fbpx
Wikipedia

Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

October 21, 2023

The Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원) or State Academy of Sciences,[4] formerly the National Academy of Sciences, is the national academy of sciences of North Korea.[5] It was founded in 1952, and until 1981 was responsible for all research conducted in the country before various organizational reforms and splittings of academies were conducted.

Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Established1 December 1952; 70 years ago (1952-12-01)
PresidentJang Chol
Staff50,000
Formerly calledNational Academy of Sciences
Location
Wasan-dong, Podunamu Street, Sosong District
,
Pyongyang
,
North Korea[1]
Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Chosŏn'gŭl
조선민주주의인민공화국과학원[2]
Hancha
朝鮮民主主義人民共和國科學院
Revised RomanizationJoseon Minjujuui Inmin Gonghwaguk Gwahagwon
McCune–ReischauerChosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk Kwahagwŏn[3]

Since 1980s the Academy has suffered from a long-term lack of funding, but it remains as a large and the most important scientific institution in the country.

The Academy has played a role in the nuclear weapons program of North Korea until a separate military-run Academy of National Defense Science was established to take on this role.

History Edit

Preparations to found the Academy were begun in the spring of 1952,[6] and the Academy was founded on 1 December 1952.[7] When the Academy was founded, it had 10 full and 15 candidate members in nine research institutes and 43 smaller research laboratories. Its first president was Hong Myng-hi who, according to Andrei Lankov, was not a skilled administrator and chosen for his political loyalty. Hong was followed by Paek Nam-un, who was more adept.[6]

The Academy initiated the nuclear weapons program of North Korea when in 1955 it sent representatives to a conference on peaceful uses of nuclear power in Eastern Europe.[8] By the late 1950s, the Soviet Union was giving practical training in nuclear research to institutions affiliated with the North Korean Academy of Sciences. In 1957, the Soviets dispatched I. M. Gramenitsky to teach the Academy about thick-layered emulsion in nuclear physics.[9] In 1959, North Korea struck a deal with the Soviet Union on setting up a nuclear research facility under the Academy near Yongbyon.[10]

A parallel development in the late 1950s was the purging of intellectuals unfavorable to Kim Il Sung from the Academy in 1957. In the aftermath of the August Faction Incident that sought to oust Kim the previous year, meeting to uncover and punish "factionalists" were organized at the Academy from August to November 1957.[11] One of those purged was Yi Chong-won, "one of the founding fathers of Korean Marxist historiography".[12]

In the 1970s, a number of State Academy of Sciences institutes were moved from the Pyongyang to the city of Pyongsong, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) outside of the capital. The headquarters of the Academy remained in Sosong District in central Pyongyang. There are now 17 such research institutions in Pyongsong, all of them part of the network of the Academy of Sciences.[13]

According to Lankov, the Academy does not exhibit "a hint of the intellectual, let alone political, independence" that academies in other countries, including the Soviet Academy of Sciences at times, have.[6]

On 11 January 1999, North Korean leader Kim Jong Il chose the Academy as his first location of on-the-spot guidance of the year, which he had declared the "year of sciences". According to Sung Chull Kim, "[i]t is unquestionable that this visit was more than a symbolic gesture" relating to Kim's strategy of prioritizing the information technology industry.[14]

Organization Edit

The Academy is the most important scientific institution in the country and is considerably large.[5][6]

The Academy reports directly to the Cabinet of North Korea.[5] Under the Academy, there are various organizations and six publishing houses,[5][6] including the Academy of Sciences Publishing House in the Central District of Pyongyang.[15] The Academy issues books and some 40 periodicals.[6] Kwahakwon Tongbo(과학원통보) (Korean for "Bulletins of the Academy of Sciences"), is the organ of its standing committee and is published six times a year.[15] Affiliated with the Academy, there are institutions dealing with various fields including mathematics and physics, chemistry, engineering, medicine, law and economics, history, literature and philology, and ethnography and archaeology. A biology research laboratory is under its direct control.[16] Although there is a separate Academy of Social Sciences [ko], there are social science institutes attached to the Academy of Sciences. Various committees work on linguistics, the compilation of classics,[5] the compilation of technical terms, and language reform.[16] An Academy of Koryo Medicine was founded under the Academy of Sciences in 1962 to study traditional Korean medicine.[17]

