fbpx
Wikipedia

Anorexia (symptom)

February 16, 2024

For other uses, see Anorexia (disambiguation).

Anorexia is a medical term for a loss of appetite. While the term outside of the scientific literature is often used interchangeably with anorexia nervosa, many possible causes exist for a loss of appetite, some of which may be harmless, while others indicate a serious clinical condition or pose a significant risk.

Anorexia
SpecialtyEndocrinology
SymptomsNot wanting to eat, no hunger, dizziness, weakness

Anorexia is a symptom, not a diagnosis. Anorexia is not to be confused with the mental health disorder anorexia nervosa. Because the term 'anorexia' is often used as a short-form of anorexia nervosa, to avoid confusion a provider must clarify to a patient whether they are simply referring to a decreased appetite or the mental health disorder. Anyone can manifest anorexia as a loss of appetite, regardless of their sex, age, or weight.

The symptom also occurs in other animals, such as cats,[1][2] dogs,[3][4] cattle, goats, and sheep.[5] In these species, anorexia may be referred to as inappetence. As in humans, loss of appetite can be due to a range of diseases and conditions, as well as environmental and psychological factors.[2][4]

Etymology edit

The term is from Ancient Greek: ανορεξία (ἀν-, 'without' + όρεξις, spelled órexis, meaning 'appetite').[6]

Common manifestations edit

Anorexia simply manifests as a decreased or loss of appetite. This can present as not feeling hungry or lacking the desire to eat.[7] Sometimes people do not even notice they lack an appetite until they begin to lose weight from eating less. In other cases, it can be more noticeable, such as when a person becomes nauseated from just the thought of eating. Any form of decreased appetite that leads to changes in the body (such as weight loss or muscle loss) that is not done intentionally as part of dieting is clinically significant.[8]

Physiology of anorexia edit

Appetite stimulation and suppression is a complex process involving many different parts of the brain and body by the use of various hormones and signals. Appetite is thought to be stimulated by interplay between peripheral signals to the brain (taste, smell, sight, gut hormones) as well as the balance of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus.[8] Examples of these signals or hormones include neuropeptide Y, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, serotonin, and orexins (also called hypocretins). Anything that causes an imbalance of these signals or hormones can lead to the symptom of anorexia. While it is known that these signals and hormones help control appetite, the complicated mechanisms regarding a pathological increase or decrease in appetite are still being explored.[8]

Common causes edit

Drugs edit

Main article: Anorectic

Other edit

Complications edit

Complications of anorexia may result due to poor food intake. Poor food intake can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, anemia and nutritional deficiencies. These imbalances will worsen the longer that food is avoided.[8]

Sudden cardiac death edit

Anorexia is a relatively common condition that can lead patients to have dangerous electrolyte imbalances, leading to acquired long QT syndrome which can result in sudden cardiac death. This can develop over a prolonged period of time, and the risk is further heightened when feeding resumes after a period of abstaining from consumption.[19]

Refeeding syndrome edit

Care must be taken when a patient begins to eat after prolonged starvation to avoid the potentially fatal complications of refeeding syndrome. The initial signs of refeeding syndrome are minimal, but can rapidly progress to death. Thus, the reinitiation of food or oral intake is usually started slowly and requires close observation under supervision by trained healthcare professionals. This is usually done in a hospital or nutritional rehabilitation center.[19]

Management edit

Anorexia can be treated with the help of orexigenic drugs.[20][21]

