For other places with the same name, see Ganj Darreh.
Ganj Dareh (Persian: تپه گنج دره; "Treasure Valley" in Persian,[2] or "Treasure Valley Hill" if tepe/tappeh (hill) is appended to the name) is a Neolithic settlement in western Iran. It is located in the Harsin County in east of Kermanshah Province, in the central Zagros Mountains.[2]
Map showing location of Ganj Dareh, Tepe Guran, Tepe Sarab, Ali Kosh, and Tepe Asiab, as well as some other locations of early herding activity.Area of the fertile crescent, circa 7500 BC, with main sites. Ganj Dareh is one of the important sites of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. The area of Mesopotamia proper was not yet settled by humans.
First discovered in 1965, it was excavated by Canadian archaeologist, Philip Smith during the 1960s and 1970s, for four field seasons.[2][3]
The oldest settlement remains on the site date back to ca. 10,000 years ago,[4] and have yielded the earliest evidence for goat domestication in the world.[5][6][7] The only evidence for domesticated crops found at the site so far is the presence of two-row barley.[1]
The remains have been classified into five occupation levels, from A, at the top, to E.[8]
Ceramicsedit
Ganj Dareh is important in the study of Neolithic ceramics in Luristan and Kurdistan. This is a period beginning in the late 8th millennium, and continuing to the middle of the 6th millennium BC. Also, the evidence from two other excavated sites nearby is important, from Tepe Guran, and Tepe Sarab (shown on the map in this article). They are all located southwest of Harsin, on the Mahidasht plain, and in the Hulailan valley.[9]
At Ganj Dareh, two early ceramic traditions are evident. One is based on the use of clay for figurines and small geometric pieces like cones and disks. These are dated ca. 7300-6900 BC.
The other ceramic tradition originated in the use of clay for mud-walled buildings (ca. 7300 BC). These traditions are also shared by Tepe Guran, and Tepe Sarab.[9] Tepe Asiab is also located near Tepe Sarab, and may be the earliest of all these sites. Both sites appear to have been seasonally occupied. Another site from the same period is Chia Jani, also in Kermanshah. Chia Jani is located about 60 km southwest from Ganj Dareh.
Ali Kosh is also a related site of the Neolithic period.
Archaeogeneticsedit
Researchers sequenced the genome from the petrous bone of a 30-50 year old woman from Ganj Dareh, GD13a. mtDNA analysis shows that she belonged to Haplogroup X. She is phenotypically similar to the Anatolian early farmers and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers. Her DNA revealed that she had black hair, brown eyes and was lactose intolerant. The derived SLC45A2 variant associated with light skin was not observed in GD13a, but the derived SLC24A5 variant which is also associated with the same trait was observed.[1]
Principal Components Analysis of Ancient West Eurasians: Eigenvectors were inferred using present-day populations (gray points) and the ancient samples (colored shapes) were projected onto the plot. GD13a is part of the Neolithic Iranian (Iran_N) cluster.
GD13a is genetically closest to the ancient Caucasus hunter-gatherers identified from human remains from Georgia (Satsurblia Cave and Kotias Klde). She belonged to a population (Neolithic Iranians) that was genetically distinct from the Neolithic Anatolian farmers. In terms of modern populations, she shows the relative highest genetic affinity with the Baloch people, Makran Baloch and Brahui people.[1] Also genetically close to GD13a were ancient samples from Steppe populations (Yamanya & Afanasievo) that were part of one or more Bronze age migrations into Europe, as well as early Bronze age cultures in that continent (Corded Ware) in line with previous relationships observed for the Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers.[10]
One Neolithic Iranian specimen (I1945) from Ganj Dareh was found to belong to a subclade of paternal Haplogroup P1 (based on mutation P282), another (I1949) belonged to Haplogroup CT. The oldest sample of haplogroup R2a was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from Ganj Dareh in western Iran. A late Neolithic sample (I1671) was found to belong to Haplogroup G2a.[11][12]
Galleryedit
Ganj Dareh site
Clay human figurine (Fertility goddess) Tepe Sarab, near Ganj Dareh, Kermanshah ca. 7000-6100 BCE, Neolithic period, National Museum of Iran
Ganj Dareh objects
A clay boar figurine from the Neolithic period, found at Tepe Sarab, kept at the Museum of Ancient Iran.
Referencesedit
^ abcdeGallego-Llorente, M.; et al. (2016). "The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros, Iran". Scientific Reports. 6: 31326. Bibcode:2016NatSR...631326G. doi:10.1038/srep31326. PMC4977546. PMID 27502179. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
^ abcSmith, Philip E. L. (1990). "Architectural Innovation and Experimentation at Ganj Dareh, Iran". World Archaeology. 21 (3): 323–335. doi:10.1080/00438243.1990.9980111. JSTOR 124833.
^Smith, Philip E. L. (1974). "Ganj Dareh Tepe". Paléorient. 2 (1): 207–209. doi:10.3406/paleo.1974.4186.
^Zeder, Melinda A.; Hesse, Brian (24 March 2000). "The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago". Science. 287 (5461): 2254–2257. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2254. PMID 10731145.
