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Senate of the Czech Republic

December 03, 2023

The Senate (Czech: Senát Parlamentu České republiky), literally "Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic", is the upper house of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. The seat of the Senate is Wallenstein Palace in Prague.

Senate

Senát Parlamentu České republiky
Type
Type
Leadership
Miloš Vystrčil, ODS
since 19 February 2020
1st Vice-President
Jiří Drahoš, STAN
since 2 November 2022
Vice-President
Jitka Seitlová, KDU-ČSL
since 11 November 2020
Vice-President
Tomáš Czernin, TOP 09
since 2 November 2022
Vice-President
Jiří Oberfalzer, ODS
since 14 November 2018
Structure
Seats81
6
18
6
12
36
3
Political groups
Supporting government (73)
  •   ODS and TOP 09 (36)[f]
  •   Mayors and Independents Group (18)[l]
  •   KDU-ČSL and Independents (12)[p]
  •   SEN 21 and Pirates (7)[u]

Opposition (8)

  •   ANO and ČSSD (6)[x]
  •   Non-affiliated (2)
Elections
Two-round system
Staggered elections
Last election
23-24 September and 30 September-1 October 2022
Meeting place
Wallenstein Palace, Prague
Website
www.senat.cz

Structure edit

 
Wallenstein Palace in Prague, the main building of the Senate.

The Senate has 81 members, chosen in single-seat constituencies through the two-round system. If no candidate receives a majority of votes in the first round, there is a second round between the two highest-placed candidates. The term of office for Senators is six years, and elections are staggered so that a third of the seats are up for election every two years. A candidate for the Senate does not need to be on a political party's ticket (unlike in the Chamber of Deputies).

The Senate has one President and four Vice-presidents.[1] Its members participate in specialised committees and commissions.[2][3] The Senate Chancellery has been created to provide professional, organisational and technical services. The Senate occupies several historical palaces in centre of Prague, in Malá Strana quarter. In 2005 its budget was 561.2 million CZK.

Powers edit

The Senate can delay a proposed law which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies but this veto can be overridden by a majority (i.e. at least 101 of all 200 members) of the Chamber of Deputies in a repeated vote. If the Senate proposes amendments, Chamber of deputies may approve it with a simple majority or override it with absolute majority. The Senate, however, cannot be overridden when it votes on electoral law, constitutional law and on international treaties.

The Senate decides on confirmation of judges of the Constitutional Court, proposed by the President. It often uses this power to block unacceptable nominants and may propose new laws. However, the Senate does not get to vote on the country's budget or on confidence in the government, unlike the Chamber of Deputies.

The President of the Senate is the second-highest official of the Czech Republic for ceremonial purposes, after the President of the Republic, but without much real political power.

History edit

 
Polling station of the electoral district no. 70 in Olomouc during Czech Senate elections and the regional elections held in the Czech Republic on 7 October 2016

The Senate was established in constitutional law of the Czech National Council (ČNR) No. 1/1993 on 16 December 1992.[4] The immediate reason for its creation was a need to find a place for members of the Federal Assembly, dissolved together with Czechoslovakia. Other reasons given were the positioning of the Senate as a safety device ("pojistka") correcting laws endorsed by lower chamber and as a power balancing tool against the dominance of a single party, especially regarding constitution and electoral law. Due to opposition by the Civic Democratic Alliance (who had members in the Czech National Council, which became the Chamber of Deputies under the new Constitution, but not in the Federal Assembly) and those politicians fearing dilution of power the Senate was not set up. The first elections were held in 1996, with voter turnout around 35% (much lower than turnout for the lower chamber). Further elections were held in accordance with the Constitution every two years after that.

The Senate has received criticism[by whom?] for being essentially powerless and unnecessary for a country of the size of the Czech Republic. However, the likely most prominent critic of Czech Senate, former prime minister Andrej Babiš, has expressed his plan to change the electoral into Chamber of Deputies into First-past-the-post voting, something that cannot be done without consent of the Senate, plus the Czech Constitution prohibits such system for lower chamber.

Latest election results edit

Results of the 2022 Czech Senate election.

