inquiry into the origin of COVID-19.[24] Prime Minister Scott Morrison also made "ScoMosas" and in their virtual summit, they even held talks for strengthening their military alliance.

In March 2022, Australia returned 29 antiquities to India, as part of India's efforts to reclaim its cultural heritage from around the world. The artifacts date back to various time periods, and primarily include sculptures and paintings composed of sandstone, marble, bronze, brass and paper.[25][26]

Australian prime minister Anthony Albanese visited India in March 2023, making him the first Australian prime minister to visit the country since 2017.[27] Prime minister Modi visited Australia in May 2023.[28]

Trade edit

Economic relations edit

 
Monthly value of Australian merchandise exports to India (A$ millions) since 1988[29]
 
Monthly value of Indian merchandise exports to Australia (A$ millions) since 1988[29]

While India was Australia's first major trading partner with imports through the East India Company, exports from Australia to India dates back to the late 18th century and early 19th century, when coal from Sydney and horses from New South Wales were exported to India. As of 2016, bilateral trade between the two countries totaled A$21.9 billion, having grown from A$4.3 billion in 2003. Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull said Australia and India's $20 billion two-way trade was "a fraction of what we should aspire to, given the many points of intersection between our economies".[30] Trade is highly skewed towards Australia. Australia mainly exports Coal, services (mainly education), vegetables for consumer consumption, gold, copper ores and concentrates, while India's chief exports are refined petroleum, services (professional services such as outsourcing), medicaments, pearls, gems and jewelry.[31] Over 97,000 Indian students enrolled in Australia in 2008, representing an education export of A$2 billion.[32][29] The Census 2016 of Australia reveals it is home to more migrants from Asia than from Europe[33]

In the year 2015-16, the total value of trade between Australia and India was A$19.4 billion, a significant increase over the preceding decade. Australian exports included coal, vegetables and gold, and Indian exports included refined petroleum, medicines and business services.[34]

India and Australia have established a $100 million Strategic Research Fund.[15]

Uranium export to India edit

After a series of attempts by prime ministers of all parties John Howard, Kevin Rudd,[35] Julia Gillard,[36] and Tony Abbott[37] eventually in 2016 under Malcolm Turnbull, both Australian political parties opened the door for uranium exports,[38] with trade starting in 2017.[39]

Trade agreement edit

A notable exception from the Australia and India relationship has been a free trade agreement. Despite warm relationships between India and Australia, a promised free trade agreement seems unlikely, with Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull suggesting after his 2017 visit with his counterpart Narendra Modi "It may be that the conclusion will be reached that the parties are too far apart to enable a deal to be reached at this time". Attempts by India to encourage overseas workers in Australia through the loosening of the 457 visa[30] may also have failed as the government attempts to curb, end and/or replace the visa class traditionally used by Indian IT workers.[40]

On 2nd April 2022, India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (IndAus ECTA) was signed between the two countries to enhance bilateral economic cooperation and increase trade.[41] The agreement was signed by Piyush Goyal, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and Textiles, Government of India and Dan Tehan, the Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment, Government of Australia in a virtual ceremony, in the presence of Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of Australia, Scott Morrison.

PM Albanese visited India in March 2023. During the visit, he also led a trade delegation, which included Trade Minister Don Farrell and Resources Minister Madeleine King, after the implementation of the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) between Australia and India on 29 December 2022.

Military relations edit

Indian Army and Australian Army practised room intervention and slithering ops of small teams by Dhruv helicopter during AustraHind 2022

India and Australia have a long history of military relations, going back before independence when Indian soldiers fought alongside Australian soldiers in a number of campaigns, including both World Wars, such as the 15,000 Indian soldiers who fought with Australians at Gallipoli.[42] Every two years, Australia and India also conduct a joint naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, called AUSINDEX.[2] In 2019, AUSINDEX focused on anti-submarine warfare.[43]

After independence, Australia offered military aid to India in 1963 in response to the Sino-Indian War.[44]

In recent times, India and Australia conducted a joint naval exercise, termed Malabar 2007, in the Indian Ocean alongside the US and Japan.[45]

 
The Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on his visit to India, embarked the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant and was received with a Guard of Honour.

Some commentators have suggested that there are considerable opportunities for defence and security cooperation between India and Australia. Potential areas in maritime security include in naval exercises and training (such as use of the Australian Submarine Escape Training facility in Fremantle), greater cooperation in humanitarian and disaster relief operations and search and rescue, maritime border protection and maritime domain awareness. There are also opportunities for greater cooperation between the Indian and Australian armies and air forces (reflecting the greater use of shared platforms).[46]

Prime Ministers Abbott and Modi signed a landmark deal to increase their nations defence relationship in November 2014. Part of the framework for security co-operation includes annual Prime Ministerial meetings and joint maritime exercises. Areas of increased co-operation include counter-terrorism, border control and regional and international institutions.[47] Prime Minister Modi stated in an address to the Australian parliament that "This is a natural partnership emerging from our shared values and interests and strategic maritime locations...Security and defence are important and growing areas of the new India-Australia partnership for advancing regional peace and stability and combating terrorism and transnational crimes"[48]