"Anorexia" vs "anorexic" vs anorexia nervosa edit

Anorexic can be a description of somebody with the stereotypical thin, frail, malnourished appearance. The appearance is classically associated with anorexia, although in rare cases do patients end up becoming anorexic in appearance. An anorexic or anorectic is also a description given to substances that cause anorexia for weight loss purposes.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction due to the strong desire to remain thin. It is considered a mental health diagnosis where people see themselves as obese regardless of their weight or appearance.[22] The person does not necessarily exhibit anorexia as a symptom in their quest to restrict food intake.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ Chan, Daniel L. (November 1, 2009). "The Inappetent Hospitalised Cat: Clinical Approach to Maximising Nutritional Support". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 11 (11): 925–933. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.013. PMID 19857855. S2CID 20998698.
  2. ^ a b "Anorexia". Cornell Feline Health Center. Cornell University. 16 October 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  3. ^ Carrozza, Amanda; Marks, Stanley (November 20, 2018). "NY Vet: The Best Approach to Treating Inappetence". American Veterinarian. from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Llera, Ryan; Downing, Robin. "Anorexia in Dogs". VCA Animal Hospital. from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  5. ^ Jubb, Tristan; Perkins, Nigel. "Inappetence/Inanition". Veterinary Handbook for the Livestock Export Industry. Australian Livestock Export Corporation, Meat & Livestock Australia. from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  6. ^ Psyhogeos, Matina (14 April 2016). Page Publishing Inc. (ed.). English Words Deriving from the Greek Language. Page Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1682134283.
  7. ^ "Loss of Appetite - Digestive Disorders". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  8. ^ a b c d Jameson, Larry (2016). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. pp. 506–510. ISBN 978-0-323-18907-1.
  9. ^ "Loss of Appetite". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  10. ^ "Loss of appetite". Canadian Cancer Society. December 2019. from the original on 2021-10-27.
  11. ^ Taylor AK, Lebwohl B, Snyder CL, Green PHR (17 September 2015). "Celiac Disease". GeneReviews®. PMID 20301720. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  12. ^ . eMedicineHealth. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
  13. ^ Exton, M. S. (1997). "Infection-Induced Anorexia: Active Host Defence Strategy". Appetite. 2 (3): 369–383. doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0116. PMID 9468766. S2CID 10465902.
  14. ^ Murray, M. J.; Murray, A. B. (1979). "Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 32 (3): 593–596. doi:10.1093/ajcn/32.3.593. PMID 283688.
  15. ^ Winston, Anthony P (March 2012). "The clinical biochemistry of anorexia nervosa". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 49 (2): 132–143. doi:10.1258/acb.2011.011185. PMID 22349551. S2CID 207193656.
  16. ^ Aguilera, A; Selgas, R; Codoceo, R; Bajo, A (November 2000). "Uremic anorexia: a consequence of persistently high brain serotonin levels? The tryptophan/serotonin disorder hypothesis". Peritoneal Dialysis International. 20 (6): 810–6. doi:10.1177/089686080002000648. PMID 11216590. S2CID 1731116.
  17. ^ Langhans W. (October 2000). "Anorexia of infection: current prospects". Nutrition. 16 (10): 996–1005. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00421-4. PMID 11054606.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
  19. ^ a b Jáuregui-Garrido, B.; Jáuregui-Lobera, I. (2012). "Sudden death in eating disorders". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 8: 91–98. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S28652. PMC 3292410. PMID 22393299.
  20. ^ Thomas, David R. (February 2006). "Guidelines for the Use of Orexigenic Drugs in Long-Term Care". Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 21 (1): 82–87. doi:10.1177/011542650602100182. ISSN 0884-5336. PMID 16439773.
  21. ^ Viswambharan, Vishal; Manepalli, Jothika N; Grossberg, George T (February 2013). "Orexigenic agents in geriatric clinical practice". Aging Health. 9 (1): 49–65. doi:10.2217/ahe.12.83. ISSN 1745-509X.
  22. ^ a b "NIMH » Eating Disorders". www.nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-02.