PartyFirst roundSecond roundSeats
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsWonNot upTotal
ANO 2011244,51621.981149,33131.122325
Civic Democratic Party151,90813.650111,07123.15881523
KDU-ČSL120,97210.87174,69615.5767512
Freedom and Direct Democracy85,8557.7202,7910.580000
Mayors and Independents75,4066.7806,4101.34001515
TOP 0973,4736.60133,3416.952336
Czech Social Democratic Party43,8703.94010,3442.160011
Independents32,4312.9209,0311.881101
Czech Pirate Party28,3022.540022
Senator 2127,6722.49021,0514.391134
PRO 202227,0482.430000
Mayors for the Liberec Region19,6131.76014,0002.921112
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia17,6121.580000
Tricolour Citizens' Movement14,8321.330000
Tábor 202014,1861.28010,6762.231101
Svobodní11,7301.050011
South Bohemians 202010,7180.9609,2891.940000
Green Party8,8280.790000
ProMOST8,6720.7806,7471.411101
Union of Democrats – Association of Independents8,6080.7704,7290.990000
Moravian Land Movement6,5560.590000
Movement for Prague 116,5240.5905,5691.160000
For Plzen4,6830.420000
For Health4,2760.380000
Choice for the Region4,2260.380000
Karlovy Vary Civic Alternative3,9720.360000
Manifest.cz3,3190.300000
Ústí Citizen's Forum3,0840.280000
Safety, Responsibility, Solidarity3,0830.280000
No Movement2,8220.250000
For Sport and Healthy Milestone2,7680.250000
Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic2,6170.240000
Independent for Prague 101,9840.180000
Domov1,8110.160000
Party of Common Sense1,5870.140000
Czech National Socialist Party1,4780.130000
Přísaha1,4710.130000
PES Movement1,1870.110000
Doma1,0400.090000
Moravané9540.090000
Heart for ...6930.060000
State Party Direct Democracy – Labour Party3960.040000
National Democracy2900.030000
Democratic Party of Greens2690.020000
Hradec Králové Democratic Club–11
Marek Hilšer for Senate–11
Ostravak–11
Independents25,1772.26010,7072.231134
Total1,112,519100.003479,783100.0024275481
Valid votes1,112,51996.47479,78399.60
Invalid/blank votes40,6703.531,9470.40
Total votes1,153,189100.00481,730100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,749,65841.942,479,86919.43
Source: Volby

Elected senators edit

27 districts up for election
Dictrict Senator Party Note
1 – Karlovy Vary Věra Procházková ANO 2011
4 – Most Jan Paparega ProMOST
7 – Pilsen-City Daniela Kovářová Ind.
10 – Český Krumlov Tomáš Jirsa ODS
13 – Tábor Marek Slabý T2020
16 – Beroun Jiří Oberfalzer ODS
19 – Prague 11 Hana Kordová Marvanová ODS
22 – Prague 10 Jan Pirk TOP 09
25 – Prague 6 Jiří Růžička TOP 09
28 – Mělník Jarmila Smotlachová ODS
31 – Ústí nad Labem Martin Krsek SEN 21
34 – Liberec Michael Canov SLK
37 – Jičín Tomáš Czernin TOP 09
40 – Kutná Hora Bohuslav Procházka KDU-ČSL
43 – Pardubice Miluše Horská KDU-ČSL
46 – Ústí nad Orlicí Petr Fiala KDU-ČSL
49 – Blansko Jaromíra Vítková KDU-ČSL
52 – Jihlava Miloš Vystrčil ODS
55 – Brno-City Tomáš Töpfer ODS
58 – Brno-City Jiří Dušek ODS Originally elected for ANO 2011.
61 – Olomouc Lumír Kantor KDU-ČSL
64 – Bruntál Ladislav Václavec ANO 2011
67 – Nový Jičín Ivana Váňová KDU-ČSL
70 – Ostrava-City Zdeněk Nytra ODS
73 – Frýdek-Místek Zdeněk Matušek ANO 2011
76 – Kroměříž Jana Zwyrtek Hamplová NEZ
79 – Hodonín Eva Rajchmanová KDU-ČSL