On 4 June 2020, India and Australia signed an agreement to provide access to one another's military bases, in order to help facilitate joint military exercises. Known as the Mutual Logistics Support Agreement, it allows each country to use the other's bases for the refuelling and maintenance of aircraft and naval vessels.[49] The agreement was reached over a virtual summit between Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Scott Morrison due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[50]

Cricket relations edit

 
One-day International cricket match between Australia and India, MCG January 2004
See also: Border–Gavaskar Trophy

A prominent sports passion in both Commonwealth countries is professional cricket.[51] In 1945, the Australian Services cricket team toured India during their return to Australia for demobilisation, and played against the Indian cricket team. However, those matches were not given Test status. The first Test matches between the countries occurred in 1947–48 after the independence of India, when India toured Australia and played five Tests. Australia won 4–0 and as a result, the Australian Board of Control did not invite the Indians back for two decades, fearing that a series of one-sided contests would lead to financial losses due to lack of spectator interest. In the meantime, Australia toured India in late 1956, 1959–60 and 1964–65.

The 1969–70 series in India, which Australia won, were marred by repeated riots. Some were against the Australian team specifically, after the Indian umpires had ruled against the Indian team, while others were not related to on-field conduct, such as a lack of tickets. Several players were hit by projectiles, including captain Bill Lawry, who was hit with a chair. On one occasion, the Australian bus was stoned. The Communist Party of India (CPI), a major political party in West Bengal, protested against Australian batsman Doug Walters, who they mistakenly thought had fought against the communist Vietcong.[52][53] Around 10,000 communists picketed the Australians' hotel in Calcutta and some eventually broke in and vandalised it.[53][54] Towards the end of the tour, many former Australian players, some of them administrators, called for the tour to be abandoned for safety reasons, saying that cricket should not descend into violence.[54][55]

From 1970 until 1996, Australia only toured India twice for Tests. However, with the financial rise of the Board of Control for Cricket in India, Australia, the country with the most successful playing record in the world, has sought more regular fixtures. Test series have occurred every two years for the last decade, and one-day series even more frequently. Scholarships are also given to talented young Indian cricketers to train at the Australian Cricket Academy.

 
Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese (left) and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the cricket team captains at the 75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event.

In January 2008, relations became strained after the second test in Sydney. The match, which ended in a last-minute Australian victory, was marred by a series of umpiring controversies, and belligerent conduct between some of the players. At the end of the match, Harbhajan Singh was charged with racially abusing Andrew Symonds, who had been subjected to monkey chants by Indian crowds on a tour a few months earlier. Harbhajan was initially found guilty and given a ban,[56] and the Board of Control for Cricket in India threatened to cancel the tour. Harbhajan's ban was later repealed upon appeal and the tour continued. Both teams were heavily criticised for their conduct. During Australia's tour in India there were a number of controversies instigated on both sides, culminating in Virat Kohli saying his friendship with Australia coming to an end. He later clarified the comments and said “I thought that was the case, but it has changed for sure. As I said, in the heat of the battle you want to be competitive but I’ve been proven wrong. The thing I said before the first Test [about being mates with Australia], that has certainly changed and you won’t hear me say that ever again.”[57]

However cricket, and more recently Indian Premier League has been considered "the lifeblood of the Australia-India relationship",[51] and Australian cricketers like Shane Warne, Adam Gilchrist and Brett Lee are immensely popular among the Indian people. Likewise, Sachin Tendulkar is highly regarded among Australian cricket lovers.

In March 2023, PM Narendra Modi hosted his counterpart PM Anthony Albanese during the fourth test match of the 2024 Border–Gavaskar Trophy, as a tribute to the 75 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries.[58]

Hockey Relations edit

 
India v Australia 1935. Dhyan Chand had just hit a goal

India and Australia also have strong ties to field hockey which came to both countries with the British military. In India from the mid-19th century, British army regiments played the game which was subsequently picked up by their India regimental counterparts. The country's first hockey club was formed in Calcutta in 1885–86.[59] Hockey in Australia was introduced by British naval officers in the late 19th century.[60] Evidence of the first organised hockey there was the establishment of the South Australian Hockey Association in 1903.

Teams from both countries have been among the top in the world for many years and have therefore frequently encountered each other on the hockey field. India dominated world hockey between 1928 and 1956, with the men's team winning six consecutive Olympic gold medals. The women's team won gold in 2002 Commonwealth Games, 2003 Afro-Asian Games and 2004 Asia Cup. Australia has found success mainly since the late 1970s, with the men's and women's teams winning gold medals at Olympic Games, World Cup, Champion's Trophy and Commonwealth Games meets.

The first international match between the two countries and the first international match played in Australia was at Richmond Cricket Ground in 1935, when the world champion team from India beat Australia 12 goals to one. The visitors featured hockey supremo Dhyan Chand.[61]

Following the partition of India in 1947, Anglo-Indian brothers Julian, Eric, Cec, Mel and Gordon Pearce, emigrated to Australia from India. All five went on to become successful international players for their adopted country.[62] When India faced Australia in the 1960 Rome Olympics, The great Leslie Claudius an Anglo-Indian captained India, his opposite number Kevin Carton also an Anglo Indian was the captain of the Australian national team who lost 0–1 to India.

