al-Karmil
al-Karmil (Arabic: خربة الكرمل) is a Palestinian village located twelve kilometers south of Hebron. The village is in the Hebron Governorate Southern West Bank, within Area A under total Palestinian control.[2] According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 9,740 in 2017.[1] The primary health care facilities for the village are designated by the Ministry of Health as level 2.[3]
al-Karmil | |
|---|---|
| Arabic transcription(s) | |
| • Arabic | خربة الكرمل |
| • Latin | Khirbat al-Karmil (official) |
Al-Karmil | |
al-Karmil Location of al-Karmil within Palestine | |
| Coordinates: 31°25′25″N 35°07′59″E / 31.42361°N 35.13306°E | |
| Palestine grid | 162/092 |
| State | State of Palestine |
| Governorate | Hebron |
| Government | |
| • Type | Village council |
| Population (2017)[1] | |
| • Total | 9,740 |
History edit
German biblical archaeologist, A. E. Mader (German article), who surveyed Palestine in 1911–1914, saw the strategic importance of historical Carmel in the fact that it's situated at the point where the main road crossing the hill country from north to south is splitting here, one road continuing towards Beersheba, and the other leading east to the southern end of the Dead Sea.[4] The Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) authors, Conder & Kitchener, managed to trace an ancient road from Jerusalem to "El Kŭrmŭl" in 1874.[5]
Hebrew Bible: Carmel in Judah edit
There are three references to al-Karmil in the Hebrew Bible. "Carmel" is mentioned as a city of Judah, the place where Saul erects a monument after the expedition against the Amalekites, and where Nabal the Carmelite resides (Joshua 15:55, 1 Samuel 15:12 and 1 Samuel 25).[6][7][8][9]
Late Roman and Byzantine periods edit
Eusebius' Onomasticon mentions a garrison stationed here at the beginning of the fourth century.[10] Towards the end of the fourth century, already during the Byzantine period, the Notitia Dignitatum document mentions an Illyrian cavalry unit in the town of Chermula.[11][12] The large, perfectly preserved ancient water reservoir is noticed by all 19th-century explorers.[4][11][13] It and a good spring provided the town with plenty of water.[4] A relief showing Hercules was discovered just north of the reservoir during the Mandatory period.[12]
Although placed on three low hills and therefore hard to defend, the town was sufficiently effective as a bullwark against Bedouin raids.[4] Mader noticed that to Eusebius it is a χώμη 'Ιουδαίων, a 'Jewish village', but the presence of at least three churches, including a large one that was part of a monastery located south of the town, all from the following two centuries, are proof that the village had strikingly become preeminently Christian during the Byzantine period.[4]
A total of three Byzantine churches were confirmed by archaeologists in recent years in the western part of ancient Carmel: a community church in the centre, and another two on hills to the north and south.[14] Mader was witness to the villagers of Yatta using the ruins as a source for cut stones for their houses, in one case repurposing half of an inscribed lintel from a Byzantine church.[4]
In 1984, Avraham Negev [he], starting from "still insufficient" archaeological evidence and a thorough reassessment of ancient written sources, proposed that Eusebius, by naming the village associated in his time with biblical Carmel in two different ways, Chermala and Karmelos, did not make one of his known mistakes, but reflected the existence of two associated settlements. Negev suggests that "old Carmel" (al-Karmil) was garrisoned by the Romans only after the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135), at which point most of its Jewish inhabitants gradually left during the years 150–300.[15] They moved away to a site little over two kilometres away, now known as Khirbet Susiya, where –according to Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, who adopted Negev's theory– they never stopped identifying as "Carmel". When Eusebius compiled his Onomasticon, the migration process had just ended.[15][16] "Old Carmel"/Chermala, modern day's Khirbet al-Karmil, therefore had a successively biblical (Jewish)–Roman (pagan)–Christian history.[15] Negev interprets two different dedicatory inscriptions from the synagogue of "new Carmel"/Karmelos/Kh. Susiya as indicating that those Jews who had remained in "old Carmel" used to come for Sabbath and holidays to pray in "new Carmel", which lay within the Sabbath limit of the old village.[15] "New Carmel" prospered tremendously based on its trade in wine and oil with the Romans (this including the Christian Byzantine period), but after the Muslim conquest of the Levant and the withdrawal of their main customers, lost their source of income, in part due to the Muslim prohibition of consuming alcohol.[15] The Jewish population eventually left, the name Carmel of the newer site was forgotten and eventually replaced with the Arabic Khirbet Susiya, "Ruin of the Liquorice Plant", after a common species growing there.[15][16]
Crusader/Ayyubid period edit
"Carmel", today's Khirbat al-Karmil, was mentioned in Crusader sources in 1172/3,[17][10] as the place King Amalric of Jerusalem assembled his army, next to a large ancient water reservoir.[18] The Crusader's Carmel Castle was first mentioned in 1175 and was destroyed in 1187.[19] In the 1920s, a Crusader tower built over the narthex of one of the Byzantine churches was seen with part of its first (upper) floor still standing, with arrow-slits on two sides; in the 1980s Pringle only found the barrel-vaulted basement with remains of the ground floor.[18] French medievalist Paul Deschamps interpreted in the 1930s the role of the castle as built "to guard the road leading to Edom", i.e. to Oultrejordain.[19] Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey, who visited Syria (including Palestine) between 1857 and 1864, saw a similarity between a type of medieval tower placed in France at strategic spots along mountain roads, and Crusader counterparts in Syria, and regarded the Carmel castle as a different variation to this theme.[11]
