Accession of Moldova to the European Union

This article is about accession negotiations process. For the broad perspective on relations between the European Union and Moldova, see Moldova–European Union relations.

The accession of Moldova to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

EU accession process of Moldova
Current Status	Unscreened Candidate
Overview Chapters closed
Prerequisites & Negotiations European perspective recognized 18 April 2014^[1] Association Agreement 1 July 2016 Membership application 3 March 2022 Questionnaire Sent 11 April 2022 Approved 12 May 2022 Returned Application approved European Commission: 17 June 2022 European Council: 23 June 2022 Candidate status granted 23 June 2022 Negotiations start TBD Negotiations finish TBD
Travel Schengen visa liberalisation 8 April 2014
Economic & Monetary Policy National currency and the Euro
Impact New EU statistics upon accession Population 446,828,803 Area 4,233,262 km^2 1,634,472 mi^2 HDI 0.896 GDP (PPP) $25.399 trillion GDP per capita (PPP) $56,928 GDP $17.818 trillion GDP per capita $39,940 Gini 30.0 Official Languages 24
International Institutions & Organizations Energy Community & Infrastructure Programmes

Following an application by Moldova in March 2022, Moldova was officially granted candidate status by EU on 22 June 2022.

Moldova has set a target date of 2030 for EU Accession.^[2] It is one of eight current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.

History

Main article: Moldova–European Union relations

European perspective

The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights".^[1]

Membership application

After the outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion in Ukraine, President of Moldova Maia Sandu signed on 3 March 2022 the application for EU membership, together with Igor Grosu, President of the Moldovan Parliament; and Natalia Gavrilița, Prime Minister of Moldova.^[3]

Questionnaire

On 11 April 2022, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova Nicu Popescu received a questionnaire from the European Commission (EC) following a meeting with the European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Olivér Várhelyi as a result of Moldova's application for candidacy.^[4] The response to the first part of the questionnaire was submitted back to the EC through the Delegation of the European Union to Moldova's head Janis Mazeiks by the Prime Minister of Moldova Natalia Gavrilița on 22 April,^[5] while the responses to the second part were submitted on 12 May 2022.^[6]

Recommendation

On 17 June 2022, the European Commission formally recommended that the European Council grant the Republic of Moldova the perspective to become a member of the European Union and candidate status for accession, with a number of conditions for the opening of accession negotiations.

Candidacy

On 23 June 2022, Moldova received the status of candidate together with Ukraine. Both countries received candidate status under the commitment of structural reforms. Moldova's structural reforms include:

1. improving economic efficiency
2. reducing corruption
3. better enforcing property rights
4. reducing the size of state-owned enterprises
5. improving energy efficiency
6. improving the labor market

On 22 June 2023, EU Neighbourhood and Enlargement Commissioner Olivér Várhelyi provided an oral update on Moldova's progress toward the reforms.^[7]

On 13 September 2023, during the State of the European Union Address, President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen stated that the future of Moldova is "in our Union".^[8]

Treaties

Stabilisation and Association Agreement

Main article: Moldova–European Union Association Agreement

The EU Association Agreement (AA) was initialed on 29 November 2013 in Brussels.^[9] It was signed on 27 June 2014 and was being provisionally applied (in particular the DCFTA) starting 1 September 2014.

On 1 July 2016, the Association Agreement (AA) between the European Union and the Republic of Moldova fully came into force, following ratification by all 31 signatories.^[10]

The parties committed to co-operate and converge economic policy, legislation, and regulation across a broad range of areas, including equal rights for workers, the exchange of information and staff in the area of justice, the modernisation of Moldova's energy infrastructure, and access to the European Investment Bank. The parties committed to regular summit meetings, and meetings among ministers, other officials, and experts.

The Association Agreement commits Moldova to economic, judicial and financial reforms to converge its policies and legislation to those of the European Union.

The 30 parties are Moldova, the EU and Euratom and the 27 EU members.

