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Wikipedia

Amazon Web Services

April 12, 2024

"AWS" redirects here. For other uses, see AWS (disambiguation).

Amazon Web Services, Inc. (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered, pay-as-you-go basis. Clients will often use this in combination with autoscaling (a process that allows a client to use more computing in times of high application usage, and then scale down to reduce costs when there is less traffic). These cloud computing web services provide various services related to networking, compute, storage, middleware, IoT and other processing capacity, as well as software tools via AWS server farms. This frees clients from managing, scaling, and patching hardware and operating systems. One of the foundational services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which allows users to have at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, with extremely high availability, which can be interacted with over the internet via REST APIs, a CLI or the AWS console. AWS's virtual computers emulate most of the attributes of a real computer, including hardware central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs) for processing; local/RAM memory; Hard-disk(HDD)/SSD storage; a choice of operating systems; networking; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers, databases, and customer relationship management (CRM).

Amazon Web Services, Inc.
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryWeb services, cloud computing
Founded
Key people
Revenue US$80 billion (2022)[5]
US$22.8 billion (2022)[5]
ParentAmazon
Subsidiaries
ASN16509
Websiteaws.amazon.com

AWS services are delivered to customers via a network of AWS server farms located throughout the world. Fees are based on a combination of usage (known as a "Pay-as-you-go" model), hardware, operating system, software, or networking features chosen by the subscriber require availability, redundancy, security, and service options. Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS computer, a dedicated physical computer, or clusters of either.[7] Amazon provides select portions of security for subscribers (e.g. physical security of the data centers) while other aspects of security are the responsibility of the subscriber (e.g. account management, vulnerability scanning, patching). AWS operates from many global geographical regions including seven in North America.[8]

Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large-scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm.[9] All services are billed based on usage, but each service measures usage in varying ways. As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to Synergy Group.[10][11]

Services edit

Main articles: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud and Amazon S3

As of 2021, AWS comprises over 200[12] products and services including computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, machine learning,[13] mobile, developer tools, RobOps and tools for the Internet of Things. The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon Connect, and AWS Lambda (a serverless function that can perform arbitrary code written in any language that can be configured to be triggered by hundreds of events, including http calls).[14]

Services expose functionality through APIs for clients to use in their applications. These APIs are accessed over HTTP, using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol for older APIs and exclusively JSON for newer ones. Clients can interact with these APIs in various ways, including from the AWS console (a website), by using SDKs written in various languages (such as Python, Java, and JavaScript), or by making direct REST calls.

History edit

Further information: Timeline of Amazon Web Services

Founding (2000–2005) edit

 
Early AWS "building blocks" logo along a sigmoid curve depicting recession followed by growth.

The genesis of AWS came in the early 2000s. After building Merchant.com, Amazon's e-commerce-as-a-service platform that offers third-party retailers a way to build their own web-stores, Amazon pursued service-oriented architecture as a means to scale its engineering operations,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] led by then CTO Allan Vermeulen.[22]

Around the same time frame, Amazon was frustrated with the speed of its software engineering, and sought to implement various recommendations put forth by Matt Round, an engineering leader at the time, including maximization of autonomy for engineering teams, adoption of REST, standardization of infrastructure, removal of gate-keeping decision-makers (bureaucracy), and continuous deployment. He also called for increasing the percentage of the time engineers spent building the software rather than doing other tasks.[23] Amazon created "a shared IT platform" so its engineering organizations, which were spending 70% of their time on "undifferentiated heavy-lifting" such as IT and infrastructure problems, could focus on customer-facing innovation instead.[24][25] Besides, in dealing with unusual peak traffic patterns, especially during the holiday season, by migrating services to commodity Linux hardware and relying on open source software, Amazon's Infrastructure team, led by Tom Killalea,[26] Amazon's first CISO,[27] had already run its data centers and associated services in a "fast, reliable, cheap" way.[26]

In July 2002 Amazon.com Web Services, managed by Colin Bryar,[28] launched its first web services, opening up the Amazon.com platform to all developers.[29] Over one hundred applications were built on top of it by 2004.[30] This unexpected developer interest took Amazon by surprise and convinced them that developers were "hungry for more".[25]

By the summer of 2003, Andy Jassy had taken over Bryar's portfolio[31] at Rick Dalzell's behest, after Vermeulen, who was Bezos' first pick, declined the offer.[22] Jassy subsequently mapped out the vision for an "Internet OS"[15][17][19][32] made up of foundational infrastructure primitives that alleviated key impediments to shipping software applications faster.[15][16][17][19][21] By fall 2003,[15][17] databases, storage, and compute were identified as the first set of infrastructure pieces that Amazon should launch.[15][17][25]

Jeff Barr, an early AWS employee, credits Vermeulen, Jassy, Bezos himself, and a few others for coming up with the idea that would evolve into EC2, S3, and RDS;[33] Jassy recalls the idea was the result of brainstorming for about a week with "ten of the best technology minds and ten of the best product management minds" on about ten different internet applications and the most primitive building blocks required to build them.[19] Werner Vogels cites Amazon's desire to make the process of "invent, launch, reinvent, relaunch, start over, rinse, repeat" as fast as it could was leading them to break down organizational structures with "two-pizza teams"[c] and application structures with distributed systems;[d] and that these changes ultimately paved way for the formation of AWS[21] and its mission "to expose all of the atomic-level pieces of the Amazon.com platform".[36] According to Brewster Kahle, co-founder of Alexa Internet, which was acquired by Amazon in 1999, his start-up's compute infrastructure helped Amazon solve its big data problems and later informed the innovations that underpinned AWS.[37]

Jassy assembled a founding team of 57 employees from a mix of engineering and business backgrounds to kick-start these initiatives,[19][18] with a majority of the hires coming from outside the company;[19] Jeff Lawson, Twilio CEO,[38] Adam Selipsky, Tableau CEO,[39][40] and Mikhail Seregine,[41] co-founder at Outschool among them.

