Architecture of Bangladesh is intertwined with the architecture of the Bengal region and the broader Indian subcontinent.[1] The architecture of Bangladesh has a long history and is rooted in Bangladesh's culture, religion and history.[2] It has evolved over centuries and assimilated influences from social, religious and exotic communities. The architecture of Bangladesh bears a remarkable impact on the lifestyle, tradition and cultural life of Bangladeshi people. Bangladesh has many architectural relics and monuments dating back thousands of years.
The Pala Empire was an early Indian empire of Bengali Buddhist dynasty ruling from Bengal (which included present-day Bangladesh) from the 8th to the 12th centuries. The Palas created a distinctive form of Bengali architecture and art known as the "Pala School of Sculptural Art."[citation needed] The central shrine of the Paharpur vihara was the mature form of a cruciform Buddhist shrine and Śikhara-śirsha-bhadra type.[3] The gigantic structures of Vikramashila Vihar, Odantpuri Vihar, and Jagaddal Vihar were masterpieces of the Palas. These mammoth structures were destroyed by the forces of the infamous Bakhtiar Khilji.[citation needed] The Somapura Mahavihara, a creation of Dharmapala, at Paharpur, Bangladesh, is the largest Buddhist Vihara in the Indian subcontinent and has been described as a "pleasure to the eyes of the world." UNESCO made it a World Heritage Site in 1985. The Pala architectural style was followed throughout south-eastern Asia and China, Japan, and Tibet. Bengal rightfully earned the name "Mistress of the East".[citation needed] Dr. Stella Kramrisch says: "The art of Bihar and Bengal exercised a lasting influence on that of Nepal, Burma, Ceylon and Java." Dhiman and Vittpala were two celebrated Pala sculptors. About Somapura Mahavihara, Mr J.C. French says with grief: "For the research of the Pyramids of Egypt we spend millions of dollars every year. But had we spent only one per cent of that money for the excavation of Somapura Mahavihara, who knows what extraordinary discoveries could have been made".[4]
The Sultanate of Bengal was an era of the Central Asian origin Muslim Nawab dynasty that ruled independently of the Mughal Empire from 1342 to 1576. Most of the Muslim architecture of the period is found in the historic Gaur region, today's Rajshahi division and Malda district in West Bengal. The architecture of the period is noted for the development of a uniquely local style influenced by Bengali architectural traditions. Sonargaon was also a Sultanate capital (capital of the Baro-Bhuyan Confederacy) before the arrival of the Mughals and Dhaka within the confines of Dholai Khal was their trading outpost Sultanate architecture is exemplified in structures such as the Shat Gombuj Masjid, the Shona Masjid and the Kusumba Masjid.[5]
In 1576, much of Bengal came under the control of the Mughal Empire. At the time, Dhaka emerged as a Mughal military base. The development of townships and housing had resulted in significant growth in population, as the town was proclaimed by SubahdarIslam Khan I as the capital of Subah Bangala in 1608, during this time many mosques and forts had been built. Bara Katra was built between 1644 and 1646 CE to be the official residence of the Mughal prince[citation needed]Shah Shuja, the second son of the emperor Shah Jahan.
Indian Mughal architecture in present-day Bangladesh reached its peak during the reign of SubedarShaista Khan, He stayed in the old Afghan fort in the area (present old central jail) and encouraged the construction of modern townships and public works in Dhaka, leading to a massive urban and economic expansion. He was a patron of the arts and encouraged the construction of majestic monuments across the province, including mosques, mausoleums and palaces that represented the finest in Mughal architecture. Khan laid the foundation of Lalbagh Fort (also Fort Aurangabad), Chowk Bazaar Mosque, Lalbagh Shahi Mosque, Saat Masjid, Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque and Choto Katra. He also supervised the construction of the mausoleum for his daughter Bibi Pari in the fort area.
Much of the terracotta temple architecture in Bangladesh dates to the late Islamic period and early British period during which wealthy Hindu zamindars commissioned these structures.
