Ajem-Turkic or Ajami Turkic[1] (ترکی عجمی; Türkī-yi ʿacemī,[2] lit. 'Persian Turkic'[3] or 'Persian Turkish'),[4] also known as Middle Azeri[3] or Middle Azerbaijanian,[4] is the Turkicvernacular spoken in Iran between the 15th and 18th centuries. The modern Azerbaijani language is descended from this language.[3]
The term is derived from earlier designations, such as lingua turcica agemica, or Turc Agemi, which was used in a grammar book composed by the French writer Capuchin Raphaël du Mans (died 1696) in 1684. Local texts simply called the language türkī.[3] During "the Isfahan phase of the Safavids", it was called ḳızılbaşī in contrast to rūmī (Ottoman) and çaġatā’ī (Chagatai), due to its close relation to dialects spoken by the Qizilbash.[2]
Historyedit
Ajem-Turkic is descended from Old Anatolian Turkish, and is part of the southwestern branch of Oghuz languages. The language first appears during the 15th-century in Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, and Iran. It went through more development under the Turkic dynasties of the Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1503) and the Qara Qoyunlu (1374–1468), and particularly in Safavid Iran (1501–1736), whose ruling dynasty stemmed from Azerbaijan. Under them, Ajem-Turkic, alongside Persian, was used at the court and in the military, and was a lingua franca from northern to southern Iran.[3] According to Swedish TurkologistLars Johanson, Ajemi Turkic was an "Azerbaijanian koiné" that functioned as lingua franca in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan, and was widely spoken at the court and in the army.[5]
A specific Turkic language was attested in Safavid Persia during the 16th and 17th centuries, a language that Europeans often called Persian Turkish ("Turc Agemi", "lingua turcica agemica"), which was a favourite language at the court and in the army because of the Turkic origins of the Safavid dynasty. The original name was just turki, and so a convenient name might be Turki-yi Acemi. This variety of Persian Turkish must have been also spoken in the Caucasian and Transcaucasian regions, which during the 16th century belonged to both the Ottomans and the Safavids, and were not fully integrated into the Safavid empire until 1606. Though that language might generally be identified as Middle Azerbaijanian, it is not yet possible to define exactly the limits of this language, both in linguistic and territorial respects. It was certainly not homogenous—maybe it was an Azerbaijanian-Ottoman mixed language, as Beltadze (1967:161) states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century.
Literatureedit
Tezkire-i Şeyh Safi
Since its appearance, Ajem-Turkic was heavily impacted by Persian, especially in its syntax. The Persian design of merging clauses which Ajem-Turkic had inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish was strengthened due to its continuous contact with Persian.[3]
Sources for the study of Ajemi-Turkic include the prose texts of Nishati (fl. 1530–after 1557), the Tarih-i Hatai (Tārīkh-i Khatāʾī, 1494/95); Şühedaname (Şühedānāme, 1539); and Tezkire-i Şeyh Safi (Tedhkire-i Şeykh Ṣafī, 1542/43).[3]
^ abIn Honor of the Turkologist!: Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Ekrem Čaušević. Zagreb: Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. 2022. pp. 103–105. ISBN978-953-175-937-3.
^ abcÉ. Á. Csató, B. Isaksson, C Jahani. Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, 2004, p. 228, ISBN0-415-30804-6.
^Lars Johanson; Éva Á. Castó (1998). "14". The Turkic Languages. Routledge. pp. 248–261.
Sourcesedit
Stein, Heidi (2014). "Ajem-Turkic". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Further readingedit
Claudia Römer (2022). "Elements of Türkī-yi ʿacemī in an eyewitness report on the Ottoman siege of Baghdad (1034-35/1625-26) preserved in Iskandar Munşī's ʿĀlam-ārā-yi ʿAbbāsī". Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien.
Johanson, Lars (2020). "Restricted Access Isfahan – Moscow – Uppsala. On Some Middle Azeri Manuscripts and the Stations Along Their Journey to Uppsala". In Csató, Éva Á.; Gren-Eklund, Gunilla; Johanson, Lars; Karakoç, Birsel (eds.). Turcologica Upsaliensia: An Illustrated Collection of Essays. Brill. pp. 167–179. ISBN978-9004435704.
Stein, Heidi (2005). "Ajem-Türkisch: Annäherung an eine historische Sprachform zwischen Osmanisch, Persisch und Osttürkisch [Ajem-Turkish: Convergence of a historical variety between Ottoman, Persian, and East Turkic]". Orientalia Suecana (in German). 54: 179–200.