In late 2003, the concept for compute,[e] which would later launch as EC2, was reformulated when Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black presented a paper internally describing a vision for Amazon's retail computing infrastructure that was completely standardized, completely automated, and would rely extensively on web services for services such as storage and would draw on internal work already underway. Near the end of their paper, they mentioned the possibility of selling access to virtual servers as a service, proposing the company could generate revenue from the new infrastructure investment.[43][unreliable source?] Thereafter Pinkham, Willem van Biljon, and lead developer Christopher Brown developed the Amazon EC2 service, with a team in Cape Town, South Africa.[44]

In November 2004, AWS launched its first infrastructure service for public usage: Simple Queue Service (SQS).[45]

S3, EC2, and other first generation services (2006–2010) edit

On March 14, 2006, AWS launched Amazon S3 cloud storage[46] followed by EC2 in August 2006.[47] Andy Jassy, AWS founder and vice president in 2006, said at the time that Amazon S3 "helps free developers from worrying about where they are going to store data, whether it will be safe and secure, if it will be available when they need it, the costs associated with server maintenance, or whether they have enough storage available. Amazon S3 enables developers to focus on innovating with data, rather than figuring out how to store it."[1] Pi Corporation, a startup Paul Maritz co-founded, was the first beta-user of EC2 outside of Amazon,[19] while Microsoft was among EC2's first enterprise customers.[48] Later that year, SmugMug, one of the early AWS adopters, attributed savings of around US$400,000 in storage costs to S3.[49] According to Vogels, S3 was built with 8 microservices when it launched in 2006, but had over 300 microservices by 2022.[50]

In September 2007, AWS announced its annual Start-up Challenge, a contest with prizes worth $100,000 for entrepreneurs and software developers based in the US using AWS services such as S3 and EC2 to build their businesses.[51] The first edition saw participation from Justin.tv,[52] which Amazon would later acquire in 2014.[53] Ooyala, an online media company,[54] was the eventual winner.[52]

Additional AWS services from this period include SimpleDB, Mechanical Turk, Elastic Block Store, Elastic Beanstalk, Relational Database Service, DynamoDB, CloudWatch, Simple Workflow, CloudFront, and Availability Zones.

Growth (2010–2015) edit

 
AWS Summit 2013 event in NYC.

In November 2010, it was reported that all of Amazon.com's retail sites had migrated to AWS.[55] Prior to 2012, AWS was considered a part of Amazon.com and so its revenue was not delineated in Amazon financial statements. In that year industry watchers for the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over $1.5 billion.[56]

On November 27, 2012, AWS hosted its first major annual conference, re:Invent with a focus on AWS's partners and ecosystem,[57] with over 150 sessions.[58] The three-day event was held in Las Vegas because of its relatively cheaper connectivity with locations across the United States and the rest of the world.[59] Andy Jassy and Werner Vogels presented keynotes, with Jeff Bezos joining Vogels for a fireside chat.[60] AWS opened early registrations at US$1,099 per head for their customers[58] from over 190 countries.[61] On stage with Andy Jassy at the event which saw around 6000 attendees, Reed Hastings, CEO at Netflix, announced plans to migrate 100% of Netflix's infrastructure to AWS.[60]

To support industry-wide training and skills standardization, AWS began offering a certification program for computer engineers, on April 30, 2013, to highlight expertise in cloud computing.[62] Later that year, in October, AWS launched Activate, a program for start-ups worldwide to leverage AWS credits, third-party integrations, and free access to AWS experts to help build their business.[63]

In 2014, AWS launched its partner network, AWS Partner Network (APN), which is focused on helping AWS-based companies grow and scale the success of their business with close collaboration and best practices.[64][65]

In January 2015, Amazon Web Services acquired Annapurna Labs, an Israel-based microelectronics company for a reported US$350–370M.[66][67]

In April 2015, Amazon.com reported AWS was profitable, with sales of $1.57 billion in the first quarter of the year and $265 million of operating income. Founder Jeff Bezos described it as a fast-growing $5 billion business; analysts described it as "surprisingly more profitable than forecast".[68] In October, Amazon.com said in its Q3 earnings report that AWS's operating income was $521 million, with operating margins at 25 percent. AWS's 2015 Q3 revenue was $2.1 billion, a 78% increase from 2014's Q3 revenue of $1.17 billion.[69] 2015 Q4 revenue for the AWS segment increased 69.5% y/y to $2.4 billion with a 28.5% operating margin, giving AWS a $9.6 billion run rate. In 2015, Gartner estimated that AWS customers are deploying 10x more infrastructure on AWS than the combined adoption of the next 14 providers.[70]

Current era (2016–present) edit

In 2016 Q1, revenue was $2.57 billion with net income of $604 million, a 64% increase over 2015 Q1 that resulted in AWS being more profitable than Amazon's North American retail business for the first time.[71] Jassy was thereafter promoted to CEO of the division.[72] Around the same time, Amazon experienced a 42% rise in stock value as a result of increased earnings, of which AWS contributed 56% to corporate profits.[73]

AWS had $17.46 billion in annual revenue in 2017.[74] By the end of 2020, the number had grown to $46 billion.[75] Reflecting the success of AWS, Jassy's annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly $36 million.[76]

In January 2018, Amazon launched an autoscaling service on AWS.[77][78]

In November 2018, AWS announced customized ARM cores for use in its servers.[79] Also in November 2018, AWS is developing ground stations to communicate with customers' satellites.[80]

In 2019, AWS reported 37% yearly growth and accounted for 12% of Amazon's revenue (up from 11% in 2018).[81]

In April 2021, AWS reported 32% yearly growth and accounted for 32% of $41.8 billion cloud market in Q1 2021.[82]

In January 2022, AWS joined the MACH Alliance, a non-profit enterprise technology advocacy group.[83]

In June 2022, it was reported that in 2019 Capital One had not secured their AWS resources properly, and was subject to a data breach by a former AWS employee. The employee was convicted of hacking into the company's cloud servers to steal customer data and use computer power to mine cryptocurrency. The ex-employee was able to download the personal information of more than 100 million Capital One customers.[84]

In June 2022, AWS announced they had launched the AWS Snowcone, a small computing device, to the International Space Station on the Axiom Mission 1.[85]

In September 2023, AWS announced it would become AI startup Anthropic's primary cloud provider. Amazon has committed to investing up to $4 billion in Anthropic and will have a minority ownership position in the company.[86]

In April 2024, AWS announced a new service called Deadline Cloud, which lets customers set up, deploy and scale up graphics and visual effects rendering pipelines on AWS cloud infrastructure.[87]

Customer base edit

Notable customers include NASA,[88] and the Obama presidential campaign of 2012.[89]