Temple architecture styles:
ek-bangla, have a curved roof with two sloping sides
Jor-bangla, has a roof of the ek-Bangla (or do-Chala) style, with two curved segments that meet at a curved ridge
ek-chala, single-story or has a second story built into a sloping roof
Do-chala, have a curved roof with two sloping sides
Char-chala, have a curved roof composed of four triangular segments
At-chala, the base structure is similar to the four-sided char-Chala temple style, but with a small replica of the base temple on top
Deul, were generally smaller and included features influenced by Islamic architecture
Ek-ratna, the base structure is similar to the four-sided char-Chala temple style, but the roof is quite different, flat with a tower in the centre.
Pancharatna, has five pavilions or towers on the roof; four stands at the corners of the main level, and one above.
Navaratna, incorporates two main levels, each with four spired corner pavilions, and a central pavilion above, for a total of nine spires.
Village in a clearing Sundarbans, by Frederic Peter Layard, January 1839
The origin of the bungalow has its roots in the historical Province of Bengal.[6] The term baṅgalo, meaning "Bengali" and used elliptically for a "house in the Bengal style".[7] Such houses were traditionally front house/outhouse/Banglaghar/Kacharighar of homesteads which were small, only one storey and detached, and had a wide veranda were adopted by the British who assumed it to be a legitimate Bengali house, who expanded and used them as houses for colonial administrators in summer retreats in the Himalayas and in compounds outside Indian cities. The term "bungalow" is derived from "Bangla ghar".[8] The Bungalow style houses are still very popular in the rural Bengal. In the rural areas of Bangladesh, it is often called Bangla Ghar (Bengali Style House). The main construction material used in modern time is corrugated steel sheets. Previously they had been constructed from wood, bamboo and a kind of straw called Khar. Khar was used in the roof of the Bungalow house and kept the house cold during hot summer days. Another roofing material for Bungalow houses has been red clay tiles.
In the British colonial age predominantly representative buildings of the Indo-European style developed, from a mixture of mainly Indian, European and Central Asian (Islamic) components. Amongst the more prominent works are Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka and Tajhat Palace in Rangpur City.
In the modern context, Bangladeshi architecture has become more diversified comprising reflections of contemporary architectural attributes, aesthetic and technologically advanced aspects. Since the inception of Bangladesh, economical advancement has boosted the architecture from its traditional forms to contemporary context. With the growing urbanization and modernization, the architectural form is turning into modernity covering a wide range of its heritage and tradition.[2] The architecture of Bangladesh can provide insight into the history and lives of the Bangladeshi people.[9]
Fazlur Rahman Khan was a structural engineer and architect, who initiated structural systems that are fundamental to tall building design today.[10][11][12] Regarded as the "Einstein of structural engineering",[13][14] his "tubular designs" for high rises revolutionized tall building design.[15][16] Most buildings over 40-storeys constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles. He is the designer of Willis Tower – the second tallest building in the United States (once tallest and tallest in the world for many years), John Hancock Centre, Hajj Terminal, etc. Fazlur Rahman's innovations not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, they significantly reduce the usage of materials (economically much more efficient) while simultaneously allow buildings to reach even greater heights. Tubular systems allow greater interior space and further enable buildings to take on various shapes, offering unprecedented freedom to architects.[17][18] He also invented the sky lobby for high rises and helped in initiating the widespread usage of computers for structural engineering. Fazlur Rahman is the foremost structural engineer-architect of the 20th century who left an unprecedented and lasting influence on the profession, both nationally and internationally.[13] Fazlur Rahman, more than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century[19] and made it possible for people to live and work in "cities in the sky".[20] Khan created a legacy of innovations by blending the articulation of interior spaces with the evolved structural systems that are unparalleled and became an icon in both architecture and structural engineering.[21][22]
Gallery
1752 Kantajew Temple, prominent temple architecture of Bangladesh.
Zahiruddin, S. A., Mowla, Q. A., Helaluzzaman, A.K.M. 1985, Role of Government in Architecture, in Robert Powell (Ed.) Regionalism in Architecture – Exploring Architecture in Islamic Cultures, Singapore: Concept Media Pvt. Ltd., 1985. 156–161.
Mowla, Q A. 2017, Conservation Tools of Contemporary Architecture and Settlements in Bangladesh, Massimo Visone and Ugo Carughi (Eds), 'Time Frames: Conservation Policies for Twentieth-Century Architectural Heritage' published for the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ICCROM, University of Naples Federico II, by Routledge in 2017.