February 16, 2024
anorexia, symptom, other, uses, anorexia, disambiguation, anorexia, medical, term, loss, appetite, while, term, outside, scientific, literature, often, used, interchangeably, with, anorexia, nervosa, many, possible, causes, exist, loss, appetite, some, which, . For other uses see Anorexia disambiguation Anorexia is a medical term for a loss of appetite While the term outside of the scientific literature is often used interchangeably with anorexia nervosa many possible causes exist for a loss of appetite some of which may be harmless while others indicate a serious clinical condition or pose a significant risk AnorexiaSpecialtyEndocrinologySymptomsNot wanting to eat no hunger dizziness weaknessAnorexia is a symptom not a diagnosis Anorexia is not to be confused with the mental health disorder anorexia nervosa Because the term anorexia is often used as a short form of anorexia nervosa to avoid confusion a provider must clarify to a patient whether they are simply referring to a decreased appetite or the mental health disorder Anyone can manifest anorexia as a loss of appetite regardless of their sex age or weight The symptom also occurs in other animals such as cats 1 2 dogs 3 4 cattle goats and sheep 5 In these species anorexia may be referred to as inappetence As in humans loss of appetite can be due to a range of diseases and conditions as well as environmental and psychological factors 2 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Common manifestations 3 Physiology of anorexia 4 Common causes 4 1 Drugs 4 2 Other 5 Complications 5 1 Sudden cardiac death 5 2 Refeeding syndrome 6 Management 7 Anorexia vs anorexic vs anorexia nervosa 8 ReferencesEtymology editThe term is from Ancient Greek anore3ia ἀn without ore3is spelled orexis meaning appetite 6 Common manifestations editAnorexia simply manifests as a decreased or loss of appetite This can present as not feeling hungry or lacking the desire to eat 7 Sometimes people do not even notice they lack an appetite until they begin to lose weight from eating less In other cases it can be more noticeable such as when a person becomes nauseated from just the thought of eating Any form of decreased appetite that leads to changes in the body such as weight loss or muscle loss that is not done intentionally as part of dieting is clinically significant 8 Physiology of anorexia editAppetite stimulation and suppression is a complex process involving many different parts of the brain and body by the use of various hormones and signals Appetite is thought to be stimulated by interplay between peripheral signals to the brain taste smell sight gut hormones as well as the balance of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus 8 Examples of these signals or hormones include neuropeptide Y leptin ghrelin insulin serotonin and orexins also called hypocretins Anything that causes an imbalance of these signals or hormones can lead to the symptom of anorexia While it is known that these signals and hormones help control appetite the complicated mechanisms regarding a pathological increase or decrease in appetite are still being explored 8 Common causes editAcute radiation syndrome Addison s disease Alcoholism Alcohol withdrawal Anemia Anorexia nervosa Anxiety Appendicitis Babesiosis Benzodiazepine withdrawal Bipolar disorder Cancer 9 10 Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome Cannabis withdrawal Celiac disease 11 Chronic kidney disease Chronic pain Common cold Constipation COPD COVID 19 Crohn s disease Dehydration Dementia Depression Ebola Fatty liver disease Fever Food poisoning Gastroparesis Hepatitis HIV AIDS Hypercalcemia Hyperglycemia Hypervitaminosis D Hypothyroidism and sometimes hyperthyroidism Irritable bowel syndrome Ketoacidosis Kidney failure 12 Low blood pressure Mania Metabolic disorders particularly urea cycle disorders MELAS syndrome Nausea Opioid use disorder Pancreatitis Pernicious anemia vitamin B12 deficiency Psychosis Schizophrenia Side effect of drugs Stimulant use disorder Stomach flu Stress Sickness behavior 13 14 Superior mesenteric artery syndrome Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion 15 Tuberculosis Thalassemia Ulcerative colitis Uremia 16 Folate deficiency Zinc deficiency Infection Anorexia of infection is part of the acute phase response APR to infection The APR can be triggered by lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls bacterial DNA and double stranded viral RNA and viral glycoproteins which can trigger production of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines These can have an indirect effect on appetite by a number of means including peripheral afferents from their sites of production in the body by enhancing production of leptin from fat stores Inflammatory cytokines can also signal to the central nervous system more directly by specialized transport mechanisms through the blood brain barrier via circumventricular organs which are outside the barrier or by triggering production of eicosanoids in the endothelial cells of the brain vasculature Ultimately the control of appetite by this mechanism is thought to be mediated by the same factors normally controlling appetite such as neurotransmitters serotonin dopamine histamine norepinephrine corticotropin releasing factor neuropeptide Y and a melanocyte stimulating hormone 17 Drugs edit Main article Anorectic Stimulants such as ephedrine amphetamine methamphetamine MDMA cathinone methylphenidate nicotine cocaine caffeine etc Horomones which are produced by adrenal glands and used as medication such as adrenaline Narcotics such as heroin morphine codeine hydrocodone oxycodone etc Antidepressants can have anorexia as a side effect primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs such as fluoxetine Byetta a type II diabetes drug will cause moderate nausea and loss of appetite Abruptly stopping appetite increasing drugs such as cannabis and corticosteroids Chemicals that are members of the phenethylamine group Individuals with anorexia nervosa may seek them to suppress appetite Topiramate may cause anorexia as a side effect Other drugs may be used to intentionally cause anorexia in order to help a patient preoperative fasting prior to general anesthesia