In October 2013, AWS was awarded a $600M contract with the CIA.[90]

In 2019, it was reported that more than 80% of Germany's listed DAX companies use AWS.[91]

In August 2019, the U.S. Navy said it moved 72,000 users from six commands to an AWS cloud system as a first step toward pushing all of its data and analytics onto the cloud.[92]

In 2021, DISH Network announced it will develop and launch its 5G network on AWS.[93]

In October 2021, it was reported that spy agencies and government departments in the UK such as GCHQ, MI5, MI6, and the Ministry of Defence, have contracted AWS to host their classified materials.[94]

Multiple financial services firms have shifted to AWS in some form.[95][96][97]

Significant service outages edit

Main article: Timeline of Amazon Web Services § Amazon Web Services outages
  • On April 20, 2011, AWS suffered a major outage. Parts of the Elastic Block Store service became "stuck" and could not fulfill read/write requests. It took at least two days for the service to be fully restored.[98]
  • On June 29, 2012, several websites that rely on Amazon Web Services were taken offline due to a severe storm in Northern Virginia, where AWS's largest data center cluster is located.[99]
  • On October 22, 2012, a major outage occurred, affecting many sites such as Reddit, Foursquare, Pinterest, and others. The cause was a memory leak bug in an operational data collection agent.[100]
  • On December 24, 2012, AWS suffered another outage causing websites such as Netflix to be unavailable for customers in the Northeastern United States.[101] AWS cited their Elastic Load Balancing service as the cause.[102]
  • On February 28, 2017, AWS experienced a massive outage of S3 services in its Northern Virginia region. A majority of websites that relied on AWS S3 either hung or stalled, and Amazon reported within five hours that AWS was fully online again.[103] No data has been reported to have been lost due to the outage. The outage was caused by a human error made while debugging, that resulted in removing more server capacity than intended, which caused a domino effect of outages.[104]
  • On November 25, 2020, AWS experienced several hours of outage on the Kinesis service in North Virginia (US-East-1) region. Other services relying on Kinesis were also impacted.[105][106]
  • On December 7, 2021, an outage mainly affected the Eastern United States, disrupting delivery service and streaming.[107]

Availability and topology edit

As of March 2024, AWS has distinct operations in 33 geographical "regions":[8] eight in North America, one in South America, eight in Europe, three in the Middle East, one in Africa, and twelve in Asia Pacific.

Most AWS regions are enabled by default for AWS accounts. Regions introduced after 20 March 2019 are considered to be opt-in regions, requiring a user to explicitly enable them in order for the region to be usable in the account. For opt-in regions, Identity and Access Management (IAM) resources such as users and roles are only propagated to the regions that are enabled.[108]

Each region is wholly contained within a single country and all of its data and services stay within the designated region.[7] Each region has multiple "Availability Zones",[109] which consist of one or more discrete data centers, each with redundant power, networking, and connectivity, housed in separate facilities. Availability Zones do not automatically provide additional scalability or redundancy within a region, since they are intentionally isolated from each other to prevent outages from spreading between zones. Several services can operate across Availability Zones (e.g., S3, DynamoDB) while others can be configured to replicate across zones to spread demand and avoid downtime from failures.

As of December 2014, Amazon Web Services operated an estimated 1.4 million servers across 11 regions and 28 availability zones.[110] The global network of AWS Edge locations consists of over 300 points of presence worldwide, including locations in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and South America.[111]

As of March 2024, AWS has announced the planned launch of six additional regions in Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Thailand, Saudia Arabia, and the European Union.[8] In mid March 2023, Amazon Web Services signed a cooperation agreement with the New Zealand Government to build large data centers in New Zealand.[112]

In 2014, AWS claimed its aim was to achieve 100% renewable energy usage in the future.[113] In the United States, AWS's partnerships with renewable energy providers include Community Energy of Virginia, to support the US East region;[114] Pattern Development, in January 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm Fowler Ridge;[115] Iberdrola Renewables, LLC, in July 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US East; EDP Renewables North America, in November 2015, to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US Central;[116] and Tesla Motors, to apply battery storage technology to address power needs in the US West (Northern California) region.[114]

Pop-up lofts edit

 
AWS Loft in SoHo, New York City

AWS also has "pop-up lofts" in different locations around the world.[117] These market AWS to entrepreneurs and startups in different tech industries in a physical location. Visitors can work or relax inside the loft, or learn more about what they can do with AWS. In June 2014, AWS opened their first temporary pop-up loft in San Francisco.[118] In May 2015 they expanded to New York City,[119][120] and in September 2015 expanded to Berlin.[121] AWS opened its fourth location, in Tel Aviv from March 1, 2016, to March 22, 2016.[122] A pop-up loft was open in London from September 10 to October 29, 2015.[123] The pop-up lofts in New York[124] and San Francisco[125] are indefinitely closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic while Tokyo has remained open in a limited capacity.[126]

Charitable work edit

In 2017, AWS launched AWS re/Start in the United Kingdom to help young adults and military veterans retrain in technology-related skills. In partnership with the Prince's Trust and the Ministry of Defence (MoD), AWS will help to provide re-training opportunities for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and former military personnel. AWS is working alongside a number of partner companies including Cloudreach, Sage Group, EDF Energy, and Tesco Bank.[127]

In April 2022, AWS announced the organization has committed more than $30 million over three years to early-stage start-ups led by Black, Latino, LGBTQIA+, and Women founders as part of its AWS impact Accelerator. The Initiative offers qualifying start-ups up to $225,000 in cash, credits, extensive training, mentoring, technical guidance and includes up to $100,000 in AWS service credits.[128]

Environmental impact edit

In 2016, Greenpeace assessed major tech companies—including cloud services providers like AWS, Microsoft, Oracle, Google, IBM, Salesforce and Rackspace—based on their level of "clean energy" usage. Greenpeace evaluated companies on their mix of renewable-energy sources; transparency; renewable-energy commitment and policies; energy efficiency and greenhouse-gas mitigation; renewable-energy procurement; and advocacy. The group gave AWS an overall "C" grade. Greenpeace credited AWS for its advances toward greener computing in recent years and its plans to launch multiple wind and solar farms across the United States. The organization stated that Amazon is opaque about its carbon footprint.[129]

