Çayönü Tepesi is a Neolithic settlement in southeastern Turkey which prospered from circa 8,630 to 6,800 BC.[1] It is located in Diyarbakır Province forty kilometres north-west of Diyarbakır, at the foot of the Taurus mountains. It lies near the Boğazçay, a tributary of the upper Tigris River and the Bestakot, an intermittent stream. It is an early example of agriculture.
At first, Cayonu represented single room structures that were round or had rounded corners. On top were built wattle and daub constructions. The next phase consisted of grill-plan buildings. This refers to a type of the building foundation.
"The grills were composed of a series of parallel linear stone foundations, carefully built of small stones and no more than 15 cm high (Schirmer 1990), which supported an elevated plastered floor, keeping it insulated, ventilated and dry."[2]
The stratigraphy is divided into the following subphases according to the dominant architecture:[5]
round, PPNA
grill, PPNA (grill-plan buildings)
channeled, Early PPNB
cobble paved, Middle PPNB
cell, Late PPNB
large room, final PPNB
An analysis of blood found at the site suggested that human sacrifice occurred there.[6]
Origin of domesticationedit
Animal life - domestication of pigs and cattleedit
The settlement attests to the period of transition from hunting and gathering to plant and animal domestication. Domestic animals appear in the final aspects of Phase I (preceramic); prior to that, the bones of wild game are relatively abundant. Mainly sheep was domesticated at first.[7]
In regard to cattle domestication, recently (2021) scholars make a distinction between “cattle management” and “domestic cattle”. Çayönü Tepesi provides a time sequence clarifying changes in the human management of Bos populations from the earliest times.[8]
Arbuckle and Kassebaum outline several stages of cattle management at Cayonu, and they present a rather complicated picture. Bos remains are abundant already in the earliest levels representing c. 20% of the mammalian remains. Much later, around 7500 BC, cattle reach their maximum abundance at the site, but they are still phenotypically unchanged. Decrease in cattle size is evident only around 7000 BC, and continues thereafter at this and related sites in the area.[8]
Çayönü is possibly the place where the pig (Sus scrofa) was first domesticated.[9]
Farming - cultivation of cerealsedit
Genetic studies of emmer wheat, the precursor of most current wheat species, show that the slopes of Mount Karaca (Karaca Dağ), which is located in close vicinity to Çayönü, was the location of first domestication. A different DNA approach pointed to Kartal Daği.[10]
Robert Braidwood wrote that "insofar as unit HA can be considered as representing all of the major pre-historic occupation at Cayonu, cultivated emmer along with cultivated einkorn was present from the earliest sub-phase."[11]
^ abcCollins, Andrew (2014). Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The Temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden. Simon and Schuster. p. 93. ISBN9781591438359.
^Haklay, Gil; Gopher, Avi (2019-06-01). "Architectural planning and measuring in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Çayönü, Turkey". Paléorient. OpenEdition (45–1): 7–17. doi:10.4000/paleorient.508. ISSN 0153-9345.
^Çambel, H.; Braidwood, R. J., eds. (1980). The Joint Istanbul-Chicago Universities' Prehistoric Research in Southeastern Anatolia. Istanbul University Publications. Vol. 2589. Istanbul. OCLC 15163668.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Özdoğan, A. (1999). "Çayönü". In Özdoğan, M.; Başgelen, N. (eds.). Neolithic in Turkey: The Cradle of Civilization, New Discoveries. Istanbul: EGE Yayınları. pp. 35–64. ISBN975-6899-41-7.
^Pearson, J; Grove, M; Ozbek, M; Hongo, H (2013). "Food and social complexity at Çayönü Tepesi, southeastern Anatolia: Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic". J Anthropol Archaeol. 32 (2): 180–189. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.01.002. PMC4066944. PMID 24976671.
^Loy, Thomas H.; Wood, Andrée R. (1989). "Blood Residue Analysis at Çayönü Tepesi, Turkey". Journal of Field Archaeology. 16 (4): 451–460. doi:10.1179/jfa.1989.16.4.451.