Qazi Azizul Mowla and Q. A. Zahra, "Historic Settlement of Panamnagar: A Case for Conservation", Bagha, Bagha & Chaudhary (Eds), 'Contemporary Architecture Beyond Corbusierism' MACMILLAN Advanced Research Series Publication, New Delhi, 2011.pp. 236–246.
Mowla, Q.A. 2011:'Urban Aesthetics: A Study on Dhaka' in 'The History Heritage and Urban Issues of Capital Dhaka', Vol.III, published by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, to celebrate the 400 years of Capital Dhaka. pp. 167–186.
Mowla, Q.A. 2012: Dhaka: A Mega-City of Persistence and Change, (Chapter 12) in Misra, R.P. (Ed): Urbanization in South Asia – Focus on Mega Cities, Cambridge University Press, New Delhi. pp 341–372.
Mowla, Q A and Reza, ATM, 2000 Stylistic Evolution of Architecture in Bangladesh: From a Colony to a Free Country, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Journal, Dhaka, 45(1), 2000, 31–58.
Mowla, Q A & Sheik, Z U. 2009 Documenting the Architectural Style of the Antiquity Buildings in Panam Street, Pratnatatva: the Journal of the Dept. of Archaeology, JU Vol.15; June 2009, pp. 79–97. (Journal: ISSN 1560-7593)
References
^"Visual art and architecture in Bangladesh". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
^ ab"Architecture". Banglapedia. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
^Reza, Mohammad Habib (2012). Early Buddhist architecture of Bengal : morphological study on the vihāra of c. 3rd to 8th centuries (PhD). University of Liverpool.
^. bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
^"Appealing Architecture – From Ancient Treasures to Contemporary Landmarks". Bangladesh.com. from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
^ abRichard G. Weingardt, P.E. Structural Engineering Magazine, Tradeshow: Fazlur Rahman Khan 30 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Structuremag. February, 2011. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
^Zweig, Christina M. (30 March 2011) Structural Engineer 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Gostructural.com. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
^Richard Weingardt (10 August 2005). Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers : 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement. ASCE Publications. pp. 76–. ISBN978-0-7844-0801-8. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings. Constructionweekonline.com. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
^On the rise. Constructionweekonline.com (31 January 2011). Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
^Bayley, Stephen. (5 January 2010) Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity. Telegraph. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
^Richard Weingardt (10 August 2005). Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers : 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement. ASCE Publications. pp. 78–. ISBN978-0-7844-0801-8. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^Designing 'cities in the sky' 4 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Lehigh University, Engineering & Applied Science. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
^Richard Weingardt (10 August 2005). Engineering Legends: Great American Civil Engineers : 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement. ASCE Publications. pp. 75–. ISBN978-0-7844-0801-8. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details. Ialcce2012.boku.ac.at. Retrieved on 26 June 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Bangladesh.
Mosque architecture of Bangladesh on Banglapedia.
, an online magazine about the architecture of Bangladesh
Architecture in Bangladesh
May 19, 2023
architecture, bangladesh, intertwined, with, architecture, bengal, region, broader, indian, subcontinent, architecture, bangladesh, long, history, rooted, bangladesh, culture, religion, history, evolved, over, centuries, assimilated, influences, from, social, . Architecture of Bangladesh is intertwined with the architecture of the Bengal region and the broader Indian subcontinent 1 The architecture of Bangladesh has a long history and is rooted in Bangladesh s culture religion and history 2 It has evolved over centuries and assimilated influences from social religious and exotic communities The architecture of Bangladesh bears a remarkable impact on the lifestyle tradition and cultural life of Bangladeshi people Bangladesh has many architectural relics and monuments dating back thousands of years Contents 1 Pala Buddhist architecture 2 Indo Islamic Architecture 2 1 Mughal Architecture 3 Terracotta temple architecture 4 British Colonial period 4 1 Common Bungalow Style Architecture 4 2 Indo Saracenic Revival architecture 5 Modern Bangladeshi Architecture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External linksPala Buddhist architecture Edit Structures in Somapura Mahavihara complex The Pala Empire was an early Indian empire of