The Academy Headquarters is based in the Sosong District of Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea.[1][5] While some facilities of the Academy are located in Pyongyang, much of its activities actually take place in Pyongsong.[5] Most of the facilities are located in Pyongyang's Unjong District,[18] a district between the capital city's center and the city of Pyongsong. The North Korean government has plans to establish a special economic zone run by the Academy there.[19]

Pyongyang retains branches involved in the research of biology, construction and building materials, electronics and automation, and light industry.[20]

A branch exists in Hamhung, South Hamgyong Province.[5]

Between 1994 and 1998 it was briefly renamed the National Academy of Sciences.[6] On 5 September 1999, the Academy merged with the State Commission for Science and Technology.[21] Since the 1980s, the Academy has suffered from the lack of funds,[5] and since the early 1990s, it and its personnel have experienced "a dramatic decline" in standing. Before that, positions in the Academy were much sought-after and could provide good wages, rations, and prestige.[6]

The Academy maintains websites, but they are only accessible through the North Korean Intranet.[22]

All science on the highest level was conducted by the single Academy of Sciences until 1981, when it was split into separate academies of the Academy of Social Sciences, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Academy of Light Industry, and the original Academy of Sciences.[23] In 1992 the minor academies were merged with the Academy of Sciences, only to be split off again in 1998. A Second Academy of Natural Sciences, tasked with military science, remains separate.[6]

The Academy has 40 research institutes and 200 smaller research centers.[6] It has 50,000 employees.[19] Its current president Jang Chol,[24] who was preceded by Pyon Yong-rip.[1] The Academy is a member of the International Council for Science since 1961.[21]

The Academy operates a Special Economic Zone near Unjong Park in the northern suburbs of Pyongyang.[25]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c Martino, John, ed. (2013). Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013. Los Angeles: Sage Reference. p. 890. ISBN 978-1-4522-9937-2.
  2. ^ 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원통보. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  3. ^ Bibliography of Social Science Periodicals and Monograph Series: North Korea, 1945–1961. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1962. p. 5. OCLC 1169132.
  4. ^ (PDF). Choson Exchange. 12 March 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hoare 2012, p. 36.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lankov, Andrei (1 April 2007). . The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Alt URL
  7. ^ Hoare 2012, p. xxxi.
  8. ^ Minnich 2008, p. 260.
  9. ^ Zhebin 2011, p. 30.
  10. ^ Arrigoni 1994, p. 254.
  11. ^ Lankov 2002, p. 98.
  12. ^ Lankov 2002, p. 97.
  13. ^ Denisov 2011, p. 23.
  14. ^ Sung Chull Kim (2012). North Korea under Kim Jong Il: From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7914-8093-9.
  15. ^ a b The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe. London: Europa Publications. 2004. p. 2483. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
  16. ^ a b Kim, Ilpyong J. (2003). "Academy of Sciences". Historical Dictionary of North Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8108-4331-8.
  17. ^ Hoare 2012, p. 244.
  18. ^ Melvin, Curtis (21 May 2013). "Located: State Academy of Science's Turf Institute". NK News. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  19. ^ a b Madden, Michael (17 October 2013). "Analysis: North Korea's proposed special economic zones". NK News. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  20. ^ Corfield, Justin (1 December 2014). "Academy of Sciences". Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-78308-341-1.
  21. ^ a b . International Council for Science. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  22. ^ Ko, Jang & Lee 2008, p. 246.
  23. ^ Seekins 1981, p. 92.
  24. ^ "State leadership bodies elected". The Pyongyang Times. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  25. ^ Abrahamian, Andray; Melvin, Curtis (6 September 2019). "Unjong High-Tech Development Zone". 38 North. Retrieved 14 September 2019.