Expatriates edit

Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin edit

Main article: Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin

India has the largest diaspora population in the world,[63] and many live in Australia.[14] Non resident Indians (NRI) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) maintain strong cultural and economic links with India. However, the Constitution of India does not allow dual citizenship, so for many expatriates taking up residency, and eventually citizenship in Australian, this has led to loss of privileges in India, such as residency rights. India is one of the few remaining countries that prevent dual citizenship, and there have been attempts to resolve this, through Long Term Visas and more recently a pseudo-citizenship Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) has been created that has been taken up positively, with many Australians OCIs, cricketer Shaun Tait being a famous example, who are able to take residency in India without applying for a visa. However privileges of OCI holders depends on the Government policy of the day, and there have been instances where they have been denied additional rights afforded to full Indian citizens, such as during the 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation where non-citizens, including OCIs were denied rights to bring rupee notes back into the country.[64]

Issues and controversies edit

There have been a number of incidents concerning citizens of both countries that received media attention:

  • 2007 - Mohamed Haneef, was falsely accused of terrorism related crimes. He was later released and compensated.

Treaties edit

A number of treaties before Indian independence or Australian federation are still honoured, such as extradition treaties and criminal cooperation. Since Indian independence, there have been several treaties between the two countries:

  • Postal, Money Order and Air service treaties.
  • Commonwealth of Nations treaties.
  • Cooperative aid to other countries.[66]
  • Mutual protection of Patents in 1963.[67]
  • A cultural agreement in 1971.[68]
  • An agreement to discuss trade in 1976[69]
  • Science and Technology cooperation agreements in 1975[70] and 1986.[71]
  • Australia has been involved with peace keeping missions between India and Pakistan.[72]
  • Taxation cooperation treaties in 1983,[73] 1991,[74] and 2011.[75]
  • Development cooperation agreement in 1990.[76]
  • Promoting and protecting investments in 2000.[77]
  • Peaceful use of Nuclear Energy in 2014 in order to purchase uranium[78] from Australia.[79]
  • A Social Security agreement in 2016.[80]

Resident diplomatic missions edit

  •  
    High Commission of Australia in New Delhi
  •  
    High Commission of India in Canberra

See also edit

Links edit

  • PM Narendra Modi being accorded a Ceremonial Welcome at Australian Parliament, Canberra

References edit

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  80. ^ "Agreement between Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Social Security (Canberra, 18 November 2014) - ATS 2 of 2016”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.
  81. ^ Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "Australian High Commission in". india.highcommission.gov.au.
  82. ^ "High Commission of India, Canberra, Australia". www.hcicanberra.gov.in.

Further reading edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Australia and India.
  • Grand Stakes: Australia’s Future between China and India by Rory Medcalf, Strategic Asia 2011-12: Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers - China and India (September 2011)
  • Gurry, Meg (2015). Australia and India: Mapping the Journey, 1944-2014. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 9780522868036. review
  • Harte, Chris (1993). A History of Australian Cricket. Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-233-98825-4.
  • Mallett, Ashley (2009). One of a Kind: The Doug Walters Story. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-029-4.