Current composition of the Senate edit

Composition of the Senate of the Czech Republic
Party Seats
2016 [y] 2018 2020 TOTAL
Mayors and Independents 3 5 11
19 / 81
Civic Democratic Party 3 10 5
18 / 81
Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party 7 2 3
12 / 81
ANO 2011 3 1 1
5 / 81
TOP 09 2 1 2
5 / 81
Czech Social Democratic Party 2 1 —
3 / 81
Senator 21 — 1 2
3 / 81
Czech Pirate Party — 1 1
2 / 81
Green Party 1 — —
1 / 81
Svobodní — — 1
1 / 81
Severočeši.cz 1 — —
1 / 81
Ostravak Movement — 1 —
1 / 81
Hradec Králové Democratic Club — — 1
1 / 81
Movement for Prague 11 1 — —
1 / 81
Marek Hilšer for Senate — 1 —
1 / 81
United Democrats — Association of Independents 1 — —
1 / 81
Citizens Together — Independents 1 — —
1 / 81
Citizens Patriots 1 — —
1 / 81
Independents 1 3 —
4 / 81
Total 27 27 27 81
  1. ^ Tomáš Goláň was elected as non-partisan, nominated by SEN 21, shortly after election he defected to and became member of ODS.
  2. ^ Jaroslav Chalupský is non-partisan, nominated by Svobodní.
  3. ^ Zdeněk Hraba was elected as non-partisan, nominated by STAN, he changed club during his term.
  4. ^ Tomáš Töpfer, Jan Pirk, Hana Kordová Marvanová, Marek Slabý and Jiří Růžička are non-partisans, nominated by coalition of ODS, TOP 09 and KDU-ČSL and possibly other local parties.
  5. ^ Jiří Dušek is non-partisan, nominated by coalition of ODS, ČSSD and local parties.
  6. ^
  7. ^ Hana Žáková, Miroslav Balatka, Miroslav Plevný, Jan Sobotka, Pavel Karník, Helena Pešatová and Karel Zitterbart are non-partisans, nominated by STAN.
  8. ^ David Smoljak is a member of STAN, nominated by coalition of STAN, Pirates and TOP 09.
  9. ^ Jiří Vosecký is member of SLK nominated by STAN and SLK.
  10. ^ Zdeněk Linhart is non-partisan, nominated by STAN and SLK.
  11. ^ Mikuláš Bek is non-partisan, nominated by coalition of Greens, ODS, TOP 09 and STAN; Jiří Drahoš is non-partisan, nominated by coalition of KDU-ČSL, Greens, STAN and TOP 09.
  12. ^
  13. ^ Miluše Horská, Josef Klement and Lumír Kantor are non-partisans, nominated by KDU-ČSL.
  14. ^ Petr Fiala is a member of SproK nominated by coalition of SproK and KDU-ČSL.
  15. ^ Jaromíra Vítková, Ivana Váňová and Eva Rajchmanová are non-partisans, nominated by coalition of KDU-ČSL, ODS and TOP 09.
  16. ^
  17. ^ Přemysl Rabas and Martin Krsek are non-partisans, nominated by SEN21.
  18. ^ Adéla Šípová is non-partisan, nominated by Pirates.
  19. ^ Jan Holásek is non-partisan, nominated by coalition of HDK, TOP 09, Greens, LES and SEN 21.
  20. ^ Pavel Fischer is independently elected non-partisan.
  21. ^
  22. ^ Ladislav Václavec and Miroslav Adámek are non-partisans, nominated by ANO.
  23. ^ Zdeněk Matušek was elected as non-partisan, nominated by ANO and ČSSD.
  24. ^
  25. ^ Includes the 2017 re-run in constituency 4

Sources: Senate,
cs:Volby do Senátu Parlamentu České republiky 2016, cs:Volby do Senátu Parlamentu České republiky 2018
Volby.cz, cs:Volby do Senátu Parlamentu České republiky 2020,
Constituencies in which the election was held:

  • 2016: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 79
  • 2018: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 80
  • 2020: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81

See also edit

Notes edit

References edit

  1. ^ Senators Senate website
  2. ^ Senate Committees Senat website
  3. ^ Senate Commissions Senate website
  4. ^ Bulletin Scientia Politica (in Czech)

External links edit

  • Official website
  • Kysela, Jan (n.d.). "Bicameralism in the Czech Republic: Reasons, Functions, Perspectives". Retrieved 9 October 2021.