Works cited Edit

  • Arrigoni, Guy R. (1994). "National Security". In Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Fourth ed.). Washington: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. pp. 209–278. ISBN 0-8444-0794-1.
  • Denisov, Valery I. (2011). "Nuclear Institutions and Organizations in North Korea". In Clay, James Moltz; Mansourov, Alexandre Y. (eds.). The North Korean Nuclear Program: Security, Strategy and New Perspectives from Russia. New York: Routledge. pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-1-136-74991-9.
  • Hoare, James E. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7987-4.
  • Kyungmin Ko; Seungkwon Jang; Heejin Lee (2008). ".kp North Korea". Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2007/2008. IDRC. pp. 244–250. ISBN 978-0-7619-3674-9.
  • Lankov, Andrei N. (2002). "Kim Takes Control: The 'Great Purge' in North Korea, 1956-1960". Korean Studies. 26 (1): 87–119. doi:10.1353/ks.2002.0010. ISSN 1529-1529. S2CID 153356279.
  • Minnich, James M. (2008). "National Security". In Worden, Robert L. (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Fifth ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 237–282. ISBN 978-0-16-088278-4. LCCN 2008028547.
  • Seekins, Donald M. (1981). "The Society and Its Environment". In Bunge, Frederica M. (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Third ed.). Washington: American University, Foreign Area Studies. pp. 47–106. OCLC 855170869.
  • Zhebin, Alexander (2011). "A Political History of Soviet-North Korean Nuclear Cooperation". In Clay, James Moltz; Mansourov, Alexandre Y. (eds.). The North Korean Nuclear Program: Security, Strategy and New Perspectives from Russia. New York: Routledge. pp. 27–37. ISBN 978-1-136-74991-9.

Further reading Edit

  • Kim Il-sung (1981) [1952]. "Warm Congratulations on the Inauguration of the Academy of Sciences" (PDF). Kim Il Sung: Works. Vol. 6. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. pp. 332–333. OCLC 827642144.
  • — (1991) [1983]. "On Making a Fresh Advance in Scientific Research: Speech Delivered to the Scientists of the Academy of Sciences" (PDF). Kim Il Sung: Works. Vol. 37. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. pp. 365–380. OCLC 827642144.
  • (PDF). Pyongyang: U.S.-DPRK Scientific Engagement Consortium. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2017.