Bengali Buddhist dynasty ruling from Bengal which included present day Bangladesh from the 8th to the 12th centuries The Palas created a distinctive form of Bengali architecture and art known as the Pala School of Sculptural Art citation needed The central shrine of the Paharpur vihara was the mature form of a cruciform Buddhist shrine and Sikhara sirsha bhadra type 3 The gigantic structures of Vikramashila Vihar Odantpuri Vihar and Jagaddal Vihar were masterpieces of the Palas These mammoth structures were destroyed by the forces of the infamous Bakhtiar Khilji citation needed The Somapura Mahavihara a creation of Dharmapala at Paharpur Bangladesh is the largest Buddhist Vihara in the Indian subcontinent and has been described as a pleasure to the eyes of the world UNESCO made it a World Heritage Site in 1985 The Pala architectural style was followed throughout south eastern Asia and China Japan and Tibet Bengal rightfully earned the name Mistress of the East citation needed Dr Stella Kramrisch says The art of Bihar and Bengal exercised a lasting influence on that of Nepal Burma Ceylon and Java Dhiman and Vittpala were two celebrated Pala sculptors About Somapura Mahavihara Mr J C French says with grief For the research of the Pyramids of Egypt we spend millions of dollars every year But had we spent only one per cent of that money for the excavation of Somapura Mahavihara who knows what extraordinary discoveries could have been made 4 Indo Islamic Architecture EditFurther information Indo Islamic architecture The Sultanate of Bengal was an era of the Central Asian origin Muslim Nawab dynasty that ruled independently of the Mughal Empire from 1342 to 1576 Most of the Muslim architecture of the period is found in the historic Gaur region today s Rajshahi division and Malda district in West Bengal The architecture of the period is noted for the development of a uniquely local style influenced by Bengali architectural traditions Sonargaon was also a Sultanate capital capital of the Baro Bhuyan Confederacy before the arrival of the Mughals and Dhaka within the confines of Dholai Khal was their trading outpost Sultanate architecture is exemplified in structures such as the Shat Gombuj Masjid the Shona Masjid and the Kusumba Masjid 5 Mughal Architecture Edit Further information Mughal architecture In 1576 much of Bengal came under the control of the Mughal Empire At the time Dhaka emerged as a Mughal military base The development of townships and housing had resulted in significant growth in population as the town was proclaimed by Subahdar Islam Khan I as the capital of Subah Bangala in 1608 during this time many mosques and forts had been built Bara Katra was built between 1644 and 1646 CE to be the official residence of the Mughal prince citation needed Shah Shuja the second son of the emperor Shah Jahan Indian Mughal architecture in present day Bangladesh reached its peak during the reign of Subedar Shaista Khan He stayed in the old Afghan fort in the area present old central jail and encouraged the construction of modern townships and public works in Dhaka leading to a massive urban and economic expansion He was a patron of the arts and encouraged the construction of majestic monuments across the province including mosques mausoleums and palaces that represented the finest in Mughal architecture Khan laid the foundation of Lalbagh Fort also Fort Aurangabad Chowk Bazaar Mosque Lalbagh Shahi Mosque Saat Masjid Anderkilla Shahi Jame Mosque and Choto Katra He also supervised the construction of the mausoleum for his daughter Bibi Pari in the fort area The Tughlaq styled Sixty Dome Mosque is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Bagerhat Bara Katra etching by Sir Charles D Oyly in 1823 The Saat Masjid on the Buriganga River banks in the 19th century The Chhoto Shona Masjid The Kusumba Mosque Lalbagh Fort built by Muhammad Azam Shah Anderkilla Shahi Jame MosqueTerracotta temple architecture EditMuch of the terracotta temple architecture in Bangladesh dates to the late Islamic period and early British period during which wealthy Hindu zamindars commissioned these structures Temple architecture styles ek bangla have a curved roof with two sloping sides Jor bangla has a roof of the ek Bangla or do Chala style with two curved segments that meet at a curved ridge ek chala single story or has a second story built into a sloping roof Do chala have a curved roof with two sloping sides Char chala have a curved roof composed of four triangular segments At chala the base structure is similar to the four sided char Chala temple style but with a small replica of the base temple on top Deul were generally smaller and included features influenced by Islamic architecture Ek ratna the base structure is similar to the four sided char Chala temple style but the roof is quite different flat with a tower in the centre Pancharatna has five pavilions or towers on the roof