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Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae with several common names, including red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed.[4]
Amaranthus retroflexus, true to one of its common names, forms a tumbleweed.[4] It may be native to the Neotropics[5] or Central and Eastern North America,[6] but is widespread as an introduced species on most continents in a great number of habitats. This is an erect, annual herb reaching a maximum height near 3 m (9.8 ft). The leaves are nearly 15 cm (5.9 in) long on large individuals, the ones higher on the stem having a lance shape and those lower on the plant diamond or oval in shape. The plant is monoecious, with individuals bearing both male and female flowers. The inflorescence is a large, dense cluster of flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts. The fruit is a capsule less than 2 mm (0.079 in) long[7] with a "lid" which opens to reveal a tiny black seed. Another of A. retroflexus's common names is "pigweed" because it grows where hogs are pasture-fed.
Culinary useedit
Southern Kerala-style traditional thoran made with cheera (A. retroflexus) leaves
This plant is eaten as a vegetable in different places of the world. No species of genus Amaranthus is known to be poisonous,[8] but the leaves contain oxalic acid and may contain nitrates if grown in nitrate-rich soils, so the water should be discarded after boiling. The young shoots and leaves can be eaten raw.[9] The leaves are high in calcium, iron, protein, and phosphorus.[9]
A. retroflexus was used for a multitude of food and medicinal purposes by many Native American groups in the US West.[10] It is among the species consumed as a vegetable in Mexican markets as Quelite quintonil.
The seeds are edible raw[7] or toasted, and can be ground into flour and used for bread, hot cereal, or as a thickener.[11]
Use as fodderedit
Like many other species of Amaranthus, this plant may be harmful and even deadly when fed to cattle and pigs in large amounts over several days. Such forage may cause fatal nephrotoxicity,[12] presumably because of its high oxalate content. Other symptoms, such as bloat or methylglobineamia in the most severe cases, might reflect its high nitrate content.[13] However, when supplied in moderation, it is regarded as an exceptionally nutritious fodder.[14]
^ abLouis Hermann Pammel (1903). Some Weeds of Iowa. Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. page 470
^"Amaranthus retroflexus". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS).
^"Amaranthus retroflexus (red-rooted amaranth)". Go Botany.
^ abElias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 72. ISBN978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
^ abBenoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 95. ISBN978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
^"Native American Ethnobotany Data Base, search of Amaranthus retroflexus". Retrieved March 6, 2022.
^. Archived from the original on 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
^van Wyk, Ben-Erik; van Heerden, Fanie; van Oudtshoorn, Bosch (2002). Poisonous Plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza. ISBN978-1-875093-30-4.
^Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962
^Huang, Zhaofeng; Cui, Hailan; Wang, Chunyu; Wu, Tong; Zhang, Chaoxian; Huang, Hongjuan; Wei, Shouhui (2020). "Investigation of resistance mechanism to fomesafen in Amaranthus retroflexus L.". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 165. Elsevier: 104560. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104560. ISSN 0048-3575. PMID 32359536. S2CID 216246076.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amaranthus retroflexus.
Amaranthus retroflexus L., from Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz by Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1885)
Media related to Amaranthus retroflexus (category) at Wikimedia Commons
amaranthus, retroflexus, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae with several common names including red root amaranth redroot pigweed red rooted pigweed common amaranth pigweed amaranth and common tumbleweed 4 Amaranthus retroflexus Conservation status Secure NatureServe 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Order Caryophyllales Family Amaranthaceae Genus Amaranthus Species A retroflexus Binomial name Amaranthus retroflexusL Synonyms 2 3 Amaranthus bulgaricus Kov Amaranthus bullatus Besser ex Spreng Amaranthus chlorostachys Willk Amaranthus curvifolius Spreng Amaranthus delilei Richt amp Loret Amaranthus johnstonii Kov Amaranthus recurvatus Desf Amaranthus retroflexus var delilei Richt amp Loret Thell Amaranthus retroflexus subsp delilei Richt amp Loret Tzvelev Amaranthus retroflexus var genuinus L Thell ex Probst Amaranthus retroflexus var rubricaulis Thell Amaranthus retroflexus f rubricaulis Thell ex Probst Amaranthus retroflexus var salicifolius lI M Johnst Amaranthus rigidus Schult ex Steud Amaranthus spicatus Lam Amaranthus strictus Ten Amaranthus tricolorL