Gorgan
Gorgan (Persian: گرگان; [ɡoɾˈɡɒːn] ⓘ)[a] is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county,[6] and the district.[7] It lies approximately 400 km (250 mi) to the northeast of the national capital Tehran, and some 30 km (19 mi) away from the Caspian Sea.
Gorgan Persian: گرگان Esterabad | |
|---|---|
City | |
Gorgan Tower, Gorgan Mosque, Gorgan Palace, Roundabout | |
Gorgan | |
| Coordinates: 36°50′16″N 54°26′29″E / 36.83778°N 54.44139°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Golestan |
| County | Gorgan |
| District | Central |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mohammad Reza Seyed Alangi[2] |
| • City Council Chairperson | Isa Mehri[3] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 64 km2 (24 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Population (2016)[4] | |
| • Total | 350,676 |
| • Density | 5,500/km2 (15,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+03:30 (IRST) |
| Climate | Csa |
| Gorgan at GEOnet Names Server | |
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 269,226 in 73,702 households.[8] The following census in 2011 counted 329,536 people in 98,019 households.[9] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 350,676 people in 111,099 households.[4]
History edit
There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, including Tureng Tepe and Shah Tepe, in which remains dating from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area are Yarim Tepe, and Sange Chaxmaq. The nearby Shahroud Plain has many such sites. More than 50 are on the Gorgan Plain.[10]
According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and the site of the "royal palace".[11] The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[12]
Hyrcania became part of the Achaemenid Empire during the reign of Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC), its founder, or his successor Cambyses (530-522 BC).
The Great Wall of Gorgan, the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in the Parthian and Sasanian periods.
At the time of the Sasanians, "Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.[13]
Gorgan maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian state even after Persia was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century.
In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army of Kingdom of Georgia under command of the brothers Mkhargrdzeli.[14][15]
"Old Gorgan" was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".
Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered part of the Tabaristan region.
Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the Qajar era.
Geography edit
The wide Dasht-e Gorgan (Plains of Gorgan) is located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi).
Some 150 km (93 mi) east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park, home to a large portion of the fauna of Iran.
The Gorgān Dam is situated 60 km northeast of Gorgan city and has a capacity of 100 million cubic meters.[16]
Climate edit
Gorgan has a subtropical mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa, Trewartha: Cs), with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate". The effective factors behind such a climate are Alborz mountain range, the direction of the mountains, the height of the area, the neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude, and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F).
The annual precipitation is roughly 584 millimetres (23.0 in), and usually does not exceed 700 millimetres (28 in) or dip below 350 millimetres (14 in). The driest year on record was 1953 with only 182.7 millimetres (7.19 in) of precipitation, while the wettest year was 1959 with 1,579.9 millimetres (62.20 in).[17]
Highest recorded temperature:46.2 °C (115.2 °F)
Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 7 January 2008.[18]
| Climate data for Gorgan (1991-2020, Extremes 1952-2020)[i] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) | 32.4 (90.3) | 35.0 (95.0) | 39.8 (103.6) | 46.2 (115.2) | 45.0 (113.0) | 44.0 (111.2) | 44.0 (111.2) | 42.8 (109.0) | 41.2 (106.2) | 36.0 (96.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 46.2 (115.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) | 13.4 (56.1) | 16.6 (61.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 28.0 (82.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 33.5 (92.3) | 33.8 (92.8) | 30.8 (87.4) | 25.8 (78.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 14.3 (57.7) | 23.5 (74.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) | 7.5 (45.5) | 10.5 (50.9) | 15.0 (59.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 25.7 (78.3) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 24.5 (76.1) | 18.8 (65.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 8.3 (46.9) | 17.2 (62.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) | 2.7 (36.9) | 5.5 (41.9) | 9.6 (49.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 19.8 (67.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.7 (72.9) | 19.3 (66.7) | 13.2 (55.8) | 7.5 (45.5) | 3.5 (38.3) | 11.9 (53.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) | −7.4 (18.7) | −3.7 (25.3) | −1.4 (29.5) | 1.4 (34.5) | 10.0 (50.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 13.0 (55.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.8 (35.2) | −5.9 (21.4) | −7.0 (19.4) | −11.8 (10.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53.8 (2.12) | 55.2 (2.17) | 66.1 (2.60) | 43.9 (1.73) | 31.7 (1.25) | 24.9 (0.98) | 17.4 (0.69) | 19.3 (0.76) | 38.6 (1.52) | 52.9 (2.08) | 66.3 (2.61) | 46.1 (1.81) | 516.2 (20.32) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 1.6 (0.6) | 2.6 (1.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.1) | 4.6 (1.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.4 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 63.1 |
| Average rainy days | 9.3 | 10.6 | 13.7 | 12.5 | 9.5 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 9 | 8.9 | 104.4 |
| Average snowy days | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 2.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 80 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 71 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 73 | 78 | 81 | 74 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.1 (44.8) | 11.1 (52.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 18.1 (64.6) | 20.8 (69.4) | 21.2 (70.2) | 18.5 (65.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 8.8 (47.8) | 5.4 (41.7) | 12.3 (54.1) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147 | 132 | 145 | 166 | 226 | 248 | 243 | 256 | 217 | 206 | 159 | 142 | 2,287 |
