Abd Allah ibn Amir
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2014) |
Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿĀmir ibn Kurayz[2] (Arabic: أبو عبد الرحمن عبد الله بن عامر بن كريز; 626–678) was a Rashidun politician and general, he served as the governor of Basra from 647 to 656 AD during the reign of Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibn Affan. Through his father, he was a cousin of the Caliph. He is renowned for his administrative and military prowess, particularly for his successful campaigns of reconquest and pacification in the former territories of the Sasanian Empire, in what is now present-day Iran and Afghanistan.[3]
Abd Allah ibn Amir | |
|---|---|
| Governor of Basra | |
| In office 647–656; 663–664[citation needed] | |
| Monarch | Uthman |
| Preceded by | Abu Musa al-Ash'ari |
| Succeeded by | Uthman ibn Hunaif |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 626[1] Mecca |
| Died | 678 (aged 51–52) |
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Arwa bint Kurayz (aunt) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Rashidun Caliphate |
Early life edit
Abd Allah ibn Amir was the son of Amir ibn Kurayz ibn Rabi'ah, the brother of Arwa bint Kurayz, who was the mother of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan.
Conquests during Caliph Umar's rule edit
Ibn Amir's expeditions were particularly aimed at quelling revolts in former Persian territories.[4]
Conquest of Sakastan edit
Having secured his position in Kerman, Abd Allah sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud there. After crossing the Dasht-i Lut desert, Mujashi ibn Mas'ud reached Sakastan, but suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat.[5]
One year later, Abd-Allah ibn Amir sent an army under Rabi ibn Ziyad Harithi to Sakastan. After some time, Rabi reached Zaliq, a Sakastani border town, where he forced the dehqan of the town to acknowledge Rashidun authority. He then did the same at the fortress of Karkuya, which had a famous fire temple mentioned in the Tarikh-i Sistan.[6] He then seized more land in the province. Next, he besieged the provincial capital, Zrang, and, after a heavy battle outside the city, its governor, Aparviz, surrendered. When Aparviz went to Rabi ibn Ziyad to negotiate a treaty, he saw that Rabi was using the bodies of two dead soldiers as a chair. This horrified Aparviz, who, in order to spare the inhabitants of Sakastan from the Arabs, made peace with them in return for a heavy tribute of 1 million dirhams, including 1,000 slave boys (or girls) bearing 1,000 golden vessels.[6][7] Rabi ibn Ziyad was then appointed governor of the province.[8]
Conquest of Estakhr and Fars edit
The city of Estakhr was destroyed after a battle to take the city and a force of 40,000 defenders including many Sasanian nobles were killed. Abd Allah invaded the Fars province and put an end to the Persian resistance. After the Arab conquest of Pars, the Sasanian king Yazdegerd III fled to Kerman.[7]
Conquest of Khorasan edit
Later, Abd Allah sent Ahnaf ibn Qais and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib towards a further expansion of Arab control of the Sasanian Empire which led to the Muslim conquest of Khorasan, during which they subdued the cities of Marw al-Rudh and Balkh.[9] As winter came, Ahnaf and Amr stayed in Balkh.[9]
Conquests during Caliph Uthman edit
After the death of Caliph Umar and the ascension of Uthman ibn al-Affan as Caliph, some of the just annexed Persian territory rebelled. In the wake of the rebellions Uthman commanded Abd Allah to subjugate the rebellious territories and continue the conquest of the remnants of the Sasanian empire.
Caliph Uthman sanctioned an attack against Makran in 652 AD, and sent a reconnaissance mission to Sindh in 653 AD. The mission described Makran as inhospitable, and Caliph Uthman, probably assuming the country beyond was much worse, forbade any further incursions into India.[10][11]
Conquest of Kerman edit
The Rashidun caliphate sent two contingents tasked with conquering the Sasanian province of Kerman, headed by Ibn Amir and Suhail, who reached Tabasayn. Then, they advanced towards Nishapur. Ibr Amir and Suhail quickly met opposition, with fighting against the Koch and Baloch, resulting in the death of the governor of Kerman.
Appointment as the Governor of Basra edit
In 647 AD, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari was deposed from the governorship of Basra. Uthman appointed Ibn Amir as the new Governor of Basra. Ibn Amir was twenty-five years old at that time.
During his tenure as governor in Basra, Ibn Amir changed the town from a merely transient camp to a permanent settlement, and the town gradually become a centre of commerce in Iraq. While Ibn Amir was involved in further conquests to the east, Basra gradually also started to lose her characteristic as a frontier garrison.[12]
Uthman was aiming to solve tensions in the newly-conquered Iraq caused by the sudden influx of Arab tribesmen into garrison towns such as Kufa and Basra. He did so by opening new fronts in territories he aimed to conquer. This aimed to consume and channel the tribesmen's energy towards new military expeditions. When Ibn Amir arrived at Basra, he immediately prepared for new conquests into Persia.[13][14] Ibn Amir reformed Basra in many ways, including the construction of a new irrigation canal and fixing the water supply infrastructure for the use of Hajj pilgrims passing through the area.[15]
Re-conquest of Fars edit
During Uthman’s reign, the province revolted alongside other Sasanian provinces. Uthman directed Ibn Amir to crush the rebellion.