50°05′24″N 14°24′19″E / 50.09000°N 14.40528°E / 50.09000; 14.40528

December 03, 2023
senate, czech, republic, parts, this, article, those, related, election, results, need, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, december, 2021, senate, czech, senát, parlamentu, České, republiky, li. Parts of this article those related to election results need to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2021 The Senate Czech Senat Parlamentu Ceske republiky literally Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic is the upper house of the Parliament of the Czech Republic The seat of the Senate is Wallenstein Palace in Prague Senate Senat Parlamentu Ceske republikyTypeTypeUpper house of the Parliament of the Czech RepublicLeadershipPresidentMilos Vystrcil ODS since 19 February 20201st Vice PresidentJiri Drahos STAN since 2 November 2022Vice PresidentJitka Seitlova KDU CSL since 11 November 2020Vice PresidentTomas Czernin TOP 09 since 2 November 2022Vice PresidentJiri Oberfalzer ODS since 14 November 2018StructureSeats81618612363Political groupsSupporting government 73 ODS and TOP 09 36 f Mayors and Independents Group 18 l KDU CSL and Independents 12 p SEN 21 and Pirates 7 u Opposition 8 ANO and CSSD 6 x Non affiliated 2 ElectionsVoting systemTwo round systemStaggered electionsLast election23 24 September and 30 September 1 October 2022Meeting placeWallenstein Palace PragueWebsitewww senat cz Contents 1 Structure 2 Powers 3 History 4 Latest election results 4 1 Elected senators 5 Current composition of the Senate 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksStructure edit nbsp Wallenstein Palace in Prague the main building of the Senate The Senate has 81 members chosen in single seat constituencies through the two round system If no candidate receives a majority of votes in the first round there is a second round between the two highest placed candidates The term of office for Senators is six years and elections are staggered so that a third of the seats are up for election every two years A candidate for the Senate does not need to be on a political party s ticket unlike in the Chamber of Deputies The Senate has one President and four Vice presidents 1 Its members participate in specialised committees and commissions 2 3 The Senate Chancellery has been created to provide professional organisational and technical services The Senate occupies several historical palaces in centre of Prague in Mala Strana quarter In 2005 its budget was 561 2 million CZK Powers editThe Senate can delay a proposed law which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies but this veto can be overridden by a majority i e at least 101 of all 200 members of the Chamber of Deputies in a repeated vote If the Senate proposes amendments Chamber of deputies may approve it with a simple majority or override it with absolute majority The Senate however cannot be overridden when it votes on electoral law constitutional law and on international treaties The Senate decides on confirmation of judges of the Constitutional Court proposed by the President It often uses this power to block unacceptable nominants and may propose new laws However the Senate does not get to vote on the country s budget or on confidence in the government unlike the Chamber of Deputies The President of the Senate is the second highest official of the Czech Republic for ceremonial purposes after the President of the Republic but without much real political power History edit nbsp Polling station of the electoral district no 70 in Olomouc during Czech Senate elections and the regional elections held in the Czech Republic on 7 October 2016The Senate was established in constitutional law of the Czech National Council CNR No 1 1993 on 16 December 1992 4 The immediate reason for its creation was a need to find a place for members of the Federal Assembly dissolved together with Czechoslovakia Other reasons given were the positioning of the Senate as a safety device