Ratification

Ratification history

Signatory	Date	Institution			AB	Deposited^[11]	Reference
Austria	8 July 2015	National Council	Approved			28 August 2015	^[12]
	23 July 2015	Federal Council	Approved				^[12]
		Presidential Assent	Granted
Belgium
	23 April 2015	Chamber of Representatives	102	17	18	1 February 2016	^[13]^[14]
		Royal Assent (federal law)
	1 July 2015	Walloon Parliament (regional) (community)	63	2	4		^[15]
			61	2	4		^[15]
	22 June 2015	German-speaking Community	16	2	1		^[16]
	24 June 2015	French Community	71	0	8		^[17]
	20 November 2015	Brussels Regional Parliament	69	3	3		^[18]^[19]
	20 November 2015	Brussels United Assembly^[20] (FR language) (NL language)	53	3	1		^[21]^[22]
			14	0	2		^[21]^[22]
	17 June 2015	Flemish Parliament (regional) (community)	83	18			^[23]
			88	19			^[23]
	24 June 2015	COCOF Assembly	71	0	8		^[24]^[25]
Bulgaria	24 July 2014	National Assembly	91	0	0	9 September 2014	^[26]
	28 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[27]
Croatia	12 December 2014	Parliament	119	0	0	24 March 2015	^[28]
	18 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[29]
Cyprus	7 May 2015	House of Representatives	Approved			18 August 2015	^[30]
	22 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[31]
Czech Republic	18 March 2015	Senate	53	0	10	12 June 2015	^[32]
	9 April 2015	Chamber of Deputies	122	0	6		^[32]
	19 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[33]
Denmark	18 December 2014	Parliament	101	8	0	18 February 2015	^[34]
Estonia	4 November 2014	Assembly	62	0	0	12 January 2015	^[35]^[36]
	13 November 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[37]
European Union and EAEC	13 November 2014	European Parliament	535	94	44	19 April 2016 (EAEC) 23 May 2016 (EU)	^[38]
		Council of the European Union
Finland	10 March 2015	Parliament	Approved			6 May 2015	^[39]
	24 April 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[40]
France	3 March 2015	Senate	Approved			3 July 2015	^[41]
	16 April 2015	National Assembly	Approved				^[41]
	27 April 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[41]
Germany	8 May 2015	Bundesrat	Approved			22 July 2015	^[42]
	26 March 2015	Federal Diet	Approved				^[43]
	27 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[44]
Greece	18 November 2015	Parliament	Approved			6 January 2016	^[45]
	24 November 2015	Presidential Promulgation	Granted				^[46]
Hungary	25 November 2014	National Assembly	133	0	6	7 April 2015	^[47]
	5 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[47]
Ireland	27 January 2015	Dáil Éireann	58	19	0	17 April 2015	^[48]
Italy	26 November 2015	Senate	151	35	11	3 February 2016	^[49]
	29 July 2015	Chamber of Deputies	314	88	36		^[49]
	7 December 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[50]
Latvia	14 July 2014	Parliament	79	0	0	2 October 2014	^[51]
	18 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[52]
Lithuania	8 July 2014	Parliament	84	0	1	29 July 2014	^[53]
	11 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[54]
Luxembourg	18 March 2015	Chamber of Deputies	55	2	0	12 May 2015	^[55]
	12 April 2015	Grand Ducal Promulgation	Granted				^[56]
Malta	21 August 2014	House of Representatives	Approved			29 August 2014	^[57]^[58]^[59]
Moldova	2 July 2014	Parliament	59	4	0	23 July 2014	^[60]
	8 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[61]
Netherlands	7 July 2015	Senate	Adopted			21 September 2015	^[62]
	7 April 2015	House of Representatives	Adopted				^[63]
	28 July 2015	Royal Promulgation	Granted				^[62]
Poland	18 December 2014	Senate	79	0	0	24 March 2015	^[64]
	5 December 2014	House of Representatives	420	0	0		^[65]^[66]
	29 December 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[67]
Portugal	20 March 2015	National Assembly	Approved			13 May 2015	^[68]
	22 April 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[69]
Romania	2 July 2014	Chamber of Deputies	284	1	1	14 July 2014	^[70]
	3 July 2014	Senate	122	0	0		^[71]
	9 July 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[72]
Slovakia	23 September 2014	National Council	117	0	0	21 October 2014	^[73]
	16 October 2014	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[74]
Slovenia	13 May 2015	National Assembly	70	3	0	27 July 2015	^[75]^[76]
	21 May 2015	Presidential Assent	Granted				^[77]
Spain	27 May 2015	Senate	Approved			28 July 2015	^[78]
	30 April 2015	Congress of Deputies	303	0	1		^[79]
		Royal Assent	Granted
Sweden	26 November 2014	Parliament	249	44	0	9 January 2015	^[80]
United Kingdom	9 March 2015	House of Lords	Approved			8 April 2015	^[81]
	23 February 2015	House of Commons	Approved				^[82]
	19 March 2015	Royal Assent	Order Made				^[83]