January 01, 1970
australia, india, relations, foreign, diplomatic, relations, between, australia, india, well, established, with, both, nations, sharing, comprehensive, strategic, partnership, since, both, were, part, british, empire, both, members, commonwealth, nations, shar. Foreign diplomatic relations between Australia and India are well established with both nations sharing a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership since both were part of the British Empire Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and share political economic security lingual and sporting ties Besides strong trading amp migration culture arts music commercial amp international sports like cricket tennis badminton have emerged as a strong cultural connection between the two nations Military cooperation between Australia and India includes the regular joint naval exercise AUSINDEX 2 Australian Indian relationsAustralia IndiaDiplomatic missionHigh Commission of Australia New DelhiHigh Commission of India CanberraEnvoyAustralian High Commissioner to India Philip Green 1 Indian High Commissioner to Australia Manpreet VohraContents 1 History 1 1 Pre 1788 1 2 1788 1947 Colonial era 1 3 1947 present After Indian Independence 2 Diplomatic relations 3 Trade 3 1 Economic relations 3 2 Uranium export to India 3 3 Trade agreement 4 Military relations 5 Cricket relations 6 Hockey Relations 7 Expatriates 7 1 Non resident Indian and person of Indian origin 7 2 Issues and controversies 8 Treaties 9 Resident diplomatic missions 10 See also 11 Links 12 References 13 Further readingHistory editPre 1788 edit Prior to colonisation of Australia there is evidence of ancient migration of Indians to Australia around 4 000 to 5 000 years ago based on DNA and language development in native Indians and Indigenous Australians according to a recent study 3 1788 1947 Colonial era edit The ties between Australia and India started immediately following European settlement of Australia in 1788 On the founding of the penal colony of New South Wales all trade to and from the colony was controlled by the British East India Company although this was widely flouted 4 An early ship built in India from Calcutta the newly renamed Sydney Cove was marooned with its cargo of rum off Tasmania and the crew including 12 Indian lascars made a journey in 1796 CE initially rowing a long boat and then a long trek from Tasmania to Sydney with only one Indian and two British sailors surviving 5 6 The Western Australian town of Australind est 1841 is a portmanteau word named after Australia and India 7 Mangalore city is present in both India and Australia Mangalore Karnataka Mangalore Victoria Mangalore Tasmania and Mangalore Queensland 8 Australian towns of Cervantes Northampton and Madura est 1876 were used for breeding cavalry horses for the British Indian Army during the late 19th century 9 The horses were used in the North West Frontier Province now Pakistan In the early colonies Indians were brought to Australia as labourers and domestic workers with migration being curtailed after federation 10 Gradual migration during the later years of the White Australia policy saw workers moving to Australia especially during periods of labour shortage such as the Sikhs in Woolgoolga 1947 present After Indian Independence edit nbsp Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi holding a koala at Taronga Zoo in 1968 with Sir Arthur Tange Australian High Commissioner to India in the background After World War II the Australian government of Ben Chifley supported the independence of India from the British Empire to act as a frontier against communism 11 Later under Robert Menzies Australia supported the admission of India as a Republic to the Commonwealth Nations In 1950 Menzies became the first Australian Prime Minister to visit India where he met with the Governor General Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru 12 As part of the Colombo Plan 13 many Indian students were sponsored to come and study in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s Easing of restrictions in the late 1960s saw an increase in non European Indians migrating to Australia especially professionals 10 In 2011 12 Indians were the largest source of permanent migration to Australia 14 Australia is also the second most popular destination for Indian university students with nearly 60 000 Indians on student visa in Australia in 2017 15 After independence Australia has maintained relations with both India and Pakistan with some concern from India over defence sales over the border such as 50 Mirage fighter jets and parts in 2007 16 Diplomatic relations editIndia first established a Trade Office in Sydney Australia in 1941 It is currently represented by a High Commissioner in the Indian High Commission at Canberra and Consulate generals in Sydney Perth and Melbourne 17 Australia has a High Commission in New Delhi India and Consulates in Mumbai and Chennai 18 In early 2018 the Australian government announced that a Consulate General in Kolkata would be established particularly to encourage business with India s growing mining sector 19 20 Besides both being members of the Commonwealth of Nations both nations are founding members of the United Nations and members of regional organisations including the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation and ASEAN Regional forum Australia has traditionally supported India s position on Arunachal Pradesh which is subject to diplomatic disputes between India and the People s Republic of China 21 The Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing a botched attempt to allegedly assassinate the Indian prime minister at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 1978 received significant attention at the time Although Australia and India sometimes had divergent strategic perspectives during the Cold War in recent years there have been much closer security relations including a Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation in 2009 22 Recent visits by Indian and Australian prime ministers such as Tony Abbott s visit in 2014 and later the same year Narendra Modi s visit to Australia the latter being the first by an Indian prime minister in 28 years 23 and Malcolm Turnbull s visit in 2017 have continued to progress the relationship Australian PM Scott Morrison was scheduled to visit New Delhi in January 2020 but had postponed it due to the bush fires in Australia The rescheduled plan for May was put on hold due to the outbreak of COVID 19 Prime Minister Narendra Modi has held his first virtual bilateral summit on 4 June as he hopes to expand the strategic partnership with Australia in the backdrop of China s renewed efforts to step up aggression in the Indo Pacific region The summit is happening also amid new tensions between China and Australia over Canberra s call for a global inquiry into the origin of COVID 19 24 Prime Minister Scott Morrison also made ScoMosas and in their virtual summit they even held talks for strengthening