January 01, 1970
ajem, turkic, ajami, turkic, ترکی, عجمی, türkī, ʿacemī, persian, turkic, persian, turkish, also, known, middle, azeri, middle, azerbaijanian, turkic, vernacular, spoken, iran, between, 15th, 18th, centuries, modern, azerbaijani, language, descended, from, this. Ajem Turkic or Ajami Turkic 1 ترکی عجمی Turki yi ʿacemi 2 lit Persian Turkic 3 or Persian Turkish 4 also known as Middle Azeri 3 or Middle Azerbaijanian 4 is the Turkic vernacular spoken in Iran between the 15th and 18th centuries The modern Azerbaijani language is descended from this language 3 Ajem TurkicAjami TurkicMiddle AzeriMiddle Azerbaijanianترکی عجمی Turki yi ʿacemiRegionIran Eastern Anatolia Southern Caucasus DagestanEra15th 18th centuriesDeveloped into AzerbaijaniLanguage familyTurkic Common TurkicOghuzWestern OghuzAjem TurkicEarly formOld Anatolian TurkishWriting systemPerso Arabic alphabetLanguage codesISO 639 3 Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Literature 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further readingName editSee also Ajam The term is derived from earlier designations such as lingua turcica agemica or Turc Agemi which was used in a grammar book composed by the French writer Capuchin Raphael du Mans died 1696 in 1684 Local texts simply called the language turki 3 During the Isfahan phase of the Safavids it was called ḳizilbasi in contrast to rumi Ottoman and caġata i Chagatai due to its close relation to dialects spoken by the Qizilbash 2 History editAjem Turkic is descended from Old Anatolian Turkish and is part of the southwestern branch of Oghuz languages The language first appears during the 15th century in Azerbaijan eastern Anatolia and Iran It went through more development under the Turkic dynasties of the Aq Qoyunlu 1378 1503 and the Qara Qoyunlu 1374 1468 and particularly in Safavid Iran 1501 1736 whose ruling dynasty stemmed from Azerbaijan Under them Ajem Turkic alongside Persian was used at the court and in the military and was a lingua franca from northern to southern Iran 3 According to Swedish Turkologist Lars Johanson Ajemi Turkic was an Azerbaijanian koine that functioned as lingua franca in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan and was widely spoken at the court and in the army 5 According to E A Csato et al 4 A specific Turkic language was attested in Safavid Persia during the 16th and 17th centuries a language that Europeans often called Persian Turkish Turc Agemi lingua turcica agemica which was a favourite language at the court and in the army because of the Turkic origins of the Safavid dynasty The original name was just turki and so a convenient name might be Turki yi Acemi This variety of Persian Turkish must have been also spoken in the Caucasian and Transcaucasian regions which during the 16th century belonged to both the Ottomans and the Safavids and were not fully integrated into the Safavid empire until 1606 Though that language might generally be identified as Middle Azerbaijanian it is not yet possible to define exactly the limits of this language both in linguistic and territorial respects It was certainly not homogenous maybe it was an Azerbaijanian Ottoman mixed language as Beltadze 1967 161 states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century Literature edit nbsp Tezkire i Seyh Safi Since its appearance Ajem Turkic was heavily impacted by Persian especially in its syntax The Persian design of merging clauses which Ajem Turkic had inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish was strengthened due to its continuous contact with Persian 3 Sources for the study of Ajemi Turkic include the prose texts of Nishati fl 1530 after 1557 the Tarih i Hatai Tarikh i Khataʾi 1494 95 Suhedaname Suhedaname 1539 and Tezkire i Seyh Safi Tedhkire i Seykh Ṣafi 1542 43 3 References edit H Boeschoten 2009 Alexander Stories in Ajami Turkic Turcologica 75 Wiesbaden a b In Honor of the Turkologist Essays Celebrating the 70th Birthday of Ekrem Causevic Zagreb Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb 2022 pp 103 105 ISBN 978 953 175 937 3 a b c d e f g Stein 2014 a b c E A Csato B Isaksson C Jahani Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion Case Studies from Iranian Semitic and Turkic Routledge 2004 p 228 ISBN 0 415 30804 6 Lars Johanson Eva A Casto 1998 14 The Turkic Languages Routledge pp 248 261 Sources editStein Heidi 2014 Ajem Turkic In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Rowson Everett eds Encyclopaedia of Islam 3rd ed Brill Online ISSN 1873 9830 Further reading editClaudia Romer 2022 Elements of Turki yi ʿacemi in an eyewitness report on the Ottoman siege of Baghdad 1034 35 1625 26 preserved in Iskandar Munsi s ʿAlam ara yi ʿAbbasi Institut fur Orientalistik der Universitat Wien Johanson Lars 2020 Restricted Access Isfahan Moscow Uppsala On Some Middle Azeri Manuscripts and the Stations Along Their Journey to Uppsala In Csato Eva A Gren Eklund Gunilla Johanson Lars Karakoc Birsel eds Turcologica Upsaliensia An Illustrated Collection of Essays Brill pp 167 179 ISBN 978 9004435704 Stein Heidi 2005 Ajem Turkisch Annaherung an eine historische Sprachform zwischen Osmanisch Persisch und Ostturkisch Ajem Turkish Convergence of a historical variety between Ottoman Persian and East Turkic Orientalia Suecana in German 54 179 200 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ajem Turkic amp oldid 1218360816, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