In January 2021, AWS joined an industry pledge to achieve climate neutrality of data centers by 2030, the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact.[130] As of 2023, Amazon as a whole is the largest corporate purchaser of renewable energy in the world, a position it has held since 2020, and has a global portfolio of over 20 GW of renewable energy capacity.[131] In 2022, 90% of all Amazon operations, including data centers, were powered by renewables.[132]

Denaturalization protest edit

US Department of Homeland Security has employed the software ATLAS, which runs on Amazon Cloud. It scanned more than 16.5 million records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124,000 of them for manual analysis and review by USCIS officers regarding denaturalization.[133][134] Some of the scanned data came from the Terrorist Screening Database and the National Crime Information Center. The algorithm and the criteria for the algorithm were secret. Amazon faced protests from its own employees and activists for the anti-migrant collaboration with authorities.[135]

See also edit

Main category: Amazon Web Services

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ Launched in July 2002, the Amazon Web Services platform exposes technology and product data from Amazon and its affiliates, enabling developers to build innovative and entrepreneurial applications on their own.[1]
  2. ^ In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) began offering IT infrastructure services to businesses in the form of web services -- now commonly known as cloud computing.[2]
  3. ^ A team should not be any bigger than could be fed with two pizzas.[34]
  4. ^ Larger software applications broken down in to smaller services.[35]
  5. ^ code-named Amazon Execution Service in the pre-launch phase.[42]