four stands at the corners of the main level and one above Navaratna incorporates two main levels each with four spired corner pavilions and a central pavilion above for a total of nine spires The Pancharatna Gobinda Temple at Puthia Temple Complex Rajshahi Terracotta designs outside the Kantajew Temple Dinajpur Sonarang Twin Temples MunshiganjBritish Colonial period EditCommon Bungalow Style Architecture Edit Village in a clearing Sundarbans by Frederic Peter Layard January 1839 The origin of the bungalow has its roots in the historical Province of Bengal 6 The term baṅgalo meaning Bengali and used elliptically for a house in the Bengal style 7 Such houses were traditionally front house outhouse Banglaghar Kacharighar of homesteads which were small only one storey and detached and had a wide veranda were adopted by the British who assumed it to be a legitimate Bengali house who expanded and used them as houses for colonial administrators in summer retreats in the Himalayas and in compounds outside Indian cities The term bungalow is derived from Bangla ghar 8 The Bungalow style houses are still very popular in the rural Bengal In the rural areas of Bangladesh it is often called Bangla Ghar Bengali Style House The main construction material used in modern time is corrugated steel sheets Previously they had been constructed from wood bamboo and a kind of straw called Khar Khar was used in the roof of the Bungalow house and kept the house cold during hot summer days Another roofing material for Bungalow houses has been red clay tiles Indo Saracenic Revival architecture Edit Further information Indo Saracenic architecture In the British colonial age predominantly representative buildings of the Indo European style developed from a mixture of mainly Indian European and Central Asian Islamic components Amongst the more prominent works are Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka and Tajhat Palace in Rangpur City Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka Tajhat Palace in Rangpur Shashi Lodge in Mymensingh Natore RajbariModern Bangladeshi Architecture EditIn the modern context Bangladeshi architecture has become more diversified comprising reflections of contemporary architectural attributes aesthetic and technologically advanced aspects Since the inception of Bangladesh economical advancement has boosted the architecture from its traditional forms to contemporary context With the growing urbanization and modernization the architectural form is turning into modernity covering a wide range of its heritage and tradition 2 The architecture of Bangladesh can provide insight into the history and lives of the Bangladeshi people 9 Fazlur Rahman Khan was a structural engineer and architect who initiated structural systems that are fundamental to tall building design today 10 11 12 Regarded as the Einstein of structural engineering 13 14 his tubular designs for high rises revolutionized tall building design 15 16 Most buildings over 40 storeys constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khan s structural engineering principles He is the designer of Willis Tower the second tallest building in the United States once tallest and tallest in the world for many years John Hancock Centre Hajj Terminal etc Fazlur Rahman s innovations not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient they significantly reduce the usage of materials economically much more efficient while simultaneously allow buildings to reach even greater heights Tubular systems allow greater interior space and further enable buildings to take on various shapes offering unprecedented freedom to architects 17 18 He also invented the sky lobby for high rises and helped in initiating the widespread usage of computers for structural engineering Fazlur Rahman is the foremost structural engineer architect of the 20th century who left an unprecedented and lasting influence on the profession both nationally and internationally 13 Fazlur Rahman more than any other individual ushered in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century 19 and made it possible for people to live and work in cities in the sky 20 Khan created a legacy of innovations by blending the articulation of interior spaces with the evolved structural systems that are unparalleled and became an icon in both architecture and structural engineering 21 22 Gallery Edit 1752 Kantajew Temple prominent temple architecture of Bangladesh Sonargaon the historical capital of the Baro Bhuyan Confederacy Lalbagh Fort the center of Mughal military power in Dhaka Curzon Hall of the University of Dhaka built in Indian style during British Raj era Dhaka Westin Jatiyo Smriti Soudho a tribute to liberation war martyrs is also an architectural landmark Outer view of Bashundhara City Dhaka Bangabandhu Novo Theatre Planetarium Jamuna Future Park the 12th largest shopping mall in the world Dargah of Shah Jalal City