^ abArbuckle, Benjamin S; Kassebaum, Theo M (2021-05-01). "Management and domestication of cattle (Bos taurus) in Neolithic Southwest Asia". Animal Frontiers. Oxford University Press (OUP). 11 (3): 10–19. doi:10.1093/af/vfab015. ISSN 2160-6056. PMC8214434. PMID 34158985.
^Ervynck, A.; et al. (2001). "Born Free? New Evidence for the Status of Sus scrofa at Neolithic Çayönü Tepesi (Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey)". Paléorient. 27 (2): 47–73. doi:10.3406/paleo.2001.4731. JSTOR 41496617.
^Civáň, Peter; et al. (2013). "Reticulated Origin of Domesticated Emmer Wheat Supports a Dynamic Model for the Emergence of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent". PLOS One. 8 (11): e81955. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881955C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081955. PMC3843696. PMID 24312385.
^Braidwood, Robert J.; et al. (1974). "Beginnings of Village-Farming Communities in Southeastern Turkey, 1972". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 71 (2): 568–572. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71..568B. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.2.568. PMC388049. PMID 16592143.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Çayönü.
Çayönü from About.com
Çayönü from Ancient Near East
February 15, 2024
çayönü, this, article, about, settlement, turkey, village, cyprus, kalopsida, other, uses, disambiguation, tepesi, neolithic, settlement, southeastern, turkey, which, prospered, from, circa, located, diyarbakır, province, forty, kilometres, north, west, diyarb. This article is about the settlement in Turkey For the village in Cyprus see Kalopsida For other uses see Cayonu disambiguation Cayonu Tepesi is a Neolithic settlement in southeastern Turkey which prospered from circa 8 630 to 6 800 BC 1 It is located in Diyarbakir Province forty kilometres north west of Diyarbakir at the foot of the Taurus mountains It lies near the Bogazcay a tributary of the upper Tigris River and the Bestakot an intermittent stream It is an early example of agriculture CayonuThe site of Cayonu in southeastern TurkeyShown within Near EastShow map of Near EastCayonu Turkey Show map of TurkeyLocationDiyarbakir Province TurkeyCoordinates38 12 59 N 39 43 35 E 38 21639 N 39 72639 E 38 21639 39 72639TypeSettlementHistoryFounded8 630 BC 1 Abandoned6 800 BC 1 PeriodsNeolithic Contents 1 Settlement 2 Archaeology 3 Origin of domestication 3 1 Animal life domestication of pigs and cattle 3 2 Farming cultivation of cereals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External linksSettlement editAt first Cayonu represented single room structures that were round or had rounded corners On top were built wattle and daub constructions The next phase consisted of grill plan buildings This refers to a type of the building foundation The grills were composed of a series of parallel linear stone foundations carefully built of small stones and no more than 15 cm high Schirmer 1990 which supported an elevated plastered floor keeping it insulated ventilated and dry 2 Archaeology edit nbsp Cayonu ruins nbsp So called skull building nbsp Grill architectureThe site was excavated for 16 seasons between 1964 and 1991 initially by Robert John Braidwood and Halet Cambel and later by Mehmet Ozdogan and Asli Erim Ozdogan 3 4 The settlement covers the periods of the Pre Pottery Neolithic A PPNA the Pre Pottery Neolithic B PPNB and the Pottery Neolithic PN The stratigraphy is divided into the following subphases according to the dominant architecture 5 round PPNA grill PPNA grill plan buildings channeled Early PPNB cobble paved Middle PPNB cell Late PPNB large room final PPNBAn analysis of blood found at the site suggested that human sacrifice occurred there 6 Origin of domestication editAnimal life domestication of pigs and cattle edit The settlement attests to the period of transition from hunting and gathering to plant and animal domestication Domestic animals appear in the