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amazon, services, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, subsidiary, amazon, that, provides, demand, cloud, computing, platforms, apis, individuals, companies, governments, metered, basis, clients, will, often, this, combination, with, autoscaling, proc. AWS redirects here For other uses see AWS disambiguation Amazon Web Services Inc AWS is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals companies and governments on a metered pay as you go basis Clients will often use this in combination with autoscaling a process that allows a client to use more computing in times of high application usage and then scale down to reduce costs when there is less traffic These cloud computing web services provide various services related to networking compute storage middleware IoT and other processing capacity as well as software tools via AWS server farms This frees clients from managing scaling and patching hardware and operating systems One of the foundational services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud EC2 which allows users to have at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers with extremely high availability which can be interacted with over the internet via REST APIs a CLI or the AWS console AWS s virtual computers emulate most of the attributes of a real computer including hardware central processing units CPUs and graphics processing units GPUs for processing local RAM memory Hard disk HDD SSD storage a choice of operating systems networking and pre loaded application software such as web servers databases and customer relationship management CRM Amazon Web Services Inc Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryWeb services cloud computingFoundedJuly 2002 21 years ago 2002 07 a Web services March 2006 18 years ago 2006 03 b Cloud computing Key peopleAdam Selipsky CEO 3 C J Moses CISO 4 RevenueUS 80 billion 2022 5 Operating incomeUS 22 8 billion 2022 5 ParentAmazonSubsidiariesAnnapurna Labs AWS Elemental NICE Software 6 WickrASN16509Websiteaws wbr amazon wbr comAWS services are delivered to customers via a network of AWS server farms located throughout the world Fees are based on a combination of usage known as a Pay as you go model hardware operating system software or networking features chosen by the subscriber require availability redundancy security and service options Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS computer a dedicated physical computer or clusters of either 7 Amazon provides select portions of security for subscribers e g physical security of the data centers while other aspects of security are the responsibility of the subscriber e g account management vulnerability scanning patching AWS operates from many global geographical regions including seven in North America 8 Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm 9 All services are billed based on usage but each service measures usage in varying ways As of 2021 Q4 AWS has 33 market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud have 21 and 10 respectively according to Synergy Group 10 11 Contents 1 Services 2 History 2 1 Founding 2000 2005 2 2 S3 EC2 and other first generation services 2006 2010 2 3 Growth 2010 2015 2 4 Current era 2016 present 2 5 Customer base 2 6 Significant service outages 3 Availability and topology 4 Pop up lofts 5 Charitable work 6 Environmental impact 7 Denaturalization protest 8 See also 9 Explanatory notes 10 References 11 External linksServices editMain articles Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud and Amazon S3 As of 2021 update AWS comprises over 200 12 products and services including computing storage networking database analytics application services deployment management machine learning 13 mobile developer tools RobOps and tools for the Internet of Things The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud EC2 Amazon Simple Storage Service Amazon S3 Amazon Connect and AWS Lambda a serverless function that can perform arbitrary code written in any language that can be configured to be triggered by hundreds of events including http calls 14 Services expose functionality through APIs for clients to use in their applications These APIs are accessed over HTTP using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol for older APIs and exclusively JSON for newer ones Clients can interact with these APIs in various ways including from the AWS console a website by using SDKs written in various languages such as Python Java and JavaScript or by making direct REST calls History editFurther information Timeline of Amazon Web Services Founding 2000 2005 edit nbsp Early AWS building blocks logo along a sigmoid curve depicting recession followed by growth The genesis of AWS came in the early 2000s After building Merchant com Amazon s e commerce as a service platform that offers third party retailers a way to build their own web stores Amazon pursued service oriented architecture as a means to scale its engineering operations 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 led by then CTO Allan Vermeulen 22 Around the same time frame Amazon was frustrated with the speed of its software engineering and sought to implement various recommendations put forth by Matt Round an engineering leader at the time including maximization of autonomy for engineering teams adoption of REST standardization of infrastructure removal of gate keeping decision makers bureaucracy and continuous deployment He also called for increasing the percentage of the time engineers spent building the software rather than doing other tasks 23 Amazon created a shared IT platform so its engineering organizations which were spending 70 of their time on undifferentiated heavy lifting such as IT and infrastructure problems could focus on customer facing innovation instead 24 25 Besides in dealing with unusual peak traffic patterns especially during the holiday season by migrating services to commodity Linux hardware and relying on open source software Amazon s Infrastructure team led by Tom Killalea 26 Amazon s first CISO 27 had already run its data centers and associated services in a fast reliable cheap way 26 In July 2002 Amazon com Web Services managed by Colin Bryar 28 launched its first web services opening up the Amazon com platform to all developers 29 Over one hundred applications were built on top of it by 2004 30 This unexpected developer interest took Amazon by surprise and convinced them that developers were hungry for more 25 By the summer of 2003 Andy Jassy had taken over Bryar s portfolio 31 at Rick Dalzell s behest after Vermeulen who was Bezos first pick declined the offer 22 Jassy subsequently mapped out the vision for an Internet OS 15 17 19 32 made up of foundational infrastructure primitives that alleviated key impediments to shipping software applications faster 15 16 17 19 21 By fall 2003 15 17 databases storage and compute were identified as the first set of infrastructure pieces that Amazon should launch 15 17 25 Jeff Barr an early AWS employee credits Vermeulen Jassy Bezos himself and a few others for coming up with the idea that would evolve into EC2 S3 and RDS 33 Jassy recalls the idea was the result of brainstorming for about a week with ten of the best technology minds and ten of the best product management minds on about ten different internet applications and the most primitive building blocks required to build them 19 Werner Vogels cites Amazon s desire to make the process of invent launch reinvent relaunch start over rinse repeat as fast as it could was leading them to break down organizational structures with two pizza teams c and application structures with distributed systems d and that these changes ultimately paved way for the formation of AWS 21 and its mission to expose all of the atomic level pieces of the Amazon com platform 36 According to Brewster Kahle co founder of Alexa Internet which was acquired by Amazon in 1999 his start up s compute infrastructure helped Amazon solve its big data problems and later informed the innovations that underpinned AWS 37 Jassy assembled a founding team of 57 employees from a mix of engineering and business backgrounds to kick start these initiatives 19 18 with a majority of the hires coming from outside the company 19 Jeff Lawson Twilio CEO 38 Adam Selipsky Tableau CEO 39 40 and Mikhail Seregine 41 co founder at Outschool among them In late 2003 the concept for compute e which would later launch as EC2 was reformulated when Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black presented a paper internally describing a vision for Amazon s retail computing infrastructure that was completely standardized completely automated and would rely extensively on web services for services such as storage and would draw on internal work already underway Near the end of their paper they mentioned the possibility of selling access to virtual servers as a service proposing the company could generate revenue from the new infrastructure investment 43 unreliable