Centre Bangladesh Aziz Court Imperial Chittagong Islamic Development Bank and BCS Computer City Bangabandhu International Conference Center DhakaSee also Edit Architecture portalArchitecture of Bengal List of Bangladeshi architects Muzharul Islam Shahbaz Khan Mosque Shona Mosque Bagha Mosque Khan Mohammad Mridha MosqueFurther reading EditZahiruddin S A Mowla Q A Helaluzzaman A K M 1985 Role of Government in Architecture in Robert Powell Ed Regionalism in Architecture Exploring Architecture in Islamic Cultures Singapore Concept Media Pvt Ltd 1985 156 161 Mowla Q A 2017 Conservation Tools of Contemporary Architecture and Settlements in Bangladesh Massimo Visone and Ugo Carughi Eds Time Frames Conservation Policies for Twentieth Century Architectural Heritage published for the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ICCROM University of Naples Federico II by Routledge in 2017 Qazi Azizul Mowla and Q A Zahra Historic Settlement of Panamnagar A Case for Conservation Bagha Bagha amp Chaudhary Eds Contemporary Architecture Beyond Corbusierism MACMILLAN Advanced Research Series Publication New Delhi 2011 pp 236 246 Mowla Q A 2011 Urban Aesthetics A Study on Dhaka in The History Heritage and Urban Issues of Capital Dhaka Vol III published by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh to celebrate the 400 years of Capital Dhaka pp 167 186 Mowla Q A 2012 Dhaka A Mega City of Persistence and Change Chapter 12 in Misra R P Ed Urbanization in South Asia Focus on Mega Cities Cambridge University Press New Delhi pp 341 372 Mowla Q A and Reza ATM 2000 Stylistic Evolution of Architecture in Bangladesh From a Colony to a Free Country Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Journal Dhaka 45 1 2000 31 58 Mowla Q A amp Sheik Z U 2009 Documenting the Architectural Style of the Antiquity Buildings in Panam Street Pratnatatva the Journal of the Dept of Archaeology JU Vol 15 June 2009 pp 79 97 Journal ISSN 1560 7593 References Edit Visual art and architecture in Bangladesh Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 6 September 2009 a b Architecture Banglapedia Retrieved 6 September 2009 Reza Mohammad Habib 2012 Early Buddhist architecture of Bengal morphological study on the vihara of c 3rd to 8th centuries PhD University of Liverpool The Art of the Pala Empire of Bengal p 4 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 15 July 2015 Retrieved 7 May 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link bungalow proz com Oxford English Dictionary bungalow Online Etymology Dictionary bungalow The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition 2000 bartleby com Archived from the original on 8 March 2008 Appealing Architecture From Ancient Treasures to Contemporary Landmarks Bangladesh com Archived from the original on 8 January 2010 Retrieved 28 December 2009 File Skyscraper structure png Hong Kong PHigh Rise Structural Systems Archived 17 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Darkwing uoregon edu Retrieved on 26 June 2012 Lehigh University lehigh edu a b Richard G Weingardt P E Structural Engineering Magazine Tradeshow Fazlur Rahman Khan Archived 30 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Structuremag February 2011 Retrieved on 26 June 2012 Zweig Christina M 30 March 2011 Structural Engineer Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Gostructural com Retrieved on 26 June 2012 Richard Weingardt 10 August 2005 Engineering Legends Great American Civil Engineers 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement ASCE Publications pp 76 ISBN 978 0 7844 0801 8 Retrieved 26 June 2012 Top 10 world s tallest steel buildings Constructionweekonline com Retrieved on 26 June 2012 On the rise Constructionweekonline com 31 January 2011 Retrieved on 26 June 2012 Bayley Stephen 5 January 2010 Burj Dubai The new pinnacle of vanity Telegraph Retrieved on 26 June 2012 Richard Weingardt 10 August 2005 Engineering Legends Great American Civil Engineers 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement ASCE Publications pp 78 ISBN 978 0 7844 0801 8 Retrieved 26 June 2012 Designing cities in the sky Archived 4 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Lehigh University Engineering amp Applied Science Retrieved on 26 June 2012 Richard Weingardt 10 August 2005 Engineering Legends Great American Civil Engineers 32 Profiles of Inspiration and Achievement ASCE Publications pp 75 ISBN 978 0 7844 0801 8 Retrieved 26 June 2012 IALCCE 2012 Keynote Speakers Details Ialcce2012 boku ac at Retrieved on 26 June 2012 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architecture of Bangladesh Mosque architecture of Bangladesh on Banglapedia Architecture BD an online magazine about the architecture of Bangladesh Architecture in Bangladesh Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Architecture of Bangladesh amp oldid 1126452787, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