October 21, 2023
academy, sciences, democratic, people, republic, korea, korean, 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원, state, academy, sciences, formerly, national, academy, sciences, national, academy, sciences, north, korea, founded, 1952, until, 1981, responsible, research, conducted, country, b. The Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea Korean 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원 or State Academy of Sciences 4 formerly the National Academy of Sciences is the national academy of sciences of North Korea 5 It was founded in 1952 and until 1981 was responsible for all research conducted in the country before various organizational reforms and splittings of academies were conducted Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People s Republic of KoreaEstablished1 December 1952 70 years ago 1952 12 01 PresidentJang CholStaff50 000Formerly calledNational Academy of SciencesLocationWasan dong Podunamu Street Sosong District Pyongyang North Korea 1 Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People s Republic of KoreaChosŏn gŭl조선민주주의인민공화국과학원 2 Hancha朝鮮民主主義人民共和國科學院Revised RomanizationJoseon Minjujuui Inmin Gonghwaguk GwahagwonMcCune ReischauerChosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk Kwahagwŏn 3 Since 1980s the Academy has suffered from a long term lack of funding but it remains as a large and the most important scientific institution in the country The Academy has played a role in the nuclear weapons program of North Korea until a separate military run Academy of National Defense Science was established to take on this role Contents 1 History 2 Organization 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Works cited 5 Further readingHistory EditPreparations to found the Academy were begun in the spring of 1952 6 and the Academy was founded on 1 December 1952 7 When the Academy was founded it had 10 full and 15 candidate members in nine research institutes and 43 smaller research laboratories Its first president was Hong Myng hi who according to Andrei Lankov was not a skilled administrator and chosen for his political loyalty Hong was followed by Paek Nam un who was more adept 6 The Academy initiated the nuclear weapons program of North Korea when in 1955 it sent representatives to a conference on peaceful uses of nuclear power in Eastern Europe 8 By the late 1950s the Soviet Union was giving practical training in nuclear research to institutions affiliated with the North Korean Academy of Sciences In 1957 the Soviets dispatched I M Gramenitsky to teach the Academy about thick layered emulsion in nuclear physics 9 In 1959 North Korea struck a deal with the Soviet Union on setting up a nuclear research facility under the Academy near Yongbyon 10 A parallel development in the late 1950s was the purging of intellectuals unfavorable to Kim Il Sung from the Academy in 1957 In the aftermath of the August Faction Incident that sought to oust Kim the previous year meeting to uncover and punish factionalists were organized at the Academy from August to November 1957 11 One of those purged was Yi Chong won one of the founding fathers of Korean Marxist historiography 12 In the 1970s a number of State Academy of Sciences institutes were moved from the Pyongyang to the city of Pyongsong some 50 kilometres 31 mi outside of the capital The headquarters of the Academy remained in Sosong District in central Pyongyang There are now 17 such research institutions in Pyongsong all of them part of the network of the Academy of Sciences 13 According to Lankov the Academy does not exhibit a hint of the intellectual let alone political independence that academies in other countries including the Soviet Academy of Sciences at times have 6 On 11 January 1999 North Korean leader Kim Jong Il chose the Academy as his first location of on the spot guidance of the year which he had declared the year of sciences According to Sung Chull Kim i t is unquestionable that this visit was more than a symbolic gesture relating to Kim s strategy of prioritizing the information technology industry 14 Organization EditThe Academy is the most important scientific institution in the country and is considerably large 5 6 The Academy reports directly to the Cabinet of North Korea 5 Under the Academy there are various organizations and six publishing houses 5 6 including the Academy of Sciences Publishing House in the Central District of Pyongyang 15 The Academy issues books and some 40 periodicals 6 Kwahakwon Tongbo 과학원통보 Korean for Bulletins of the Academy of Sciences is the organ of its standing committee and is published six times a year 15 Affiliated with the Academy there are institutions dealing with various fields including mathematics and physics chemistry engineering medicine law and economics history literature and philology and ethnography and archaeology A biology research laboratory is under its direct control 16 Although there is a separate Academy of Social Sciences ko there are social science institutes attached to the Academy of Sciences Various committees work on linguistics the compilation of classics 5 the compilation of technical terms and language reform 16 An Academy of Koryo Medicine was founded under the Academy of Sciences in 1962 to study traditional Korean medicine 17 The Academy Headquarters is based in the Sosong District of Pyongyang the capital of North Korea 1 5 While some facilities of the Academy are located in Pyongyang much of its activities actually take place in Pyongsong 5 Most of the facilities are located in Pyongyang s Unjong District 18 a district between the capital city s center and the city of Pyongsong The North Korean government has plans to establish a special economic zone run by the Academy there 19 Pyongyang retains branches involved in the research of biology construction and building materials electronics and automation and light industry 20 A branch exists in Hamhung South Hamgyong Province 5 Between 1994 and 1998 it was briefly renamed the National Academy of Sciences 6 On 5 September 1999 