Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit: अपभ्रंश, IPA: [ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ], Prakrit: Avahansa, Tamil: அவப்பிரஞ்சனம், Avappiranjanam, IPA: [əʋəp:ɪɾəɲdʒənəm]) is a term used by vaiyākaraṇāḥ (native grammarians) since Patañjali to refer to languages spoken in North India before the rise of the modern languages. In Indology, it is used as an umbrella term for the dialects forming the transition[1] between the late Middle and the early Modern Indo-Aryan languages, spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.[2]: p.42 Apabhraṃśa in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.[3]
The term Prakrit, which includes Pali, is also used as a cover term for the vernaculars of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern North Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.
A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in Jain libraries. While Amir Khusrow and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include Saraha, Tilopa and Kanha of Kamarupa; Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of Manyakheta (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; Hemachandra of Patan; and Raidhu of Gwalior (15th century CE).
An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the Vikramorvashiyam of Kālidāsa, when Pururavas asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote Migankaleha Chariu.[3]
The only known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the Sandeśarāsaka of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.
Writers and poets
Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:
^Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), "Hindi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-77294-5[page needed]
^Shastri, Dr Devendra Kumar (1996). Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan. New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith. Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith. p. 388.
^Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN9780691125947.
References
Shapiro, Michael C. Hindi. Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.
External links
Hindi: The language of songs
Halder, Shashwati (2012). "Apabhrangsha". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
January 07, 2023
apabhraṃśa, sanskrit, अपभ, ɐpɐbʱrɐ, ˈɕɐ, prakrit, avahansa, tamil, அவப, ரஞ, சனம, avappiranjanam, əʋəp, ɪɾəɲdʒənəm, term, used, vaiyākaraṇāḥ, native, grammarians, since, patañjali, refer, languages, spoken, north, india, before, rise, modern, languages, indolog. Apabhraṃsa Sanskrit अपभ र श IPA ɐpɐbʱrɐ ˈɕɐ Prakrit Avahansa Tamil அவப ப ரஞ சனம Avappiranjanam IPA eʋep ɪɾeɲdʒenem is a term used by vaiyakaraṇaḥ native grammarians since Patanjali to refer to languages spoken in North India before the rise of the modern languages In Indology it is used as an umbrella term for the dialects forming the transition 1 between the late Middle and the early Modern Indo Aryan languages spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE However these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo Aryan period 2 p 42 Apabhraṃsa in Sanskrit literally means corrupt or non grammatical language that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar Apabhraṃsa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries 3 Contents 1 Overview 2 Writers and poets 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksOverview EditThe term Prakrit which includes Pali is also used as a cover term for the vernaculars of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo Aryan period Middle Indo Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃsa dialects which were used until about the 13th century The Apabhraṃsas later evolved into Modern Indo Aryan languages The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy not strictly chronological Modern North Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century while Apabhraṃsas were still in use and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century A significant amount of Apabhraṃsa literature has been found in Jain libraries While Amir Khusrow and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi many poets especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings continued to write in Apabhraṃsa These authors include Saraha Tilopa and Kanha of Kamarupa Devasena of Dhar 9th century CE Pushpadanta of Manyakheta 9th century CE Dhanapal Muni Ramsimha Hemachandra of Patan and Raidhu of Gwalior 15th century CE An early example of the use of Apabhraṃsa is the Vikramorvashiyam of Kalidasa when Pururavas asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century when Bhagavatidasa wrote Migankaleha Chariu 3 The only known example of an Apabhraṃsa work by a Muslim is the Sandesarasaka of Abdur Rahman of Multan possibly written around 1000 CE Writers and poets EditBelow is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃsa literature Mahakavi Swyambhudev 8th century CE Ritthanemichariu Pauma Chariu 4 Mahakavi Pushpadant 10th century Mahapuran 5 Naykumarchariu JasaharchariuHemachandra 12th century Abdul Rehman 13th century Multani poet who penned an epic romance in Apabhraṃsa 6 Padmanabha who wrote Kanhadade Prabandha 15th century See also EditHindavi History of HindustaniNotes Edit Shapiro Michael C 2003 Hindi in Cardona George Jain Dhanesh eds The Indo Aryan Languages Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 77294 5 page needed Shastri Dr Devendra Kumar 1996 Apabhramsha Bhasha Sahitya Ki Shodh Pravritiyan New Delhi Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith Bhartiya Jnanpith p 388 a b Apabhramsha Sahitya Devendra Kumar Jain Mahavir Jain Vidyalay Suvarna Mahotsav Granth 2003 Pauma Chariu Part I Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2016 Jain granths Flood Finbarr Barry 2009 Objects of Translation Material Culture and Medieval Hindu Muslim Encounter Princeton University Press ISBN 9780691125947 References EditShapiro Michael C Hindi Facts about the world s languages An encyclopedia of the world s major languages past and present Ed Jane Garry and Carl Rubino New England Publishing Associates 2001 External links EditDr Devendra Kumar Shastri Hindi The language of songs Halder Shashwati 2012 Apabhrangsha In Islam Sirajul Jamal Ahmed A eds Banglapedia National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Second ed Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Apabhraṃsa amp oldid 1131683362, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