Accordingly, Ibn Amir marched his forces into Persepolis, which surrendered and agreed to pay tribute. From there, the army marched to the city of Al j bard[clarification needed], where he encountered little resistance. Its citizens agreed to pay tribute.
Ibn Amir then advanced to Gor. The Sasanians fought against his forces, but they were defeated and the city was captured. Peace was made which included the introduction of Jizya.[4] While the army was still in Gor, Persepolis again revolted. Ibn Amir brought his forces to back to Persepolis and laid siege on the city. After a violent battle, Ibn Amir's army was able to regain control of the city. All the Sasanian leaders guilty of instigating the revolt were captured and executed. With the fall of Persepolis, other cities in Fars also surrendered unconditionally. The Uthman-appointed governor of Pars, after analysing the situation, sent Islamic missionaries to various cities in the region to convert the people to Islam, with the hopes of avoiding future revolts.
Reconquest of Kerman edit
After suppressing revolts in Fars, ibn Amir turned towards Kerman, which revolted again in 651-652 AD. He sent a force under the command of Mujasshaa ibn Musa Salmi[spelling?]. Kerman was soon re-conquered with little resistance.[16]
Re-conquest of Sistan edit
Uthman then directed Ibn Amir, who at the time was Governor of Basra, to re-conquer the province. Troops were sent to Sistan under Rabi' ibn Ziyad's command. He re-conquered the area up to what is now Zaranj in Afghanistan. Ibn Ziyad was made governor of Sistan, where he remained for some time. He then returned to Basra, whereupon the province revolted once again, this time affecting a much larger area.
Ibn Amir sent Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura to reconquer Sistan. Ibn Samura led the Muslim forces to Zaranj. Once Zaranj was captured, Ibn Samura marched into Afghanistan and conquered it as far as Kabul. After this campaign Ibn Amir set his eyes toward Khorasan.
Re-conquest of Khorasan edit
Khorasan, a province of the Sasanian Empire, was conquered during the reign of Caliph Umar, by troops under the command of Ahnaf ibn Qais. After Caliph Umar's death, Khorasan was the subject of a series of revolts under Sasanian King Yazdegerd III. But before he could lead the Sasanians against the Muslims, he was betrayed and killed in 651. The same year Caliph Uthman ordered ibn Amir to re-conquer Khorasan. Ibn Amir marched with a large force from Basra to Khorasan to be joined by another contingent led by Said Ibn Al-Aas, who departed from Kufa together with Hudzaifah Ibn Al-Yaman, Husayn ibn Ali and Hasan ibn Ali.[17]
After capturing the main forts in Khorasan, ibn Amir sent many columns invarious directions into Khorasan in order to prevent the Sasanians from gathering into a large force.[4] The town of Bayak, in modern Afghanistan, was taken by force, with a Muslim commander falling in the battle. After Bayak, the Muslims marched towards Tabisan, which was captured with little resistance. The Muslim army captured the city of Nishapur after a long siege. The Muslim army continued capturing other towns in the Khorasan region and consolidated their position in the region. The Muslim army then marched towards Herat in Afghanistan, which surrendered to the Muslims peacefully. After gaining control of the region the Muslims marched towards the city of Merv in modern Turkmenistan. The city surrendered along with other towns in the region except for one, Sang, which was later taken by force. The campaign in Khorasan ended with the conquest of Balkh (Afghanistan) in 654.
However, a second uprising broke out again in Khorasan in the wake of the first Muslim civil war when Muawiya was appointed as Caliph replacing Ali. This revolt was centred in Herat and Balkh. Abd Allah ibn Amir was appointed once again to deal with the revolt. This time the retaliation was fierce and swift and the famous Zoroastrian temple of Nobahar was destroyed.[18]
Campaign in Transoxiana edit
After consolidating Muslim forces in Khorasan, Abd Allah ibn Amir crossed the Oxus River which was known to the Muslims as the Amu Darya and invaded Uzbekistan in southern Transoxiana. Details of these campaigns are little known but a greater part of southern Transoxiana submitted to the suzerainty of the Rashidun Caliphate.[4]
Death of Caliph Uthman and its aftermath edit
After the successful completion of his campaigns, Abd Allah ibn Amir donned the Ahram in Nishapur, and made a pilgrimage to Mecca to perform the Hajj and offer thanks to God. After performing the Hajj, Abd Allah ibn Amir proceeded to Medina to see Uthman. But before Abd Allah ibn Amir reached Medina, Uthman had been killed. Abda When Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha and Ayesha raised the call for vengeance over the death of Uthman by the rebels, Abd Allah ibn Amir suggested they come with him to Basra because of his greater influence in the city. The confederates succeeded in capturing Basra because of the influence that Abd Allah ibn Amir commanded over the people of Basra. Along with Talha and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Abd Allah ibn Amir arrested and killed around 4000 suspected rebels in connection with the murder of Caliph Uthman. In the Battle of the Camel in December 656, the confederates were defeated and Basra was captured by Caliph Ali.