^What's Bred in the Bone, Discover (magazine), July 2000 ("After investigating bone collections from ancient sites across the Middle East, she found a dearth of adult male goat bones—and an abundance of female and young male remains—from a 10,000-year-old settlement called Ganj Dareh, in Iran's Zagros Mountains. This provides the earliest evidence of domesticated livestock, Zeder says.")
^Harris, David R. (ed.) The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 208, 249-52 (UCL Press 1996) (Reprint ISBN978-1-85728-538-3)
^Yelon, A.; Saucier, A.; Larocque, J.-P.; Smith, P.E.L.; Vandiver, P. (1992). "Thermal Analysis of Early Neolithic Pottery From Tepe Ganj Dareh, Iran". MRS Proceedings. 267. doi:10.1557/PROC-267-591.
^ abPeder Mortensen (2011), CERAMICS: The Neolithic Period in Central and Western Persia. iranicaonline.org
^Gallego-Llorente, M.; Connell, S.; Jones, E. R.; Merrett, D. C.; Jeon, Y.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Gamba, C.; Meiklejohn, C.; Beyer, R.; Jeon, S.; Cho, Y. S.; Hofreiter, M.; Bhak, J.; Manica, A.; Pinhasi, R. (9 August 2016). "The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros, Iran". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 31326. Bibcode:2016NatSR...631326G. doi:10.1038/srep31326. PMC4977546. PMID 27502179. S2CID 4967026.
^Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (25 August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC5003663. PMID 27459054.
^Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (31 March 2018). "The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia". bioRxiv10.1101/292581.
Bibliographyedit
Agelarakis A., The Palaeopathological Evidence, Indicators of Stress of the Shanidar Proto-Neolithic and the Ganj-Dareh Tepe Early Neolithic Human Skeletal Collections. Columbia University, 1989, Doctoral Dissertation, UMI, Bell & Howell Information Company, Michigan 48106.
Robert J. Wenke: "Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind's first three million years" (1990)
External linksedit
Peder Mortensen (2011), CERAMICS: The Neolithic Period in Central and Western Persia. iranicaonline.org
ganj, dareh, other, places, with, same, name, ganj, darreh, persian, تپه, گنج, دره, treasure, valley, persian, treasure, valley, hill, tepe, tappeh, hill, appended, name, neolithic, settlement, western, iran, located, harsin, county, east, kermanshah, province. For other places with the same name see Ganj Darreh Ganj Dareh Persian تپه گنج دره Treasure Valley in Persian 2 or Treasure Valley Hill if tepe tappeh hill is appended to the name is a Neolithic settlement in western Iran It is located in the Harsin County in east of Kermanshah Province in the central Zagros Mountains 2 Ganj Darehتپه گنج درهLocation in the Near EastShow map of Near EastGanj Dareh Iran Show map of IranLocationKermanshah Province IranRegionGamas Ab ValleyCoordinates34 16 20 N 47 28 33 E 34 2721 N 47 4758 E 34 2721 47 4758Altitude1 400 m 4 593 ft 1 Typemound settlementHistoryFoundedc 8000 BCAbandonedc 7000 BCPeriodsNeolithicAssociated withpastoralistsSite notesExcavation dates1967 1974 1 Map showing location of Ganj Dareh Tepe Guran Tepe Sarab Ali Kosh and Tepe Asiab as well as some other locations of early herding activity Area of the fertile crescent circa 7500 BC with main sites Ganj Dareh is one of the important sites of the Pre Pottery Neolithic period The area of Mesopotamia proper was not yet settled by humans Contents 1 Research history 2 Ceramics 3 Archaeogenetics 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links 8 Relative chronologyResearch history editFirst discovered in 1965 it was excavated by Canadian archaeologist Philip Smith during the 1960s and 1970s for four field seasons 2 3 The oldest settlement remains on the site date back to ca 10 000 years ago 4 and have yielded the earliest evidence for goat domestication in the world 5 6 7 The only evidence for domesticated crops found at the site so far is the presence of two row barley 1 The remains have been classified into five occupation levels from A at the top to E 8 Ceramics editGanj Dareh is important in the study of Neolithic ceramics in Luristan and Kurdistan This is a period beginning in the late 8th millennium and continuing to the middle of the 6th millennium BC Also the evidence from two other excavated sites nearby is important from Tepe Guran and Tepe Sarab shown on the map in this article They are all located southwest of Harsin on the Mahidasht plain and in the Hulailan valley 9 At Ganj Dareh two early ceramic traditions are evident One is based on the use of clay for figurines and small geometric pieces like cones and disks These are dated ca 7300 6900 BC The other ceramic tradition originated in the use of clay for mud walled buildings ca 7300 BC These traditions are also shared by Tepe Guran and Tepe Sarab 9 Tepe Asiab is also located near Tepe Sarab and may be the earliest of all these sites Both sites appear to have been seasonally occupied Another site from the same period is Chia Jani also in Kermanshah Chia Jani is located about 60 km southwest from Ganj Dareh Ali Kosh is also a related site of the Neolithic period Archaeogenetics editResearchers sequenced the genome from the petrous bone of a 30 50 year old woman from Ganj Dareh GD13a mtDNA