final aspects of Phase I preceramic prior to that the bones of wild game are relatively abundant Mainly sheep was domesticated at first 7 In regard to cattle domestication recently 2021 scholars make a distinction between cattle management and domestic cattle Cayonu Tepesi provides a time sequence clarifying changes in the human management of Bos populations from the earliest times 8 Arbuckle and Kassebaum outline several stages of cattle management at Cayonu and they present a rather complicated picture Bos remains are abundant already in the earliest levels representing c 20 of the mammalian remains Much later around 7500 BC cattle reach their maximum abundance at the site but they are still phenotypically unchanged Decrease in cattle size is evident only around 7000 BC and continues thereafter at this and related sites in the area 8 Cayonu is possibly the place where the pig Sus scrofa was first domesticated 9 Farming cultivation of cereals edit Genetic studies of emmer wheat the precursor of most current wheat species show that the slopes of Mount Karaca Karaca Dag which is located in close vicinity to Cayonu was the location of first domestication A different DNA approach pointed to Kartal Dagi 10 Robert Braidwood wrote that insofar as unit HA can be considered as representing all of the major pre historic occupation at Cayonu cultivated emmer along with cultivated einkorn was present from the earliest sub phase 11 See also editCities of the ancient Near East Gobekli Tepe Dja de el MugharaNotes edit a b c Collins Andrew 2014 Gobekli Tepe Genesis of the Gods The Temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden Simon and Schuster p 93 ISBN 9781591438359 Haklay Gil Gopher Avi 2019 06 01 Architectural planning and measuring in the Pre Pottery Neolithic site of Cayonu Turkey Paleorient OpenEdition 45 1 7 17 doi 10 4000 paleorient 508 ISSN 0153 9345 Cambel H Braidwood R J eds 1980 The Joint Istanbul Chicago Universities Prehistoric Research in Southeastern Anatolia Istanbul University Publications Vol 2589 Istanbul OCLC 15163668 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Ozdogan A 1999 Cayonu In Ozdogan M Basgelen N eds Neolithic in Turkey The Cradle of Civilization New Discoveries Istanbul EGE Yayinlari pp 35 64 ISBN 975 6899 41 7 Pearson J Grove M Ozbek M Hongo H 2013 Food and social complexity at Cayonu Tepesi southeastern Anatolia Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic J Anthropol Archaeol 32 2 180 189 doi 10 1016 j jaa 2013 01 002 PMC 4066944 PMID 24976671 Loy Thomas H Wood Andree R 1989 Blood Residue Analysis at Cayonu Tepesi Turkey Journal of Field Archaeology 16 4 451 460 doi 10 1179 jfa 1989 16 4 451 Neolithic Cayonu Tepesi in SouthEast Turkey a b Arbuckle Benjamin S Kassebaum Theo M 2021 05 01 Management and domestication of cattle Bos taurus in Neolithic Southwest Asia Animal Frontiers Oxford University Press OUP 11 3 10 19 doi 10 1093 af vfab015 ISSN 2160 6056 PMC 8214434 PMID 34158985 Ervynck A et al 2001 Born Free New Evidence for the Status of Sus scrofa at Neolithic Cayonu Tepesi Southeastern Anatolia Turkey Paleorient 27 2 47 73 doi 10 3406 paleo 2001 4731 JSTOR 41496617 Civan Peter et al 2013 Reticulated Origin of Domesticated Emmer Wheat Supports a Dynamic Model for the Emergence of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent PLOS One 8 11 e81955 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 881955C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0081955 PMC 3843696 PMID 24312385 Braidwood Robert J et al 1974 Beginnings of Village Farming Communities in Southeastern Turkey 1972 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71 2 568 572 Bibcode 1974PNAS 71 568B doi 10 1073 pnas 71 2 568 PMC 388049 PMID 16592143 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cayonu Cayonu from About com Cayonu from Ancient Near East Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cayonu amp oldid 1194414383, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