their military alliance In March 2022 Australia returned 29 antiquities to India as part of India s efforts to reclaim its cultural heritage from around the world The artifacts date back to various time periods and primarily include sculptures and paintings composed of sandstone marble bronze brass and paper 25 26 Australian prime minister Anthony Albanese visited India in March 2023 making him the first Australian prime minister to visit the country since 2017 27 Prime minister Modi visited Australia in May 2023 28 Trade editEconomic relations edit nbsp Monthly value of Australian merchandise exports to India A millions since 1988 29 nbsp Monthly value of Indian merchandise exports to Australia A millions since 1988 29 While India was Australia s first major trading partner with imports through the East India Company exports from Australia to India dates back to the late 18th century and early 19th century when coal from Sydney and horses from New South Wales were exported to India As of 2016 update bilateral trade between the two countries totaled A 21 9 billion having grown from A 4 3 billion in 2003 Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull said Australia and India s 20 billion two way trade was a fraction of what we should aspire to given the many points of intersection between our economies 30 Trade is highly skewed towards Australia Australia mainly exports Coal services mainly education vegetables for consumer consumption gold copper ores and concentrates while India s chief exports are refined petroleum services professional services such as outsourcing medicaments pearls gems and jewelry 31 Over 97 000 Indian students enrolled in Australia in 2008 representing an education export of A 2 billion 32 29 The Census 2016 of Australia reveals it is home to more migrants from Asia than from Europe 33 In the year 2015 16 the total value of trade between Australia and India was A 19 4 billion a significant increase over the preceding decade Australian exports included coal vegetables and gold and Indian exports included refined petroleum medicines and business services 34 India and Australia have established a 100 million Strategic Research Fund 15 Uranium export to India edit After a series of attempts by prime ministers of all parties John Howard Kevin Rudd 35 Julia Gillard 36 and Tony Abbott 37 eventually in 2016 under Malcolm Turnbull both Australian political parties opened the door for uranium exports 38 with trade starting in 2017 39 Trade agreement edit A notable exception from the Australia and India relationship has been a free trade agreement Despite warm relationships between India and Australia a promised free trade agreement seems unlikely with Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull suggesting after his 2017 visit with his counterpart Narendra Modi It may be that the conclusion will be reached that the parties are too far apart to enable a deal to be reached at this time Attempts by India to encourage overseas workers in Australia through the loosening of the 457 visa 30 may also have failed as the government attempts to curb end and or replace the visa class traditionally used by Indian IT workers 40 On 2nd April 2022 India Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement IndAus ECTA was signed between the two countries to enhance bilateral economic cooperation and increase trade 41 The agreement was signed by Piyush Goyal Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution and Textiles Government of India and Dan Tehan the Minister for Trade Tourism and Investment Government of Australia in a virtual ceremony in the presence of Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison PM Albanese visited India in March 2023 During the visit he also led a trade delegation which included Trade Minister Don Farrell and Resources Minister Madeleine King after the implementation of the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement ECTA between Australia and India on 29 December 2022 Military relations edit source source source source source Indian Army and Australian Army practised room intervention and slithering ops of small teams by Dhruv helicopter during AustraHind 2022 India and Australia have a long history of military relations going back before independence when Indian soldiers fought alongside Australian soldiers in a number of campaigns including both World Wars such as the 15 000 Indian soldiers who fought with Australians at Gallipoli 42 Every two years Australia and India also conduct a joint naval exercise in the Indian Ocean called AUSINDEX 2 In 2019 AUSINDEX focused on anti submarine warfare 43 After independence Australia offered military aid to India in 1963 in response to the Sino Indian War 44 In recent times India and Australia conducted a joint naval exercise termed Malabar 2007 in the Indian Ocean alongside the US and Japan 45 nbsp The Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on his visit to India embarked the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant and was received with a Guard of Honour Some commentators have suggested that there are considerable opportunities for defence and security cooperation between India and Australia Potential areas in maritime security include in naval exercises and training such as use of the Australian Submarine Escape Training facility in Fremantle greater cooperation in humanitarian and disaster relief operations and search and rescue maritime border protection and maritime domain awareness There are also opportunities for greater cooperation between the Indian and Australian armies and air forces reflecting the greater use of shared platforms 46 Prime Ministers Abbott and Modi signed a landmark deal to increase their nations defence relationship in November 2014 Part of the framework for security co operation includes annual Prime Ministerial meetings and joint maritime exercises Areas of increased co operation include counter terrorism border control and regional and international institutions 47 Prime Minister Modi stated in an address to the Australian parliament that This is a natural partnership emerging from our shared values and interests and strategic maritime locations Security and defence are important and growing areas of the new India Australia partnership for advancing regional peace and stability and combating terrorism and transnational crimes 48 On 4 June 2020 India and Australia signed an agreement to provide access to one another s military bases in order to help facilitate joint military exercises Known as the Mutual Logistics Support Agreement it allows each country to use the other s bases for the refuelling and maintenance of aircraft and naval vessels 49 The agreement was reached over a virtual summit between Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Scott Morrison due to the COVID 19 pandemic 50 Cricket relations edit nbsp One day International cricket match between Australia and India MCG January 2004 See also Border Gavaskar Trophy A prominent sports passion in