Notes

Malta

The ratification was performed in accordance with article 4(2)(b) of the Maltese European Union Act,^[57] which reads that:

"Provided that with regard to treaties and international conventions which Malta may accede to as Member State of the European Union, and treaties and international conventions which Malta is bound to ratify in its own name or on behalf of the European Community by virtue of its membership within the European Union, these shall come into force one month following their being submitted in order to be discussed by the Standing Committee on Foreign and European Affairs."^[58]

As the treaty was submitted to the Standing Committee on Foreign and European Affairs on 21 July 2014,^[59] the treaty came into force as part of the Maltese legislation on 21 August 2014.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The ratification was based on The European Union (Definition of Treaties) (Association Agreement) (Moldova) Order 2015, made in accordance with section 1(3) of the European Communities Act 1972, after having been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.

Application in the United Kingdom after Brexit

The agreement applied to the United Kingdom as an EU-member state until Brexit on 31 January 2020. During the transition period that followed Brexit, the agreement until 31 December 2020, the agreement still applied to the UK. The UK and Moldova announced on 8 October 2020 an agreement replacing the EU-Moldova Association Agreement between them,^[84] which was provisionally applied from 1 January 2021.^[85]

Free trade area

The agreement established a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between the EU and Moldova, including "the removal of import duties for most goods traded between the EU and Moldova" and "broad mutual access to trade in services for both partners".^[86]

Programs

EU Programs

Past EU Programs

Defence

Accession to NATO

The accession of Moldova to NATO remains unlikely. Article 11 of the Constitution of Moldova states: "The Republic of Moldova proclaims its permanent neutrality. The Republic of Moldova does not allow the deployment of armed forces of other states on its territory." According to NATO, "Moldova is constitutionally neutral but seeks to draw closer to Euro-Atlantic standards and institutions. NATO fully respects Moldova's constitutional neutrality."^[87]

Major obstacles

• Level of poverty in Moldova
• Transnistria conflict
• Anti-EU and pro-Russia sentiment in the autonomous region of Gagauzia
• Geopolitical ramifications
• Brussels Requirements:

1. improve economic efficiency
2. reduce corruption
3. better enforce property rights
4. reduce the size of state-owned enterprises
5. improve energy efficiency
6. improve the labor market

Public opinion

Domestic

A poll in June 2018 found that 46% preferred that Moldova join the EU versus 36% that preferred to join the Eurasian Economic Union.^[88] A March 2022 survey condected by Magenta Consulting found that, after president Maia Sandu announced that her government had officially submitted an application for membership of the European Union, 61% of Moldovans (40% 'totally', 21% 'rather') were in favour of EU membership, up from 52% before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[89]

Date	Question	Totally support	Rather support	Rather don't support	Don't support at all	Don't know/No answer
March 2022 – Magenta^[90]	EU membership	40%	21%	10%	21%	8%

In May 2022, a poll in Moldova found that 56.1% supported EU membership.^[91]

EU

Negotiations

Moldova has not yet started the negotiation process.