During Caliph Ali’s reign edit
The reign of Caliph Ali was full of turbulence. Though Abd Allah ibn Amir did not take part in the Battle of Siffin, fought between the forces of Caliph Ali and Muawiyah, he supported those seeking revenge for Caliph Uthman's murder. After the murder of Caliph Ali in 661, his eldest son Hassan ibn Ali became the caliph. However, he was pressured by the Syrian governor Muawiyah to resign as Caliph. To avoid another civil war, Hassan ibn Ali resigned in the favour of Muawiyah six months later. During this time Abd Allah ibn Amir supported the caliphate of Muawiyah.[4]
During Muawiyah’s reign edit
The caliphate of Muawiyah founded the Umayyad dynasty, dissolving the Rashidun empire. Abd Allah ibn Amir remained the governor of Basra under the Umayyad dynasty for some time, though later Muawiyah disposed him from the governorship of Basra.
During his brief rule in Basra under Muawiyah, he had struck Sasanian style coinage which was imprinted with the portrait of the Sassanid Khusraw Parviz, as mentioned in the Muwatta Imam Malik by Malik ibn Anas.[19]
In the wake of civil wars of the early 660s, crime was increasing in Basra. His successor al-Harith ibn Abd Allah al-Azdi failed to maintain public order. When Ziyad ibn Abihi arrived in 665 as governor, he recruited private watchmen who were hired by wealthy people fearing the level of crime in the city. Ziyad then established the "al-Shurta" which consisted of four thousand infantry and cavalry, imposed curfews and put in place draconian laws such as beheading anyone on the streets after the time of evening prayers. He also re-established order on the roads outside Basra by appointing chiefs of Tamim and Bakr clan as the security forces of those roads.[19]
Death edit
Abd Allah ibn Amir was a well regarded governor of the province of Basra for 9 years (647 – 656). Ibn Amir protested against his dismissal. Nevertheless, Abd Allah ibn Amir left Basra after his dismissal for Medina and died there in 678.[citation needed]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Gibb, H.A.R. "ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir".
- ^ a b (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ Morony, Michael G. (2005). . ISBN 9781593333157. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Governors of Uthman". www.witness-pioneer.org.
- ^ Marshak & Negmatov 1996, p. 449.
- ^ a b Zarrinkub 1975, p. 24.
- ^ a b Morony 1986, pp. 203–210.
- ^ Marshak & Negmatov 1996, p. 450.
- ^ a b Azizi, Abdul Syukur (2021). Utsman bin Affan Ra (ebook) (in Indonesian) (first ed.). DEEVA Press; reserved by Indonesian National Library and IKAPI (Indonesian publisher association). ISBN 9786023919536. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Elliot, Henry, "Historians of India: Appendix The Arabs in Sind, Vol III, Part 1", pp9
- ^ Khushalani, Gobind, "Chachnama Retold An Account of the Arab Conquests of Sindh", pp72
- ^ Naji & Ali 1981, p. 298-299.
- ^ Baladhuri Futuh, p. 403 and pp. 418-22
- ^ Shaban, M. A. (1979). The 'Abbāsid Revolution. pp. 17–18.
- ^ Kennedy, Hugh N. (March 22, 2008). The Great Arab Conquests: Penaklukan Terbesar Dalam Sejarah Islam yang Mengubah Dunia. Pustaka Alvabet. ISBN 9789793064666 – via Google Books.
- ^ Dashti, Naseer (October 22, 2012). The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 9781466958968 – via Google Books.
- ^ Murrad, Mustafa (February 1, 2009). Kisah Hidup Utsman ibn Affan. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. ISBN 9789790241374 – via Google Books.
- ^ Sykes, Percy (July 10, 2014). Hist Afghanistan V 1 & 2. Routledge. ISBN 9781317845867 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Morony, Michael G. (2005). . ISBN 9781593333157. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07.
Bibliography edit
- Naji, A. J.; Ali, Y. N. (1981). "The Suqs of Basrah: Commercial Organization and Activity in a Medieval Islamic City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 24 (3): 298–309. doi:10.2307/3631909. JSTOR 3631909. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 203–210.
- Marshak, B.I.; Negmatov, N.N. (1996). "Sogdiana". In B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi (ed.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. ISBN 92-3-103211-9.
- Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.