the Academy merged with the State Commission for Science and Technology 21 Since the 1980s the Academy has suffered from the lack of funds 5 and since the early 1990s it and its personnel have experienced a dramatic decline in standing Before that positions in the Academy were much sought after and could provide good wages rations and prestige 6 The Academy maintains websites but they are only accessible through the North Korean Intranet 22 All science on the highest level was conducted by the single Academy of Sciences until 1981 when it was split into separate academies of the Academy of Social Sciences Academy of Agricultural Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Academy of Light Industry and the original Academy of Sciences 23 In 1992 the minor academies were merged with the Academy of Sciences only to be split off again in 1998 A Second Academy of Natural Sciences tasked with military science remains separate 6 The Academy has 40 research institutes and 200 smaller research centers 6 It has 50 000 employees 19 Its current president Jang Chol 24 who was preceded by Pyon Yong rip 1 The Academy is a member of the International Council for Science since 1961 21 The Academy operates a Special Economic Zone near Unjong Park in the northern suburbs of Pyongyang 25 See also Edit nbsp North Korea portal nbsp Science portalKim Il Sung University Korean Committee of Space Technology Korea Computer Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology National academy National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea Nuclear power in North Korea University of Natural ScienceReferences Edit a b c Martino John ed 2013 Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013 Los Angeles Sage Reference p 890 ISBN 978 1 4522 9937 2 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원통보 Encyclopedia of Korean Culture in Korean Retrieved 9 February 2017 Bibliography of Social Science Periodicals and Monograph Series North Korea 1945 1961 Washington U S Government Printing Office 1962 p 5 OCLC 1169132 Annual Report 2015 PDF Choson Exchange 12 March 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 22 April 2016 Retrieved 17 April 2017 a b c d e f g h i Hoare 2012 p 36 a b c d e f g h i j Lankov Andrei 1 April 2007 Academies The Korea Times Archived from the original on 21 February 2017 Alt URL Hoare 2012 p xxxi Minnich 2008 p 260 Zhebin 2011 p 30 Arrigoni 1994 p 254 Lankov 2002 p 98 Lankov 2002 p 97 Denisov 2011 p 23 Sung Chull Kim 2012 North Korea under Kim Jong Il From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance Albany State University of New York Press p 189 ISBN 978 0 7914 8093 9 a b The Europa World Year Kazakhstan Zimbabwe London Europa Publications 2004 p 2483 ISBN 978 1 85743 255 8 a b Kim Ilpyong J 2003 Academy of Sciences Historical Dictionary of North Korea Lanham Scarecrow Press p 1 ISBN 978 0 8108 4331 8 Hoare 2012 p 244 Melvin Curtis 21 May 2013 Located State Academy of Science s Turf Institute NK News Retrieved 12 January 2017 a b Madden Michael 17 October 2013 Analysis North Korea s proposed special economic zones NK News Retrieved 12 January 2017 Corfield Justin 1 December 2014 Academy of Sciences Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang London Anthem Press p 3 ISBN 978 1 78308 341 1 a b Korea Democratic People s Republic of State Academy of Sciences International Council for Science Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 Retrieved 11 March 2018 Ko Jang amp Lee 2008 p 246 Seekins 1981 p 92 State leadership bodies elected The Pyongyang Times 12 April 2014 Retrieved 3 December 2017 Abrahamian Andray Melvin Curtis 6 September 2019 Unjong High Tech Development Zone 38 North Retrieved 14 September 2019 Works cited Edit Arrigoni Guy R 1994 National Security In Savada Andrea Matles ed North Korea A Country Study Fourth ed Washington Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress pp 209 278 ISBN 0 8444 0794 1 Denisov Valery I 2011 Nuclear Institutions and Organizations in North Korea In Clay James Moltz Mansourov Alexandre Y eds The North Korean Nuclear Program Security Strategy and New Perspectives from Russia New York Routledge pp 21 26 ISBN 978 1 136 74991 9 Hoare James E 2012 Historical Dictionary of Democratic People s Republic of Korea Lanham Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 7987 4 Kyungmin Ko Seungkwon Jang Heejin Lee 2008 kp North Korea Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2007 2008 IDRC pp 244 250 ISBN 978 0 7619 3674 9 Lankov Andrei N 2002 Kim Takes Control The Great Purge in North Korea 1956 1960 Korean Studies 26 1 87 119 doi 10 1353 ks 2002 0010 ISSN 1529 1529 S2CID 153356279 Minnich James M 2008 National Security In Worden Robert L ed North Korea A Country Study Fifth ed Washington Government Printing Office pp 237 282 ISBN 978 0 16 088278 4 LCCN 2008028547 Seekins Donald M 1981 The Society and Its Environment In Bunge Frederica M ed North Korea A Country Study Third ed Washington American University Foreign Area Studies pp 47 106 OCLC 855170869 Zhebin Alexander 2011 A Political History of Soviet North Korean Nuclear Cooperation In Clay James Moltz Mansourov Alexandre Y eds The North Korean Nuclear Program Security Strategy and New Perspectives from Russia New York Routledge pp 27 37 ISBN 978 1 136 74991 9 Further reading EditKim Il sung 1981 1952 Warm Congratulations on the Inauguration of the Academy of Sciences PDF Kim Il Sung Works Vol 6 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House pp 332 333 OCLC 827642144 1991 1983 On Making a Fresh Advance in Scientific Research Speech Delivered to the Scientists of the Academy of Sciences PDF Kim Il Sung Works Vol 37 Pyongyang Foreign Languages Publishing House pp 365 380 OCLC 827642144 State Academy of Sciences DPR Korea PDF Pyongyang U S DPRK Scientific Engagement Consortium 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 11 February 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People 27s Republic of Korea amp oldid 1180173408, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.