It is important to avoid food before surgery to mitigate the risk of pulmonary aspiration which can be fatal Other edit During the post operative recovery period for a tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy it is common for adult patients to experience a lack of appetite until their throat significantly heals usually 10 14 days 18 Altitude sickness Airsickness Significant emotional pain caused by an event rather than a mental disorder can cause an individual to temporarily lose all interest in food Several Twelve step programs including Overeaters Anonymous tackle psychological issues members believe lead to forms of deprivation Psychological stress Experiencing grotesque unpleasant or unappealing thoughts or conversations Being in the presence of unappealing things such as waste matter dead organisms or bad smellsComplications editComplications of anorexia may result due to poor food intake Poor food intake can lead to dehydration electrolyte imbalances anemia and nutritional deficiencies These imbalances will worsen the longer that food is avoided 8 Sudden cardiac death edit Anorexia is a relatively common condition that can lead patients to have dangerous electrolyte imbalances leading to acquired long QT syndrome which can result in sudden cardiac death This can develop over a prolonged period of time and the risk is further heightened when feeding resumes after a period of abstaining from consumption 19 Refeeding syndrome edit Care must be taken when a patient begins to eat after prolonged starvation to avoid the potentially fatal complications of refeeding syndrome The initial signs of refeeding syndrome are minimal but can rapidly progress to death Thus the reinitiation of food or oral intake is usually started slowly and requires close observation under supervision by trained healthcare professionals This is usually done in a hospital or nutritional rehabilitation center 19 Management editAnorexia can be treated with the help of orexigenic drugs 20 21 Anorexia vs anorexic vs anorexia nervosa editAnorexic can be a description of somebody with the stereotypical thin frail malnourished appearance The appearance is classically associated with anorexia although in rare cases do patients end up becoming anorexic in appearance An anorexic or anorectic is also a description given to substances that cause anorexia for weight loss purposes Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction due to the strong desire to remain thin It is considered a mental health diagnosis where people see themselves as obese regardless of their weight or appearance 22 The person does not necessarily exhibit anorexia as a symptom in their quest to restrict food intake 22 References edit Chan Daniel L November 1 2009 The Inappetent Hospitalised Cat Clinical Approach to Maximising Nutritional Support Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11 11 925 933 doi 10 1016 j jfms 2009 09 013 PMID 19857855 S2CID 20998698 a b Anorexia Cornell Feline Health Center Cornell University 16 October 2017 Retrieved July 19 2020 Carrozza Amanda Marks Stanley November 20 2018 NY Vet The Best Approach to Treating Inappetence American Veterinarian Archived from the original on July 19 2020 Retrieved July 19 2020 a b Llera Ryan Downing Robin Anorexia in Dogs VCA Animal Hospital Archived from the original on July 19 2020 Retrieved July 19 2020 Jubb Tristan Perkins Nigel Inappetence Inanition Veterinary Handbook for the Livestock Export Industry Australian Livestock Export Corporation Meat amp Livestock Australia Archived from the original on July 19 2020 Retrieved July 19 2020 Psyhogeos Matina 14 April 2016 Page Publishing Inc ed English Words Deriving from the Greek Language Page Publishing Incorporated ISBN 978 1682134283 Loss of Appetite Digestive Disorders Merck Manuals Consumer Version Retrieved 2021 10 27 a b c d Jameson Larry 2016 Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric Philadelphia PA Saunders pp 506 510 ISBN 978 0 323 18907 1 Loss of Appetite www cancer org Retrieved 2021 10 27 Loss of appetite Canadian Cancer Society December 2019 Archived from the original on 2021 10 27 Taylor AK Lebwohl B Snyder CL Green PHR 17 September 2015 Celiac Disease GeneReviews PMID 20301720 Retrieved 24 September 2017 Pinworms in Kids amp Adults Pictures Symptoms amp Treatments Viewer Comments and Reviews Hypothyroidism Symptoms Patients Share Their Knowledge on eMedicineHealth eMedicineHealth Archived from the original on 2015 10 04 Retrieved 2017 11 28 Exton M S 1997 Infection Induced Anorexia Active Host Defence Strategy Appetite 2 3 369 383 doi 10 1006 appe 1997 0116 PMID 9468766 S2CID 10465902 Murray M J Murray A B 1979 Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 3 593 596 doi 10 1093 ajcn 32 3 593 PMID 283688 Winston Anthony P March 2012 The clinical biochemistry of anorexia nervosa Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 49 2 132 143 doi 10 1258 acb 2011 011185 PMID 22349551 S2CID 207193656 Aguilera A Selgas R Codoceo R Bajo A November 2000 Uremic anorexia a consequence of persistently high brain serotonin levels The tryptophan serotonin disorder hypothesis Peritoneal Dialysis International 20 6 810 6 doi 10 1177 089686080002000648 PMID 11216590 S2CID 1731116 Langhans W October 2000 Anorexia of infection current prospects Nutrition 16 10 996 1005 doi 10 1016 s0899 9007 00 00421 4 PMID 11054606 Home Care After Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Archived from the original on July 17 2011 a b Jauregui Garrido B Jauregui Lobera I 2012 Sudden death in eating disorders Vascular Health and Risk Management 8 91 98 doi 10 2147 VHRM S28652 PMC 3292410 PMID 22393299 Thomas David R February 2006 Guidelines for the Use of Orexigenic Drugs in Long Term Care Nutrition in Clinical Practice 21 1 82 87 doi 10 1177 011542650602100182 ISSN 0884 5336 PMID 16439773 Viswambharan Vishal Manepalli Jothika N Grossberg George T February 2013 Orexigenic agents in geriatric clinical practice Aging Health 9 1 49 65 doi 10 2217 ahe 12 83 ISSN 1745 509X a b NIMH Eating Disorders www nimh nih gov Retrieved 2019 12 02 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anorexia symptom amp oldid 1207336682, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.