| Source 1: NCEI.NOAA[19] (Snowfall and Snow/Sleet days 1981-2010)[20] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(Extremes 1952-2010)[18][21] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Gorgan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29 (84) | 32.4 (90.3) | 35 (95) | 39 (102) | 43 (109) | 45 (113) | 44 (111) | 44 (111) | 41.6 (106.9) | 39 (102) | 36 (97) | 29.2 (84.6) | 45 (113) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 15.5 (59.9) | 21.2 (70.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 31.1 (88.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | 32.8 (91.0) | 30.0 (86.0) | 24.9 (76.8) | 18.9 (66.0) | 14.4 (57.9) | 22.8 (73.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 10.9 (51.6) | 15.9 (60.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 25.5 (77.9) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.9 (82.2) | 24.8 (76.6) | 19.5 (67.1) | 13.9 (57.0) | 9.8 (49.6) | 17.8 (64.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) | 3.8 (38.8) | 6.2 (43.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 15.5 (59.9) | 19.9 (67.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.9 (73.2) | 19.6 (67.3) | 14.0 (57.2) | 8.8 (47.8) | 5.1 (41.2) | 12.7 (54.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) | −6 (21) | −3.2 (26.2) | −1.4 (29.5) | 2.8 (37.0) | 10 (50) | 15 (59) | 13 (55) | 9 (48) | 3 (37) | −2 (28) | −7 (19) | −11.8 (10.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 54.0 (2.13) | 55.5 (2.19) | 76.7 (3.02) | 51.4 (2.02) | 42.1 (1.66) | 31.4 (1.24) | 20.7 (0.81) | 26.2 (1.03) | 39.5 (1.56) | 62.8 (2.47) | 67.1 (2.64) | 56.4 (2.22) | 583.8 (22.99) |
| Average precipitation days | 9.6 | 10.4 | 13.6 | 11.2 | 8.8 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 104.1 |
| Average snowy days | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 4.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74 | 74 | 75 | 73 | 68 | 64 | 65 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 73 | 75 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 138.7 | 129.3 | 135.3 | 161.7 | 206.4 | 225.6 | 224.1 | 227.9 | 202.5 | 198.2 | 156.2 | 135.1 | 2,141 |
| Source 1: Synoptic Stations Statistics | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(Snow and Sleet days 1952-2010)[22] | |||||||||||||
- ^ Rainy days calculated using parameters 46 and 71 from the source
Notable people edit
Ancient edit
- Fakhroddin Asaad Gorgani, 11th-century Persian poet and the composer of Vis and Ramin.
- Abu Sa'id al-Darir al-Jurjani, 9th century astronomer and mathematician
- Al-Masihi, 10th century physician and teacher of Avicenna
- Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, 11th century grammarian and literary theorist
- Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, 12th century royal physician
- Bahram al-Da'i, 12th-century Nizari Ismaili missionary and military leader in Syria
- Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi), 14th century mystic and founder of Hurufism
- Rustam Gorgani, 16th century physician
- Mir Fendereski, philosopher, poet and mysti
- Mir Damad, 17th century Islamic scholar and Neoplatonic philosopher
- Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, 18th century chief minister to Nader Shah
- Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, writer, satirist and feminist
- Firishta, historian
- Sardar Rafie Yanehsari, Governor of Astarabad
Modern edit
- Iraj Etesam, Iranian architect, educator and author; born in Gorgan.[23]
- Nader Ebrahimi, author, poet, director and researcher
- Hossein Khanzadi, admiral in the Iranian Navy
- Mohammad Reza Lotfi, traditional Persian musician
- Maryam Zandi, photographer
- Parham Maghsoodloo, Chess grandmaster
Education edit
Sports edit
Shahrdari Gorgan competes in the Iranian Basketball Super League and Etka Gorgan F.C. competes in the Azadegan League.
Sister cities edit
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Also Romanized as Gorgān, Gurgān, and Gurgan; formerly Esterabad (استرآباد) [ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd]), also Romanized as Astarābād, Asterabad, and Esterābād[5]
References edit
- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (13 October 2023). "Gorgan, Gorgan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Golestane Javan [dead link]
- ^ "«عیسی مهری» رئیس شورای شهر گرگان شد". خبرگزاری فارس (in Persian). 17 June 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ a b . AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived from the original (Excel) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Gorgan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3064853" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ . Lamtakam (in Persian). Guardian Council. 16 September 1376. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). . Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ . AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ . Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Kourosh Roustaei (2017), Neolithic developments in the Gorgan Plain, south-east of the Caspian Sea. academia.edu
- ^ Arrian (1884). . . Vol. 3. Translated by E.J. Chinnock. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. .
- ^ electricpulp.com. "GORGAN v. Pre-Islamic history – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^ Bivar, A.D.H. "Gorgan" Encyclopædia Iranica online
- ^ Yar-Shater, Ehsan (2010). Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 2, Parts 5-8. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 892. ISBN 9780710090904.
- ^ Brosset, Marie-Felicite (1858). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. France: imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des sciences. pp. 468–472.
- ^ "GORGAN i. Geography". Iranicaonline. Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
- ^ . Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b . Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gorgan-40738" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Gorgan-40738" (XLS). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
Parameter code 80: Number of days with Sleet/Snow
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ . Chaharmahalmet (asp). IRIMO. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ February 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "بزرگداشت دکتر ایرج اعتصام، پیشکسوت آموزش معماری ایران" [Tribute to Dr. Iraj Etesam, a pioneer in Iranian architecture education]. Iran Building Information Network. 24 April 2013. from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ . GOUMS. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
- ^ KZ-Today 2008-06-04 at the Wayback Machine September 11, 2006
- ^ "Repeating the memory of Guangzhou with Novorossiysk" تکرار خاطره گوانگ ژو با نووروسیسک. mehrnews (in Persian). Mehr news agency. 11 May 2023. 5777121. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
fa: شهر گرگان هم از قرارداد خواهرخواندگی عقب نمانده و در سال ۹۷ با شهر گوانگ ژو چین عقد پیمان خواهرخواندگی بست
[The city of Gorgan did not lag behind the sisterhood and in 2018 it signed an agreement with the chinease city of Guangzhou]