both Commonwealth countries is professional cricket 51 In 1945 the Australian Services cricket team toured India during their return to Australia for demobilisation and played against the Indian cricket team However those matches were not given Test status The first Test matches between the countries occurred in 1947 48 after the independence of India when India toured Australia and played five Tests Australia won 4 0 and as a result the Australian Board of Control did not invite the Indians back for two decades fearing that a series of one sided contests would lead to financial losses due to lack of spectator interest In the meantime Australia toured India in late 1956 1959 60 and 1964 65 The 1969 70 series in India which Australia won were marred by repeated riots Some were against the Australian team specifically after the Indian umpires had ruled against the Indian team while others were not related to on field conduct such as a lack of tickets Several players were hit by projectiles including captain Bill Lawry who was hit with a chair On one occasion the Australian bus was stoned The Communist Party of India CPI a major political party in West Bengal protested against Australian batsman Doug Walters who they mistakenly thought had fought against the communist Vietcong 52 53 Around 10 000 communists picketed the Australians hotel in Calcutta and some eventually broke in and vandalised it 53 54 Towards the end of the tour many former Australian players some of them administrators called for the tour to be abandoned for safety reasons saying that cricket should not descend into violence 54 55 From 1970 until 1996 Australia only toured India twice for Tests However with the financial rise of the Board of Control for Cricket in India Australia the country with the most successful playing record in the world has sought more regular fixtures Test series have occurred every two years for the last decade and one day series even more frequently Scholarships are also given to talented young Indian cricketers to train at the Australian Cricket Academy nbsp Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese left and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the cricket team captains at the 75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event In January 2008 relations became strained after the second test in Sydney The match which ended in a last minute Australian victory was marred by a series of umpiring controversies and belligerent conduct between some of the players At the end of the match Harbhajan Singh was charged with racially abusing Andrew Symonds who had been subjected to monkey chants by Indian crowds on a tour a few months earlier Harbhajan was initially found guilty and given a ban 56 and the Board of Control for Cricket in India threatened to cancel the tour Harbhajan s ban was later repealed upon appeal and the tour continued Both teams were heavily criticised for their conduct During Australia s tour in India there were a number of controversies instigated on both sides culminating in Virat Kohli saying his friendship with Australia coming to an end He later clarified the comments and said I thought that was the case but it has changed for sure As I said in the heat of the battle you want to be competitive but I ve been proven wrong The thing I said before the first Test about being mates with Australia that has certainly changed and you won t hear me say that ever again 57 However cricket and more recently Indian Premier League has been considered the lifeblood of the Australia India relationship 51 and Australian cricketers like Shane Warne Adam Gilchrist and Brett Lee are immensely popular among the Indian people Likewise Sachin Tendulkar is highly regarded among Australian cricket lovers In March 2023 PM Narendra Modi hosted his counterpart PM Anthony Albanese during the fourth test match of the 2024 Border Gavaskar Trophy as a tribute to the 75 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries 58 Hockey Relations edit nbsp India v Australia 1935 Dhyan Chand had just hit a goal India and Australia also have strong ties to field hockey which came to both countries with the British military In India from the mid 19th century British army regiments played the game which was subsequently picked up by their India regimental counterparts The country s first hockey club was formed in Calcutta in 1885 86 59 Hockey in Australia was introduced by British naval officers in the late 19th century 60 Evidence of the first organised hockey there was the establishment of the South Australian Hockey Association in 1903 Teams from both countries have been among the top in the world for many years and have therefore frequently encountered each other on the hockey field India dominated world hockey between 1928 and 1956 with the men s team winning six consecutive Olympic gold medals The women s team won gold in 2002 Commonwealth Games 2003 Afro Asian Games and 2004 Asia Cup Australia has found success mainly since the late 1970s with the men s and women s teams winning gold medals at Olympic Games World Cup Champion s Trophy and Commonwealth Games meets The first international match between the two countries and the first international match played in Australia was at Richmond Cricket Ground in 1935 when the world champion team from India beat Australia 12 goals to one The visitors featured hockey supremo Dhyan Chand 61 Following the partition of India in 1947 Anglo Indian brothers Julian Eric Cec Mel and Gordon Pearce emigrated to Australia from India All five went on to become successful international players for their adopted country 62 When India faced Australia in the 1960 Rome Olympics The great Leslie Claudius an Anglo Indian captained India his opposite number Kevin Carton also an Anglo Indian was the captain of the Australian national team who lost 0 1 to India Expatriates editNon resident Indian and person of Indian origin edit Main article Non resident Indian and person of Indian origin India has the largest diaspora population in the world 63 and many live in Australia 14 Non resident Indians NRI and Persons of Indian Origin PIO maintain strong cultural and economic links with India However the Constitution of India does not allow dual citizenship so for many expatriates taking up residency and eventually citizenship in Australian this has led to loss of privileges in India such as residency rights India is one of the few remaining countries that prevent dual citizenship and there have been attempts to resolve this through Long Term Visas and more recently a pseudo citizenship Overseas Citizenship of India OCI has been created that has been taken up positively with many Australians OCIs cricketer Shaun Tait being a famous example who are able to take residency in India without applying for a visa However privileges of OCI holders depends on the Government policy of the day and there have been instances where they have been denied additional rights afforded to full Indian citizens such as during the 