Galliaria retroflexa L Nieuwl Galliaria scabra Bubani Contents 1 Description 2 Culinary use 3 Use as fodder 4 As a weed 5 References 6 External linksDescription editAmaranthus retroflexus true to one of its common names forms a tumbleweed 4 It may be native to the Neotropics 5 or Central and Eastern North America 6 but is widespread as an introduced species on most continents in a great number of habitats This is an erect annual herb reaching a maximum height near 3 m 9 8 ft The leaves are nearly 15 cm 5 9 in long on large individuals the ones higher on the stem having a lance shape and those lower on the plant diamond or oval in shape The plant is monoecious with individuals bearing both male and female flowers The inflorescence is a large dense cluster of flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts The fruit is a capsule less than 2 mm 0 079 in long 7 with a lid which opens to reveal a tiny black seed Another of A retroflexus s common names is pigweed because it grows where hogs are pasture fed Culinary use edit nbsp Southern Kerala style traditional thoran made with cheera A retroflexus leaves This plant is eaten as a vegetable in different places of the world No species of genus Amaranthus is known to be poisonous 8 but the leaves contain oxalic acid and may contain nitrates if grown in nitrate rich soils so the water should be discarded after boiling The young shoots and leaves can be eaten raw 9 The leaves are high in calcium iron protein and phosphorus 9 A retroflexus was used for a multitude of food and medicinal purposes by many Native American groups in the US West 10 It is among the species consumed as a vegetable in Mexican markets as Quelite quintonil It is used in the Indian state of Kerala to prepare a popular dish known as thoran by combining the finely cut leaves with grated coconut chili peppers garlic turmeric and other ingredients The seeds are edible raw 7 or toasted and can be ground into flour and used for bread hot cereal or as a thickener 11 Use as fodder editLike many other species of Amaranthus this plant may be harmful and even deadly when fed to cattle and pigs in large amounts over several days Such forage may cause fatal nephrotoxicity 12 presumably because of its high oxalate content Other symptoms such as bloat or methylglobineamia in the most severe cases might reflect its high nitrate content 13 However when supplied in moderation it is regarded as an exceptionally nutritious fodder 14 As a weed editA retroflexus is a weed outside its native range and has developed resistance against fomesafen in Northeast China 15 References edit NatureServe 5 May 2023 Amaranthus retroflexus NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer Arlington Virginia NatureServe Retrieved 17 May 2023 Amaranthus retroflexus Tropicos Missouri Botanical Garden The Plant List a b Louis Hermann Pammel 1903 Some Weeds of Iowa Experiment Station Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts page 470 Amaranthus retroflexus Fire Effects Information System FEIS Amaranthus retroflexus red rooted amaranth Go Botany a b Elias Thomas S Dykeman Peter A 2009 1982 Edible Wild Plants A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods New York Sterling p 72 ISBN 978 1 4027 6715 9 OCLC 244766414 Plants for a future Archived January 15 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b Benoliel Doug 2011 Northwest Foraging The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest Rev and updated ed Seattle WA Skipstone p 95 ISBN 978 1 59485 366 1 OCLC 668195076 Native American Ethnobotany Data Base search of Amaranthus retroflexus Retrieved March 6 2022 Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot Pigweed Male Finger Archived from the original on 2014 03 04 Retrieved 2014 02 28 FEIS Ecology van Wyk Ben Erik van Heerden Fanie van Oudtshoorn Bosch 2002 Poisonous Plants of South Africa Pretoria Briza ISBN 978 1 875093 30 4 Watt John Mitchell Breyer Brandwijk Maria Gerdina The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub E amp S Livingstone 1962 Huang Zhaofeng Cui Hailan Wang Chunyu Wu Tong Zhang Chaoxian Huang Hongjuan Wei Shouhui 2020 Investigation of resistance mechanism to fomesafen in Amaranthus retroflexus L Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 165 Elsevier 104560 doi 10 1016 j pestbp 2020 104560 ISSN 0048 3575 PMID 32359536 S2CID 216246076 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amaranthus retroflexus nbsp Amaranthus retroflexus L from Flora von Deutschland Osterreich und der Schweiz by Otto Wilhelm Thome 1885 nbsp Media related to Amaranthus retroflexus category at Wikimedia Commons Jepson Manual Treatment Amaranthus reflexus in the CalPhotos photo database University of California Berkeley Amaranthus retroflexus L Medicinal Plant Images Database School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University in Chinese in English Amaranthus retroflexus Plants for a Future Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Amaranthus retroflexus amp oldid 1167132669, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