Guillaume-Rey noticed the remains of a very large square structure with four round corner turrets, which he believed must have been a caravanserai, next to and therefore protected by the castle.[11]
Le Strange quotes Yaqut al-Hamawi, who described "Kirmil" in the 1220s as "a village in the further limits of the Hebron territory, in the Province of Filastin.[9]
19th-century explorers edit
Several Western explorers visiting the site in 1938 (Edward Robinson), around 1860 (E. Guillaume-Rey), 1863 (Victor Guérin) and 1874 (Conder and Kitchener) are only describing extensive ancient ruins, including the remains of at least two churches; the large (117 x 74 ft) and "fine reservoir of masonry", connected by a rock-cut tunnel to a cave spring, which in October 1874 was filled with water; and the remains of the Crusader castle.[20][11][21][13]
Jordanian period edit
During the Jordanian era (1948-1967), the census of 1961 found 146 inhabitants in al-Karmil.[22]
1967 and aftermath edit
In 1967, in a census conducted by Israel after it occupied the West Bank in the Six-day War, the village was reported to have 76 residents in 17 households.[23]
The site contains an ancient reservoir, Birket Al-Karmel, which has been transformed into a major recreation area, with a swimming pool. Gideon Levy writes:
The terraces, decorative landscaping, Hebron stones, washrooms and a spring that gushes from the rock next to the pool – all make this one of the most spectacular outdoor sites in the West Bank.[2]
Twice, in 2015, settler tourists under IDF guard, made incursions into the park, after the army forced the local children out of the pool and allotted them to a corner while the settlers enjoyed the pool and the site.[2]
Footnotes edit
- ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ a b c Gideon Levy and Alex Levac, 'Bitter waters: Settlers invade ancient pool under Palestinian control,' Haaretz 12 June 2015
- ^ West Bank Health care Archived 2006-03-13 at the Library of Congress Web Archives
- ^ a b c d e f Mader, Andreas Evaristus, 1918, pp. 178-185. Good plan of the Crusader castle on top of the ruined Byzantine church east of the town.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 317
- ^ Nabal and Abigail
- ^ Calmet's Dictionary of the Holy Bible, 1832. p 280
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 312
- ^ a b Le Strange
- ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 372
- ^ a b c d e Rey, 1871, pp. 102-104, with a description and good plan of the Crusader castle.
- ^ a b קליין, איתן (2016). "הערכה מחודשת של תבליט הרקולס מחורבת אל-כרמיל שבדרום הר-חברון" [The Hercules Relief from Khirbet el-Karmil Reconsidered]. במעבה ההר (in Hebrew). Vol. 6. אוניברסיטת אריאל, מדרשת הרי גופנא. pp. 201–211. ISBN 978-965-7632-13-0.
- ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 372-4
- ^ Doron Bar, 'The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity,' Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 54, No. 3 July 2003 pp.401-421 p.413.
- ^ a b c d e f Negev, Avraham (1985). "Excavations at Carmel (Kh. Susiya) in 1984: Preliminary Report". Israel Exploration Journal. 35 (4): 231-52 [249-252, 'The history of Kh. Susiya and the identification of the site']. JSTOR 27925998. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ a b Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. Oxford University Press. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4.
- ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 170
- ^ a b Pringle, 1997, p. 61]
- ^ a b Ellenblum, 2007, pp. 108, 254, 309
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. 196-197
- ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 166-170
- ^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 23
- ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011–2012. Joel Perlmann, Project Director (ed.). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version". Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Table 2. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
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Bibliography edit
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Ellenblum, R. (2007). Crusader Castles and Modern Histories. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108, 254, 309. ISBN 978-0-521-86083-3. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).
- Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Guillaume-Rey, Emmanuel (1871). Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
- Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 487-8.
- Mader, Andreas Evaristus (1918). Altchristliche Basiliken und Lokaltraditionen in Südjudäa. Archäologische und topographische Untersuchungen (in German). Paderborn: F. Schöningh.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 403)
- Pringle, D. (1997). Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetteer. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0521-46010-7.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
External links edit
- Welcome To Khirbat al-Karmil
- Al Karmil Village (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ
- Al Karmil Village Profile, ARIJ
- Al Karmil Village aerial photo, ARIJ
- The priorities and needs for development in Al Karmil village based on the community and local authorities' assessment, ARIJ
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 21: IAA, Wikimedia commons