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation where non citizens including OCIs were denied rights to bring rupee notes back into the country 64 Issues and controversies edit There have been a number of incidents concerning citizens of both countries that received media attention 2007 Mohamed Haneef was falsely accused of terrorism related crimes He was later released and compensated 2009 Attacks on Indian students including the murder of Indian graduate and Australian permanent resident Nitin Garg in 2010 65 A number of Overseas trained doctors in Australia of Indian origin have been accused sometimes unfairly of professional violations citation needed Treaties editA number of treaties before Indian independence or Australian federation are still honoured such as extradition treaties and criminal cooperation Since Indian independence there have been several treaties between the two countries Postal Money Order and Air service treaties Commonwealth of Nations treaties Cooperative aid to other countries 66 Mutual protection of Patents in 1963 67 A cultural agreement in 1971 68 An agreement to discuss trade in 1976 69 Science and Technology cooperation agreements in 1975 70 and 1986 71 Australia has been involved with peace keeping missions between India and Pakistan 72 Taxation cooperation treaties in 1983 73 1991 74 and 2011 75 Development cooperation agreement in 1990 76 Promoting and protecting investments in 2000 77 Peaceful use of Nuclear Energy in 2014 in order to purchase uranium 78 from Australia 79 A Social Security agreement in 2016 80 Resident diplomatic missions editAustralia has a High Commission in New Delhi and consulates general in Chennai Kolkata and Mumbai 81 India has a High Commission in Canberra and consulates general in Melbourne Perth and Sydney 82 nbsp High Commission of Australia in New Delhi nbsp High Commission of India in CanberraSee also edit nbsp Australia portal nbsp India portal nbsp Politics portal Indian Australians Australians in India Anti Indian sentiment in Australia Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Non resident Indian and person of Indian originLinks editPM Narendra Modi being accorded a Ceremonial Welcome at Australian Parliament CanberraReferences edit Australia s New High Commissioner to India india highcommission gov au 16 June 2023 Retrieved 27 August 2023 a b Bagchi Indrani 11 July 2018 India Australia kick off joint exercise Down Under via The Economic Times The Times of India MacDonald Anna 15 January 2013 Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC News Retrieved 21 April 2017 Binney Keith R The British East India Company in Early Australia tbheritage com Retrieved 30 July 2009 Newby Jonica 14 June 2016 Catalyst Oldest Beer ABC Catalyst Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 19 June 2016 Sherden Amy 14 June 2016 World s oldest beer brought back to life scientists claim ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 19 June 2016 History of country town names A Western Australian Land Information Authority Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 Retrieved 17 January 2007 There is a Mangalore in Australia The Hindu The Hindu Newspaper 23 August 2009 Retrieved 11 January 2015 Madura Sydney Morning herald 8 February 2004 Retrieved 1 August 2009 a b The India born Community www dss gov au Department of Social Services Australian Government Archived from the original on 19 April 2018 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Ben Chifley Australia s Prime Ministers National Archives of Australia Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 Retrieved 26 July 2009 Menzies on Tour India Menzies on Tour Travelling with Robert Menzies 1950 1959 eScholarship Research Centre The University of Melbourne Retrieved 18 December 2014 Rao p 107 a b Indian Community in Australia www hcindia au org The High Commission of India in Australia Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 There is a rapidly growing Indian community in Australia According to 2011 census about 295362 in Australia were born in India and there were 390894 responses for Indian ancestry For Australia Indians were the largest source of permanent migration to Australia who formed 15 7 of the total migration programme in 2011 12 a b Turnbull Malcolm 10 April 2017 Indians are also young and free The Australian Retrieved 15 June 2017 Jet sales to Pakistan haunt Canberra www theage com au Fairfax The Age 7 November 2007 Retrieved 21 April 2017 India Australia relations High commission of India in Australia Archived from the original on 12 September 2009 Retrieved 29 July 2009 About us Australian High Commission in India Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 Retrieved 29 July 2009 Australia to open a new Consulate General in India SBS Your Language Retrieved 18 September 2018 Trade corporateName Department of Foreign Affairs and Australian High Commission in india highcommission gov au Retrieved 18 September 2018 After helping China in AB Oz says Arunachal part of India After helping China in ADB Oz says Arunachal part of India Expressindia com 24 September 2009 Retrieved 24 September 2009 David Brewster India as an Asia Pacific Power Retrieved 19 August 2014 Malhotra Aditi 18 November 2014 Modi s Visit to Australia The Numbers WSJ Dow Jones amp Company Wall Street Journal Retrieved 21 April 2017 Chaudhury Dipanjan Roy 28 May 2020 India Australia bilateral virtual summit on June 4 The Economic Times Retrieved 27 May 2020 IANS 21 March 2022 29 antiquities repatriated to India by Australia Sources National Herald Retrieved 21 March 2022 India gets back 29 rare antiques from Australia Financialexpress Retrieved 21 March 2022 Cherney Mike Wen Philip 10 March 2023 Australia India Seek Closer Cooperation as China Threat Looms Wall Street Journal Retrieved 30 May 2023 Pandey Swati 24 May 2023 Modi Uses Cricket Analogy For Rapidly Improving Australia Ties Bloomberg com Retrieved 30 May 2023 a b c Ashok Sharma 25 February 2016 Australia India relations trends and the prospects for a comprehensive economic relationship Arndt Corden Department of Economics Acde crawford anu edu au Retrieved 21 October 2016 a b Trade deal with India may be impossible Turnbull says ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC News 13 April 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 India Fact Sheet December 2016 PDF Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australian Government Retrieved 21 April 2017 India country brief Australian department of foreign affairs and trade April 2009 Archived from the original on 12 July 2009 Retrieved 30 July 2009 India Oz relations evolving into strategic partnership The New Indian Express Retrieved 24 November 2017 India Country Brief Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Retrieved 16 June 2017 Australia bans India uranium sale BBC News 15 January 2008 Retrieved 23 July 2009 julia gillards uranium backflip opens us door to delhi The Australian 16 November 2011 Retrieved 4 December 2011 Cam Walker