pojistka correcting laws endorsed by lower chamber and as a power balancing tool against the dominance of a single party especially regarding constitution and electoral law Due to opposition by the Civic Democratic Alliance who had members in the Czech National Council which became the Chamber of Deputies under the new Constitution but not in the Federal Assembly and those politicians fearing dilution of power the Senate was not set up The first elections were held in 1996 with voter turnout around 35 much lower than turnout for the lower chamber Further elections were held in accordance with the Constitution every two years after that The Senate has received criticism by whom for being essentially powerless and unnecessary for a country of the size of the Czech Republic However the likely most prominent critic of Czech Senate former prime minister Andrej Babis has expressed his plan to change the electoral into Chamber of Deputies into First past the post voting something that cannot be done without consent of the Senate plus the Czech Constitution prohibits such system for lower chamber Latest election results editResults of the 2022 Czech Senate election PartyFirst roundSecond roundSeatsVotes SeatsVotes SeatsWonNot upTotalANO 2011244 51621 981149 33131 122325Civic Democratic Party151 90813 650111 07123 15881523KDU CSL120 97210 87174 69615 5767512Freedom and Direct Democracy85 8557 7202 7910 580000Mayors and Independents75 4066 7806 4101 34001515TOP 0973 4736 60133 3416 952336Czech Social Democratic Party43 8703 94010 3442 160011Independents32 4312 9209 0311 881101Czech Pirate Party28 3022 540022Senator 2127 6722 49021 0514 391134PRO 202227 0482 430000Mayors for the Liberec Region19 6131 76014 0002 921112Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia17 6121 580000Tricolour Citizens Movement14 8321 330000Tabor 202014 1861 28010 6762 231101Svobodni11 7301 050011South Bohemians 202010 7180 9609 2891 940000Green Party8 8280 790000ProMOST8 6720 7806 7471 411101Union of Democrats Association of Independents8 6080 7704 7290 990000Moravian Land Movement6 5560 590000Movement for Prague 116 5240 5905 5691 160000For Plzen4 6830 420000For Health4 2760 380000Choice for the Region4 2260 380000Karlovy Vary Civic Alternative3 9720 360000Manifest cz3 3190 300000Usti Citizen s Forum3 0840 280000Safety Responsibility Solidarity3 0830 280000No Movement2 8220 250000For Sport and Healthy Milestone2 7680 250000Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic2 6170 240000Independent for Prague 101 9840 180000Domov1 8110 160000Party of Common Sense1 5870 140000Czech National Socialist Party1 4780 130000Prisaha1 4710 130000PES Movement1 1870 110000Doma1 0400 090000Moravane9540 090000Heart for 6930 060000State Party Direct Democracy Labour Party3960 040000National Democracy2900 030000Democratic Party of Greens2690 020000Hradec Kralove Democratic Club 11Marek Hilser for Senate 11Ostravak 11Independents25 1772 26010 7072 231134Total1 112 519100 003479 783100 0024275481Valid votes1 112 51996 47479 78399 60Invalid blank votes40 6703 531 9470 40Total votes1 153 189100 00481 730100 00Registered voters turnout2 749 65841 942 479 86919 43Source VolbyElected senators edit 27 districts up for election Dictrict Senator Party Note1 Karlovy Vary Vera Prochazkova ANO 20114 Most Jan Paparega ProMOST7 Pilsen City Daniela Kovarova Ind 10 Cesky Krumlov Tomas Jirsa ODS13 Tabor Marek Slaby T202016 Beroun Jiri Oberfalzer ODS19 Prague 11 Hana Kordova Marvanova ODS22 Prague 10 Jan Pirk TOP 0925 Prague 6 Jiri Ruzicka TOP 0928 Melnik Jarmila Smotlachova ODS31 Usti nad Labem Martin Krsek SEN 2134 Liberec Michael Canov SLK37 Jicin Tomas Czernin TOP 0940 Kutna Hora Bohuslav Prochazka KDU CSL43 Pardubice Miluse Horska KDU CSL46 Usti nad Orlici Petr Fiala KDU CSL49 Blansko Jaromira Vitkova KDU CSL52 Jihlava Milos Vystrcil ODS55 Brno City Tomas Topfer ODS58 Brno City Jiri Dusek ODS Originally elected for ANO 2011 61 Olomouc Lumir Kantor KDU CSL64 Bruntal Ladislav