source Thereafter Pinkham Willem van Biljon and lead developer Christopher Brown developed the Amazon EC2 service with a team in Cape Town South Africa 44 In November 2004 AWS launched its first infrastructure service for public usage Simple Queue Service SQS 45 S3 EC2 and other first generation services 2006 2010 edit This section is missing information about SimpleDB MechanicalTurk Elastic Block Store Elastic Beanstalk Relational Database Service DynamoDB CloudWatch Simple Workflow CloudFront and Availability Zones Please expand the section to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page March 2021 On March 14 2006 AWS launched Amazon S3 cloud storage 46 followed by EC2 in August 2006 47 Andy Jassy AWS founder and vice president in 2006 said at the time that Amazon S3 helps free developers from worrying about where they are going to store data whether it will be safe and secure if it will be available when they need it the costs associated with server maintenance or whether they have enough storage available Amazon S3 enables developers to focus on innovating with data rather than figuring out how to store it 1 Pi Corporation a startup Paul Maritz co founded was the first beta user of EC2 outside of Amazon 19 while Microsoft was among EC2 s first enterprise customers 48 Later that year SmugMug one of the early AWS adopters attributed savings of around US 400 000 in storage costs to S3 49 According to Vogels S3 was built with 8 microservices when it launched in 2006 but had over 300 microservices by 2022 50 In September 2007 AWS announced its annual Start up Challenge a contest with prizes worth 100 000 for entrepreneurs and software developers based in the US using AWS services such as S3 and EC2 to build their businesses 51 The first edition saw participation from Justin tv 52 which Amazon would later acquire in 2014 53 Ooyala an online media company 54 was the eventual winner 52 Additional AWS services from this period include SimpleDB Mechanical Turk Elastic Block Store Elastic Beanstalk Relational Database Service DynamoDB CloudWatch Simple Workflow CloudFront and Availability Zones Growth 2010 2015 edit nbsp AWS Summit 2013 event in NYC In November 2010 it was reported that all of Amazon com s retail sites had migrated to AWS 55 Prior to 2012 AWS was considered a part of Amazon com and so its revenue was not delineated in Amazon financial statements In that year industry watchers for the first time estimated AWS revenue to be over 1 5 billion 56 On November 27 2012 AWS hosted its first major annual conference re Invent with a focus on AWS s partners and ecosystem 57 with over 150 sessions 58 The three day event was held in Las Vegas because of its relatively cheaper connectivity with locations across the United States and the rest of the world 59 Andy Jassy and Werner Vogels presented keynotes with Jeff Bezos joining Vogels for a fireside chat 60 AWS opened early registrations at US 1 099 per head for their customers 58 from over 190 countries 61 On stage with Andy Jassy at the event which saw around 6000 attendees Reed Hastings CEO at Netflix announced plans to migrate 100 of Netflix s infrastructure to AWS 60 To support industry wide training and skills standardization AWS began offering a certification program for computer engineers on April 30 2013 to highlight expertise in cloud computing 62 Later that year in October AWS launched Activate a program for start ups worldwide to leverage AWS credits third party integrations and free access to AWS experts to help build their business 63 In 2014 AWS launched its partner network AWS Partner Network APN which is focused on helping AWS based companies grow and scale the success of their business with close collaboration and best practices 64 65 In January 2015 Amazon Web Services acquired Annapurna Labs an Israel based microelectronics company for a reported US 350 370M 66 67 In April 2015 Amazon com reported AWS was profitable with sales of 1 57 billion in the first quarter of the year and 265 million of operating income Founder Jeff Bezos described it as a fast growing 5 billion business analysts described it as surprisingly more profitable than forecast 68 In October Amazon com said in its Q3 earnings report that AWS s operating income was 521 million with operating margins at 25 percent AWS s 2015 Q3 revenue was 2 1 billion a 78 increase from 2014 s Q3 revenue of 1 17 billion 69 2015 Q4 revenue for the AWS segment increased 69 5 y y to 2 4 billion with a 28 5 operating margin giving AWS a 9 6 billion run rate In 2015 Gartner estimated that AWS customers are deploying 10x more infrastructure on AWS than the combined adoption of the next 14 providers 70 Current era 2016 present edit In 2016 Q1 revenue was 2 57 billion with net income of 604 million a 64 increase over 2015 Q1 that resulted in AWS being more profitable than Amazon s North American retail business for the first time 71 Jassy was thereafter promoted to CEO of the division 72 Around the same time Amazon experienced a 42 rise in stock value as a result of increased earnings of which AWS contributed 56 to corporate profits 73 AWS had 17 46 billion in annual revenue in 2017 74 By the end of 2020 the number had grown to 46 billion 75 Reflecting the success of AWS Jassy s annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly 36 million 76 In January 2018 Amazon launched an autoscaling service on AWS 77 78 In November 2018 AWS announced customized ARM cores for use in its servers 79 Also in November 2018 AWS is developing ground stations to communicate with customers satellites 80 In 2019 AWS reported 37 yearly growth and accounted for 12 of Amazon s revenue up from 11 in 2018 81 In April 2021 AWS reported 32 yearly growth and accounted for 32 of 41 8 billion cloud market in Q1 2021 82 In January 2022 AWS joined the MACH Alliance a non profit enterprise technology advocacy group 83 In June 2022 it was reported that in 2019 Capital One had not secured their AWS resources properly and was subject to a data breach by a former AWS employee The employee was convicted of hacking into the company s cloud servers to steal customer data and use computer power to mine cryptocurrency The ex employee was able to download the personal information of more than 100 million Capital One customers 84 In June 2022 AWS announced they had launched the AWS Snowcone a small computing device to the International Space Station on the Axiom Mission 1 85 In September 2023 AWS announced it would become AI startup Anthropic s primary cloud provider Amazon has committed to investing up to 4 billion in Anthropic and will have a minority ownership position in the company 86 In April 2024 AWS announced a new service called Deadline Cloud which lets customers set up deploy and scale up graphics and visual effects rendering pipelines on AWS cloud infrastructure 87 Customer base edit Notable customers include NASA 88 and the Obama presidential campaign of 2012 89 In October 2013 AWS was awarded a 600M contract with the CIA 90 In 2019 it was reported that more than 80 of Germany s listed DAX companies use AWS 91 In August 2019 the U S Navy said it moved 72 000 users from six commands to an AWS cloud system as a first step toward pushing all of its data and analytics onto the cloud 92 In 2021 DISH Network announced it will develop and launch its 5G network on AWS 93 In October 2021 it was reported that spy agencies and government departments in the UK such as GCHQ MI5 MI6 and the Ministry of Defence have contracted AWS to host their classified materials 94 Multiple financial services firms have shifted to AWS in some form 95 96 97 Significant service outages edit Main article Timeline of Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services outages On April 20 2011 AWS suffered a major outage Parts of the Elastic Block Store service became stuck and could not fulfill read write requests It took at least two days for the service to be fully restored 98 On June 29 2012 several websites that rely on Amazon Web Services were taken offline due to a severe storm in Northern Virginia where AWS s largest data center cluster is located 99 On October 22 2012 a major outage occurred affecting many sites such as Reddit Foursquare Pinterest and others The cause was a memory leak bug in an operational data collection agent 100 On December 24 2012 AWS suffered another outage causing websites such as Netflix to be unavailable for customers in the Northeastern United States 101 AWS cited their Elastic Load Balancing service as the cause 102 On February 28 2017 AWS experienced a massive outage of S3 services in its Northern Virginia region A majority of websites that relied on AWS S3 either hung or stalled and Amazon reported within five hours that AWS was fully online again 103 No data has been reported to have been lost due to the outage The outage was caused by a human error made while debugging that resulted in removing more server capacity than intended which caused a domino effect of outages 104 On November 25 2020 AWS experienced several hours of outage on the