November 2013 Election aftermath Full speed in reverse PDF Chain Reaction Sweeney Dave 29 November 2016 Major parties push a losing uranium sector to India at great risk The Sydney Morning Herald Fairfax The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 21 April 2017 Bearup Greg 16 August 2016 First Aussie uranium shipment to India flagged for next year www theaustralian com au News Corp The Australian Retrieved 21 April 2017 Indian techies are losing out on all major markets The Economic Times The Economic Times India Times 19 April 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Signing of the Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement ECTA between India and Australia India s forgotten soldiers who fought at Gallipoli ABC News 22 April 2015 Retrieved 20 April 2017 Defence Department of 8 April 2019 AUSINDEX 2019 commences in India www minister defence gov au Retrieved 18 June 2020 Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Defence Aid to India ATS 27 of 1963 Archived 14 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Internet Edition The Daily Star 6 October 2007 Retrieved 23 October 2011 David Brewster India Australia security engagement Opportunities and challenges Garnaut John 18 November 2014 Narendra Modi and Tony Abbott reveal new India Australia military agreement The Age Fairfax Media Retrieved 18 November 2014 India Australia vow closer security and trade ties The West Australian Agence France Presse 18 November 2014 Retrieved 18 November 2014 India and Australia sign military base and cyber accords Reuters 4 June 2020 Retrieved 13 September 2020 India and Australia sign deal to use each other s military bases Aljazeera 4 June 2020 Retrieved 13 September 2020 a b Star Shaun 25 March 2015 Australia and India build ties through cricket The Sydney Morning Herald Fairfax Retrieved 21 April 2017 It is important to appreciate that cricket has for many years been the lifeblood of the Australia India relationship Historically it has often been said that the Australia India relationship is based on three things cricket Commonwealth and curry While the recent successive visits by Prime Minister Tony Abbott to India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Australia highlight that our national interests have converged in other areas cricket still remains an enviable bond that Australia and India share Perry p 258 a b Mallett p 133 134 a b Harte p 522 Mallett pp 138 139 Vaidyanathan Siddhartha 6 January 2008 Harbhajan gets three match ban Cricinfo Retrieved 1 August 2009 Blair Alex 30 March 2017 Kohli backflips on friendship spray NewsComAu News Limited Retrieved 21 April 2017 PTI 9 March 2023 PM Modi Albanese arrive ahead of India Australia Test match take round of sprawling stadium The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 12 March 2023 Hockey in India asiarooms com Travel Guide Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 Retrieved 22 September 2009 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link History of Hockey Hockey Victoria Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 Retrieved 25 September 2009 India Meets Australia At Hockey The Age 19 August 1935 Julian Pearce Sport Australia Hall of Fame Retrieved 27 September 2020 Service Tribune News India has largest diaspora population in world UN tribuneindia com Retrieved 14 February 2016 Govt Says Only NRIs Can Exchange Notes Till June Grace Period Is Not For Others Living Abroad indiatimes com India Times 10 January 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Man dies after street stabbing Herald Sun 3 January 2010 Retrieved 23 October 2011 Agreement between the Governments of the United Kingdom Australia India Pakistan and Ceylon on the one hand and the Government of Burma on the other hand respecting a Loan of sterling 6 000 000 to be made by the Five Commonwealth Governments to the Government of Burma 1950 ATS 6 www austlii edu au Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved 20 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India with respect to the Mutual Protection of Priority of Patents for Inventions ATS 4 of 1963 Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Cultural Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India ATS 19 of 1971 Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Trade Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India ATS 21 of 1976 Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology ATS 10 of 1975 Archived 15 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Co operation in the Fields of Science and Technology ATS 16 of 1986 Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the United Nations concerning Provision of RAAF Caribon Aircraft for use by the United Nations Military Group in India and Pakistan UNMOGIP ATS 29 of 1977 Archived 15 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation of Income derived from International Air Transport ATS 21 of 1983 Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income ATS 49 of 1991 Archived 7 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Protocol amending the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income New Delhi 16 December 2011 ATS 22 of 2013 Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 18 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Development Co operation ATS 38 of 1990 Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on the Promotion and Protection of Investments New Delhi 26 February 1999 ATS 14 of 2000 Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 15 April 2017 First Aussie uranium shipment to India flagged for next year www theaustralian com au The Australian 16 August 2016 Retrieved 20 April 2017 Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy New Delhi 5 September 2014 ATS 9 of 2015 Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 18 April 2017 Agreement between Australia and the Government of the Republic of India on Social Security Canberra 18 November 2014 ATS 2 of 2016 Australasian Legal Information Institute Australian Treaties Library Retrieved on 18 April 2017 Trade corporateName Department of Foreign Affairs and Australian High Commission in india highcommission gov au High Commission of India Canberra Australia www hcicanberra gov in Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Australia and India Grand Stakes Australia s Future between China and India by Rory Medcalf Strategic Asia 2011 12 Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers China and India September 2011 Gurry Meg 2015 Australia and India Mapping the Journey 1944 2014 Melbourne University Publishing ISBN 9780522868036 review Harte Chris 1993 A History of Australian Cricket Andre Deutsch ISBN 0 233 98825 4 Mallett Ashley 2009 One of a Kind The Doug Walters Story Allen amp Unwin ISBN 978 1 74175 029 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Australia India relations amp oldid 1215867848, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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