analysis shows that she belonged to Haplogroup X She is phenotypically similar to the Anatolian early farmers and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers Her DNA revealed that she had black hair brown eyes and was lactose intolerant The derived SLC45A2 variant associated with light skin was not observed in GD13a but the derived SLC24A5 variant which is also associated with the same trait was observed 1 nbsp Principal Components Analysis of Ancient West Eurasians Eigenvectors were inferred using present day populations gray points and the ancient samples colored shapes were projected onto the plot GD13a is part of the Neolithic Iranian Iran N cluster GD13a is genetically closest to the ancient Caucasus hunter gatherers identified from human remains from Georgia Satsurblia Cave and Kotias Klde She belonged to a population Neolithic Iranians that was genetically distinct from the Neolithic Anatolian farmers In terms of modern populations she shows the relative highest genetic affinity with the Baloch people Makran Baloch and Brahui people 1 Also genetically close to GD13a were ancient samples from Steppe populations Yamanya amp Afanasievo that were part of one or more Bronze age migrations into Europe as well as early Bronze age cultures in that continent Corded Ware in line with previous relationships observed for the Caucasus Hunter Gatherers 10 One Neolithic Iranian specimen I1945 from Ganj Dareh was found to belong to a subclade of paternal Haplogroup P1 based on mutation P282 another I1949 belonged to Haplogroup CT The oldest sample of haplogroup R2a was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from Ganj Dareh in western Iran A late Neolithic sample I1671 was found to belong to Haplogroup G2a 11 12 Gallery edit nbsp Ganj Dareh site nbsp Clay human figurine Fertility goddess Tepe Sarab near Ganj Dareh Kermanshah ca 7000 6100 BCE Neolithic period National Museum of Iran nbsp Ganj Dareh objects nbsp A clay boar figurine from the Neolithic period found at Tepe Sarab kept at the Museum of Ancient Iran References edit a b c d e Gallego Llorente M et al 2016 The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros Iran Scientific Reports 6 31326 Bibcode 2016NatSR 631326G doi 10 1038 srep31326 PMC 4977546 PMID 27502179 nbsp This article contains quotations from this source which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International CC BY 4 0 license a b c Smith Philip E L 1990 Architectural Innovation and Experimentation at Ganj Dareh Iran World Archaeology 21 3 323 335 doi 10 1080 00438243 1990 9980111 JSTOR 124833 Smith Philip E L 1974 Ganj Dareh Tepe Paleorient 2 1 207 209 doi 10 3406 paleo 1974 4186 Zeder Melinda A Hesse Brian 24 March 2000 The Initial Domestication of Goats Capra hircus in the Zagros Mountains 10 000 Years Ago Science 287 5461 2254 2257 doi 10 1126 science 287 5461 2254 PMID 10731145 What s Bred in the Bone Discover magazine July 2000 After investigating bone collections from ancient sites across the Middle East she found a dearth of adult male goat bones and an abundance of female and young male remains from a 10 000 year old settlement called Ganj Dareh in Iran s Zagros Mountains This provides the earliest evidence of domesticated livestock Zeder says Harris David R ed The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia pp 208 249 52 UCL Press 1996 Reprint ISBN 978 1 85728 538 3 Natural History Highlight Old Goats In Transition Archived 2015 12 20 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of Natural History July 2000 Yelon A Saucier A Larocque J P Smith P E L Vandiver P 1992 Thermal Analysis of Early Neolithic Pottery From Tepe Ganj Dareh Iran MRS Proceedings 267 doi 10 1557 PROC 267 591 a b Peder Mortensen 2011 CERAMICS The Neolithic Period in Central and Western Persia iranicaonline org Gallego Llorente M Connell S Jones E R Merrett D C Jeon Y Eriksson A Siska V Gamba C Meiklejohn C Beyer R Jeon S Cho Y S Hofreiter M Bhak J Manica A Pinhasi R 9 August 2016 The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros Iran Scientific Reports 6 1 31326 Bibcode 2016NatSR 631326G doi 10 1038 srep31326 PMC 4977546 PMID 27502179 S2CID 4967026 Lazaridis Iosif et al 25 August 2016 Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East Nature 536 7617 419 424 Bibcode 2016Natur 536 419L doi 10 1038 nature19310 PMC 5003663 PMID 27459054 Narasimhan Vagheesh M et al 31 March 2018 The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia bioRxiv 10 1101 292581 Bibliography editAgelarakis A The Palaeopathological Evidence Indicators of Stress of the Shanidar Proto Neolithic and the Ganj Dareh Tepe Early Neolithic Human Skeletal Collections Columbia University 1989 Doctoral Dissertation UMI Bell amp Howell Information Company Michigan 48106 Robert J Wenke Patterns in Prehistory Humankind s first three million years 1990 External links editPeder Mortensen 2011 CERAMICS The Neolithic Period in Central and Western Persia iranicaonline org Natural History Highlight Old Goats In Transition Archived 2015 12 20 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of Natural History July 2000 Relative chronology edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ganj Dareh amp oldid 1194334586, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