Chapter and screening dates

Progression	0 / 35 0% complete	0 / 35 0% complete	0 / 35 0% complete	0 / 35 0% complete
Acquis chapter	Screening started	Screening completed	Chapter opened	Chapter closed
Overview	0 out of 35	0 out of 35	0 out of 35	0 out of 35
1. Free Movement of Goods
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services
4. Free Movement of Capital
5. Public Procurement
6. Company Law
7. Intellectual Property Law
8. Competition Policy
9. Financial Services
10. Information Society & Media
11. Agriculture & Rural Development
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy
13. Fisheries
14. Transport Policy
15. Energy
16. Taxation
17. Economic & Monetary Policy
18. Statistics
19. Social Policy & Employment
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy
21. Trans-European Networks
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights
24. Justice, Freedom & Security
25. Science & Research
26. Education & Culture
27. Environment & Climate Change
28. Consumer & Health Protection
29. Customs Union
30. External Relations
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy
32. Financial Control
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
34. Institutions
35. Other Issues

Report history

Clusters	Acquis Chapter	2023 Report^[92]
1. Fundamentals	23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights	-
	24. Justice, Freedom & Security	Some level of preparation
	Economic criteria	-
	Functioning of democratic institutions	-
	Public administration reform	-
	5. Public Procurement	Early stage
	18. Statistics	Some level of preparation
	32. Financial Control	Early stage
2. Internal Market	1. Free Movement of Goods	Some level of preparation
	2. Freedom of Movement For Workers	Early stage
	3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services	Some level of preparation
	4. Free Movement of Capital	Some level of preparation
	6. Company Law	Early stage
	7. Intellectual Property Law	Some level of preparation
	8. Competition Policy	Some level of preparation
	9. Financial Services	Early stage
	28. Consumer & Health Protection	Some level of preparation
3. Competitiveness and inclusive growth	10. Digital transformation & Media	Some level of preparation
	16. Taxation	Early stage
	17. Economic & Monetary Policy	Some level of preparation
	19. Social Policy & Employment	Early stage
	20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy	Some level of preparation
	25. Science & Research	Moderately prepared
	26. Education & Culture	Some level of preparation
	29. Customs Union	Some level of preparation
4. Green agenda and sustainable connectivity	14. Transport	Some level of preparation
	15. Energy	Some level of preparation
	21. Trans-European Networks	Some level of preparation
	27. Environment & Climate Change	Early stage
5. Resources, agriculture and cohesion	11. Agriculture & Rural Development	Early stage
	12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy	Some level of preparation
	13. Fisheries	Early stage
	22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments	Early stage
	33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions	Early stage
6. External relations	30. External Relations	Moderately prepared
	31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy	Moderately prepared
	34. Institutions	-
	35. Other Issues	-
Legend: Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters. ^† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared".   totally incompatible   early stage   considerable efforts needed   some level of preparation   further efforts needed   moderately prepared   no major difficulties expected   good level of preparation   well prepared / well advanced

Economy

Developmental aid

Euro adoption

Moldova is expected to have to adopt the euro and become a member of the Eurozone in the future if it joins the EU.

Travel

Schengen visa liberalisation

Moldova citizens have been able to travel to the Schengen area from 28 April 2014 without a visa. However from 2024, Moldovans will need to comply with the EU's ETIAS system before entering any of the EU/Schengen member countries.^[93]

Unification of Romania and Moldova

Main article: Unification of Romania and Moldova

There is some support for the unification of Moldova and Romania, which would incorporate the current territory of Moldova into Romania and thus into the EU.^[94] About 44% of the Moldovans that were polled in 2021 supported such a scenario.^[95]

Impact of joining

Member countries	Population^[96]	Area (km^2)	GDP (US$)^[97]	GDP per capita (US$)	Languages
Moldova	4,012,883	33,851	14 billion	5,284	Romanian
EU27	447,007,596	4,233,262	17,046 billion	38,134	24
EU27+1	451,020,479 (+0.9%)	4,267,113 (+0.8%)	17,060 billion (+0.08%)	37,825 (-0.81%)	24 (0)

See also

• Moldova-European Union relations
• Moldova–European Union Association Agreement
• Moldova–Romania relations
• Association Trio
• Enlargement of the European Union
• European Moldova National Assembly
• Future enlargement of the European Union
• Accession of Ukraine to the European Union
• Ukraine–European Union relations
• Georgia–European Union relations
• Moldova–NATO relations

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External links

• europa.eu foreign relations Moldova-EU
• Delegation of the European Commission to Moldova site 2010-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
• www.mfa.md - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova RM-EU relations page 2008-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
• EU-Moldova Negotiations: what is to be discussed, what could be achieved? document