Vaclavec ANO 201167 Novy Jicin Ivana Vanova KDU CSL70 Ostrava City Zdenek Nytra ODS73 Frydek Mistek Zdenek Matusek ANO 201176 Kromeriz Jana Zwyrtek Hamplova NEZ79 Hodonin Eva Rajchmanova KDU CSLCurrent composition of the Senate editComposition of the Senate of the Czech Republic Party Seats2016 y 2018 2020 TOTALMayors and Independents 3 5 11 19 81Civic Democratic Party 3 10 5 18 81Christian and Democratic Union Czechoslovak People s Party 7 2 3 12 81ANO 2011 3 1 1 5 81TOP 09 2 1 2 5 81Czech Social Democratic Party 2 1 3 81Senator 21 1 2 3 81Czech Pirate Party 1 1 2 81Green Party 1 1 81Svobodni 1 1 81Severocesi cz 1 1 81Ostravak Movement 1 1 81Hradec Kralove Democratic Club 1 1 81Movement for Prague 11 1 1 81Marek Hilser for Senate 1 1 81United Democrats Association of Independents 1 1 81Citizens Together Independents 1 1 81Citizens Patriots 1 1 81Independents 1 3 4 81Total 27 27 27 81 Tomas Golan was elected as non partisan nominated by SEN 21 shortly after election he defected to and became member of ODS Jaroslav Chalupsky is non partisan nominated by Svobodni Zdenek Hraba was elected as non partisan nominated by STAN he changed club during his term Tomas Topfer Jan Pirk Hana Kordova Marvanova Marek Slaby and Jiri Ruzicka are non partisans nominated by coalition of ODS TOP 09 and KDU CSL and possibly other local parties Jiri Dusek is non partisan nominated by coalition of ODS CSSD and local parties ODS 21 a TOP 09 4 Svobodni 1 b ProMOST 1 non partisans 9 c d e Hana Zakova Miroslav Balatka Miroslav Plevny Jan Sobotka Pavel Karnik Helena Pesatova and Karel Zitterbart are non partisans nominated by STAN David Smoljak is a member of STAN nominated by coalition of STAN Pirates and TOP 09 Jiri Vosecky is member of SLK nominated by STAN and SLK Zdenek Linhart is non partisan nominated by STAN and SLK Mikulas Bek is non partisan nominated by coalition of Greens ODS TOP 09 and STAN Jiri Drahos is non partisan nominated by coalition of KDU CSL Greens STAN and TOP 09 STAN 11 g h SLK 3 i j Ostravak 1 MHS 1 non partisans 2 k Miluse Horska Josef Klement and Lumir Kantor are non partisans nominated by KDU CSL Petr Fiala is a member of SproK nominated by coalition of SproK and KDU CSL Jaromira Vitkova Ivana Vanova and Eva Rajchmanova are non partisans nominated by coalition of KDU CSL ODS and TOP 09 KDU CSL 8 m SproK 1 n non partisans 3 o Premysl Rabas and Martin Krsek are non partisans nominated by SEN21 Adela Sipova is non partisan nominated by Pirates Jan Holasek is non partisan nominated by coalition of HDK TOP 09 Greens LES and SEN 21 Pavel Fischer is independently elected non partisan SEN 21 3 q Pirates 2 r HDK 1 s Non affiliated 1 t Ladislav Vaclavec and Miroslav Adamek are non partisans nominated by ANO Zdenek Matusek was elected as non partisan nominated by ANO and CSSD ANO 4 v CSSD 1 non partisan 1 w Includes the 2017 re run in constituency 4 Sources Senate cs Volby do Senatu Parlamentu Ceske republiky 2016 cs Volby do Senatu Parlamentu Ceske republiky 2018Volby cz cs Volby do Senatu Parlamentu Ceske republiky 2020 Constituencies in which the election was held 2016 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 2018 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 2020 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81See also editPresident of the Senate of the Czech Republic List of presidents of the Senate of the Czech RepublicNotes editReferences edit Senators Senate website Senate Committees Senat website Senate Commissions Senate website Ustavni zminy v dobi od padu komunismu Bulletin Scientia Politica in Czech External links editOfficial website Kysela Jan n d Bicameralism in the Czech Republic Reasons Functions Perspectives Retrieved 9 October 2021 50 05 24 N 14 24 19 E 50 09000 N 14 40528 E 50 09000 14 40528 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Senate of the Czech Republic amp oldid 1179674514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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