Kinesis service in North Virginia US East 1 region Other services relying on Kinesis were also impacted 105 106 On December 7 2021 an outage mainly affected the Eastern United States disrupting delivery service and streaming 107 Availability and topology editAs of March 2024 update AWS has distinct operations in 33 geographical regions 8 eight in North America one in South America eight in Europe three in the Middle East one in Africa and twelve in Asia Pacific Most AWS regions are enabled by default for AWS accounts Regions introduced after 20 March 2019 are considered to be opt in regions requiring a user to explicitly enable them in order for the region to be usable in the account For opt in regions Identity and Access Management IAM resources such as users and roles are only propagated to the regions that are enabled 108 Each region is wholly contained within a single country and all of its data and services stay within the designated region 7 Each region has multiple Availability Zones 109 which consist of one or more discrete data centers each with redundant power networking and connectivity housed in separate facilities Availability Zones do not automatically provide additional scalability or redundancy within a region since they are intentionally isolated from each other to prevent outages from spreading between zones Several services can operate across Availability Zones e g S3 DynamoDB while others can be configured to replicate across zones to spread demand and avoid downtime from failures As of December 2014 update Amazon Web Services operated an estimated 1 4 million servers across 11 regions and 28 availability zones 110 The global network of AWS Edge locations consists of over 300 points of presence worldwide including locations in North America Europe Asia Australia Africa and South America 111 As of March 2024 update AWS has announced the planned launch of six additional regions in Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Thailand Saudia Arabia and the European Union 8 In mid March 2023 Amazon Web Services signed a cooperation agreement with the New Zealand Government to build large data centers in New Zealand 112 In 2014 AWS claimed its aim was to achieve 100 renewable energy usage in the future 113 In the United States AWS s partnerships with renewable energy providers include Community Energy of Virginia to support the US East region 114 Pattern Development in January 2015 to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm Fowler Ridge 115 Iberdrola Renewables LLC in July 2015 to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US East EDP Renewables North America in November 2015 to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US Central 116 and Tesla Motors to apply battery storage technology to address power needs in the US West Northern California region 114 Pop up lofts edit nbsp AWS Loft in SoHo New York CityAWS also has pop up lofts in different locations around the world 117 These market AWS to entrepreneurs and startups in different tech industries in a physical location Visitors can work or relax inside the loft or learn more about what they can do with AWS In June 2014 AWS opened their first temporary pop up loft in San Francisco 118 In May 2015 they expanded to New York City 119 120 and in September 2015 expanded to Berlin 121 AWS opened its fourth location in Tel Aviv from March 1 2016 to March 22 2016 122 A pop up loft was open in London from September 10 to October 29 2015 123 The pop up lofts in New York 124 and San Francisco 125 are indefinitely closed due to the COVID 19 pandemic while Tokyo has remained open in a limited capacity 126 Charitable work editIn 2017 AWS launched AWS re Start in the United Kingdom to help young adults and military veterans retrain in technology related skills In partnership with the Prince s Trust and the Ministry of Defence MoD AWS will help to provide re training opportunities for young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and former military personnel AWS is working alongside a number of partner companies including Cloudreach Sage Group EDF Energy and Tesco Bank 127 In April 2022 AWS announced the organization has committed more than 30 million over three years to early stage start ups led by Black Latino LGBTQIA and Women founders as part of its AWS impact Accelerator The Initiative offers qualifying start ups up to 225 000 in cash credits extensive training mentoring technical guidance and includes up to 100 000 in AWS service credits 128 Environmental impact editIn 2016 Greenpeace assessed major tech companies including cloud services providers like AWS Microsoft Oracle Google IBM Salesforce and Rackspace based on their level of clean energy usage Greenpeace evaluated companies on their mix of renewable energy sources transparency renewable energy commitment and policies energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation renewable energy procurement and advocacy The group gave AWS an overall C grade Greenpeace credited AWS for its advances toward greener computing in recent years and its plans to launch multiple wind and solar farms across the United States The organization stated that Amazon is opaque about its carbon footprint 129 In January 2021 AWS joined an industry pledge to achieve climate neutrality of data centers by 2030 the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact 130 As of 2023 Amazon as a whole is the largest corporate purchaser of renewable energy in the world a position it has held since 2020 and has a global portfolio of over 20 GW of renewable energy capacity 131 In 2022 90 of all Amazon operations including data centers were powered by renewables 132 Denaturalization protest editUS Department of Homeland Security has employed the software ATLAS which runs on Amazon Cloud It scanned more than 16 5 million records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124 000 of them for manual analysis and review by USCIS officers regarding denaturalization 133 134 Some of the scanned data came from the Terrorist Screening Database and the National Crime Information Center The algorithm and the criteria for the algorithm were secret Amazon faced protests from its own employees and activists for the anti migrant collaboration with authorities 135 See also editMain category Amazon Web Services Tim Bray Cloud computing comparison Comparison of file hosting services James GoslingExplanatory notes edit Launched in July 2002 the Amazon Web Services platform exposes technology and product data from Amazon and its affiliates enabling developers to build innovative and entrepreneurial applications on their own 1 In 2006 Amazon Web Services AWS began offering IT infrastructure services to businesses in the form of web services now commonly known as cloud computing 2 A team should not be any bigger than could be fed with two pizzas 34 Larger software applications broken down in to smaller services 35 code named Amazon Execution Service in the pre launch phase 42 References edit a b Amazon Press Room Press Release phx corporate ir net Archived from the original on October 15 2015 Retrieved June 8 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January 22 2015 Archived from the original on September 15 2015 Retrieved January 24 2015 Amazon buys secretive chip maker Annapurna Labs for 350 million ExtremeTech Archived from the original on December 14 2020 Retrieved January 24 2015 Amazon web services growing fast BBC News April 24 2015 Archived from the original on November 8 2020 Retrieved June 21 2018 Get Used to Amazon Being a Profitable Company Archived December 24 2020 at the Wayback Machine Wired October 22 2015 Gartner Reprint www gartner com Archived from the original on November 19 2020 Retrieved April 6 2016 Amazon s earnings soar as its hardware takes the spotlight Archived November 12 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Verge Retrieved April 28 2016 Jordan Novet April 7 2016 Andy Jassy is finally named CEO of Amazon Web Services venturebeat com Archived from the original on February 3 2021 Retrieved July 26 2016 Roberts Daniel May 24 2016 Here s why Amazon stock is up 42 in just 3 months Yahoo Finance Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved January 15 2017 Novet Jordan February 1 2018 Amazon cloud revenue jumps 45 percent in fourth quarter CNBC Archived from the original on November 12 2020 Retrieved February 25 2018 Furrier John November 30 2020 Exclusive with AWS chief Andy Jassy The wakeup call for cloud adoption Archived from the original on February 15 2021 Retrieved February 18 2021 Balakrishnan Anita April 12 2017 AWS CEO Andrew Jassy s 2016 pay hits 35 6 million cnbc com Archived from the original on February 24 2020 Retrieved June 8 2017 Miller Ron Amazon launches autoscaling service on AWS TechCrunch Archived from the original on August 17 2020 Retrieved January 18 2018 New AWS Auto Scaling Unified Scaling For Your Cloud Applications Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services January 16 2018 Archived from the original on November 19 2020 Retrieved January 18 2018 AWS launches Arm based servers for EC2 TechCrunch Archived from the original on December 4 2020 Retrieved November 27 2018 AWS launches a base station for satellites as a service TechCrunch Archived from the original on November 10 2020 Retrieved November 28 2018 Sparks Daniel February 6 2020 Amazon s Record 2019 in 7 Metrics The Motley Fool Archived from the original on December 1 2020 Retrieved February 11 2020 Bicheno Scott April 30 2021 AWS accounted for a third of 42 billion cloud market in Q1 2021 telecoms com Archived from the original on April 30 2021 Retrieved May 1 2021 Edwards Roy January 21 2022 AWS Joins MACH Alliance enterprise times Archived from the original on February 5 2023 Retrieved January 26 2023 Burnson Robert June 18 2022 Ex Amazon Cloud Worker Convicted of Massive Capital One Hack Bloomberg Archived from the original on July 4 2022 Retrieved June 20 2022 Lardinois Frederic June 23 2022 AWS sent a Snowcone to space TechCrunch Archived from the original on June 25 2022 Retrieved June 25 2022 Amazon and Anthropic Announce Strategic Collaboration to Advance Generative AI Amazon Press Center Press release September 25 2023 Retrieved October 12 2023 Wiggers Kyle April 2 2024 AWS Unveils New Service For Cloud Based Rendering Projects Tech Crunch a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link John Breeden II January 4 2013 The tech behind NASA s Martian chronicles GCN Archived from the original on January 25 2021 Retrieved November 8 2013 Lohr Steve November 8 2012 The Obama Campaign s Technology Is a Force Multiplier The New York Times Archived from the original on November 8 2013 Retrieved June 24 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link US court rules for Amazon com in CIA cloud contract dispute Reuters October 8 2013 Archived from the original on January 14 2021 Retrieved April 6 2016 Benrath Bastian March 3 2019 Cloudsparte AWS Die Sonne hinter Amazons Wolken AWS Cloud Services The sun behind Amazon s clouds Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in German ISSN 0174 4909 Archived from the original on December 4 2021 Retrieved June 24 2021 Hitchens Theresa August 23 2019 Navy Takes First Big Step To Cloud Pushing Logistics To Amazon s Service Breaking Defense Archived from the original on October 31 2020 Retrieved August 26 2019 Smith Connor Why DISH Was the Best Performing Stock in the S amp P 500 Today Barron s Archived from the original on April 21 2021 Retrieved April 21 2021 Warrell Helen Fildes Nic Amazon strikes deal with UK spy agencies to host top secret material The Irish Times Archived from the original on October 26 2021 Retrieved October 26 2021 Bloomberg Adds Data License Content to AWS Cloud December 13 2021 Archived from the original on December 14 2021 Retrieved May 29 2022 Tradeweb teams up with Amazon Web Services to expand access to closing price data The TRADE www thetradenews com Archived from the original on May 27 2022 Retrieved May 27 2022 AWS battle of the titans continues as Itiviti begins cloud transformation of its entire trading infrastructure Archived from the original on September 27 2022 Retrieved May 29 2022 Summary of outage occurring April 20 22 2011 April 29 2011 Archived from the original on December 4 2020 Retrieved July 17 2013 Summary of the AWS Service Event in the US East Region July 2 2012 Archived from the original on December 2 2020 Retrieved July 17 2013 Summary of the October 22 2012 AWS Service Event in the US East Region October 22 2012 Archived from the original on September 5 2013 Retrieved July 17 2013 Bishop Bryan December 24 2012 Netflix streaming down on some devices due to Amazon issues The Verge Archived from the original on July 25 2020 Retrieved February 5 2013 Summary of the December 24 2012 Amazon ELB Service Event in the US East Region December 24 2012 Archived from the original on August 7 2013 Retrieved July 17 2013 Summary of the Amazon S3 Service Disruption in the Northern Virginia US EAST 1 Region amazon com Archived from the original on January 12 2021 Retrieved March 2 2017 A typo blew up part of the internet Tuesday Archived November 12 2020 at the Wayback Machine CNET Retrieved March 2 2017 Speed Richard AWS admits to severely impaired services in US EAST 1 can t even post updates to Service Health Dashboard www theregister com Archived from the original on December 19 2020 Retrieved November 25 2020 Canales Katie Dean Grace Amazon Web Services is back up after a massive outage that hit sites including Roku Adobe and Target owned Shipt Business Insider Archived from the original on December 15 2020 Retrieved November 26 2020 Palmer Annie December 7 2021 Amazon Web Services outage brings some delivery operations to a standstill CNBC Archived from the original on May 21 2022 Retrieved December 9 2021 Setting permissions to enable accounts for upcoming AWS Regions AWS Security Blog aws amazon com March 21 2019 Retrieved March 10 2024 AWS Global Infrastructure About AWS Archived from the original on December 28 2013 Retrieved May 31 2017 Just how big is Amazon s AWS business hint it s absolutely massive Geek com Archived from the original on December 23 2019 Retrieved December 22 2014 Global Infrastructure Amazon Web Services Inc Archived from the original on December 28 2013 Retrieved April 6 2016 Amazon group s web services signs cooperation agreement with New Zealand Radio New Zealand March 23 2023 Archived from the original on March 25 2023 Retrieved April 8 2023 Pomerantz David AWS and Sustainable Energy Amazon Archived from the original on December 14 2020 Retrieved June 15 2015 a b Burt Jeffrey June 10 2015 AWS to Build Solar Farm to Help Power Cloud Data Centers eWeek permanent dead link Pattern Development Completes Financing and Starts Construction of Amazon Wind Farm Project in Indiana Pattern Energy Group LP Archived from the original on September 18 2020 Retrieved July 27 2017 AWS amp Sustainability Amazon Web Services Inc Archived from the original on April 7 2016 Retrieved April 6 2016 AWS Pop up Lofts Amazon Web Services Inc Archived from the original on December 3 2020 Retrieved March 22 2018 Head in the cloud Amazon Web Services SoMa pop up now permanent August 2015 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved February 16 2016 Zipkin Nina August 19 2015 Why Amazon Added a Pop Up Loft in NYC Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved February 16 2016 Like Target and Porsche Amazon Web Services opens pop up shop in NYC May 19 2015 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved February 16 2016 Amazon Web Services opens Pop up Loft in Berlin September 22 2015 Archived from the original on February 5 2016 Retrieved February 16 2016 Amazon s Pop up loft heading to Tel Aviv February 16 2016 Archived from the original on July 27 2020 Retrieved February 16 2016 Tung Liam Amazon gets startup friendly with AWS Loft space in London ZDNet ZDNet Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved January 31 2017 New York Amazon Web Services Inc Archived from the original on September 21 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 AWS Loft San Francisco Amazon Web Services Inc Archived from the original on December 16 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 AWS Loft Tokyo 挑戦をカタチにする場所へ AWS Amazon Web Services Inc in Japanese Archived from the original on November 20 2020 Retrieved June 8 2020 AWS re Start to teach digital skills to young people and military veterans itpro co uk January 12 2017 Archived from the original on January 25 2021 Retrieved February 21 2017 AWS commits 30 million to startups led by underrepresented founders Philanthropy News Digest April 22 2022 Archived from the original on April 22 2022 Retrieved May 5 2022 Carbon Footprint of Cloud Service Providers PDF Archived PDF from the original on December 29 2021 Retrieved October 26 2016 AWS Google Cloud Equinix among Europe climate neutral data centre pact founders January 21 2021 Archived from the original on January 28 2021 Retrieved January 29 2021 Amazon Sets a New Record for Most Renewable Energy Purchased by a Single Company Press Center January 31 2023 Retrieved January 23 2024 9 takeaways from Amazon s 2022 Sustainability Report US About Amazon Retrieved January 23 2024 Biddle Sam BiddleMaryam SalehSam SalehAugust 25 2021 Maryam Little Known Federal Software Can Trigger Revocation of Citizenship The Intercept Archived from the original on September 21 2021 Retrieved September 21 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Cuccinelli Announces USCIS FY 2019 Accomplishments and Efforts to Implement President Trump s Goals www uscis gov October 16 2019 Archived from the original on September 21 2021 Retrieved September 21 2021 U S Government Is Using an Algorithm to Flag American Citizens for Denaturalization Report Gizmodo Archived from the original on September 21 2021 Retrieved September 21 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon Web Services Official website Retrieved 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