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256-bit computing

January 01, 1970

In computer architecture, 256-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 256 bits (32 octets) wide. Also, 256-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. There are currently no mainstream general-purpose processors built to operate on 256-bit integers or addresses, though a number of processors do operate on 256-bit data.

Representation edit

A 256-bit register can store 2256 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 256 bits depends on the integer representation used.

The maximum value of an unsigned 256-bit integer is 2256 − 1, written in decimal as 115,792,089,237,316,195,423,570,985,008,687,907,853,269,984,665,640,564,039,457,584,007,913,129,639,935 or approximately as 1.1579 x 1077.

256-bit processors could be used for addressing directly up to 2256 bytes. Already 2128 (for 128-bit addressing) would greatly exceed the total data stored on Earth as of 2018, which has been estimated to be around 33.3 zettabytes (over 274 bytes).[1]

History edit

Xbox 360 was the first high-definition gaming console to utilize the ATI Technologies 256-bit GPU Xenos[2] before the introduction of the current gaming consoles especially Nintendo Switch.

Some buses on the newer System on a chip (e.g. Tegra developed by Nvidia) utilize 64-bit, 128-bit, 256-bit, or higher.

Hardware edit

 
Laptop computer using an Efficeon processor

CPUs feature SIMD instruction sets (Advanced Vector Extensions and the FMA instruction set etc.) where 256-bit vector registers are used to store several smaller numbers, such as eight 32-bit floating-point numbers, and a single instruction can operate on all these values in parallel. However, these processors do not operate on individual numbers that are 256 binary digits in length, only their registers have the size of 256-bits. Binary digits are found together in 128-bit collections.

Modern GPU chips may operate data across a 256-bit memory bus (or possibly a 512-bit bus with HBM3[3]).

The Efficeon processor was Transmeta's second-generation 256-bit VLIW design which employed a software engine to convert code written for x86 processors to the native instruction set of the chip.[4][5]

The DARPA funded Data-Intensive Architecture (DIVA) system incorporated processor-in-memory (PIM) 5-stage pipelined 256-bit datapath, complete with register file and ALU blocks in a "WideWord" processor in 2002.[6]

Software edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Reinsel, David; Gantz, John; Rydning, John (November 2018). The Digitization of the World (PDF). IDC. p. 6. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  2. ^ "Xbox 360 review: Xbox 360". CNET. February 15, 2006.
  3. ^ Harding, Scharon (15 April 2021). "What Are HBM, HBM2 and HBM2E? A Basic Definition". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  4. ^ "Transmeta Efficeon TM8300 Processor" (PDF). Transmeta Corporation. (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2019.
  5. ^ Williams, Martyn (29 May 2002). . PC World. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.
  6. ^ Draper, Jeffrey; Sondeen, Jeff; Chang Woo Kang (October 2002). Implementation of a 256-bit WideWord Processor for the Data-Intensive Architecture (DIVA) Processing-In-Memory (PIM) Chip (PDF). International Solid-State Circuits Conference. (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017.
  7. ^ Watson, Robert N. M.; Neumann, Peter G.; Woodruff, Jonathan; Anderson, Jonathan; Anderson, Ross; Dave, Nirav; Laurie, Ben; Moore, Simon W.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Paeps, Philip; Roe, Michael; Saidi, Hassen (3 March 2012). "CHERI: a research platform deconflating hardware virtualization and protection" (PDF). Unpublished workshop paper for RESoLVE’12, March 3, 2012, London, UK. SRI International Computer Science Laboratory.
  8. ^ Borisenkov, Dmitriy (23 October 2019). "[llvm-dev] RFC: On non 8-bit bytes and the target for it". Retrieved 2021-09-11.

January 01, 1970
computing, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, april, 2023, lea. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources 256 bit computing news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message In computer architecture 256 bit integers memory addresses or other data units are those that are 256 bits 32 octets wide Also 256 bit central processing unit CPU and arithmetic logic unit ALU architectures are those that are based on registers address buses or data buses of that size There are currently no mainstream general purpose processors built to operate on 256 bit integers or addresses though a number of processors do operate on 256 bit data Contents 1 Representation 2 History 3 Hardware 4 Software 5 See also 6 ReferencesRepresentation editA 256 bit register can store 2256 different values The range of integer values that can be stored in 256 bits depends on the integer representation used The maximum value of an unsigned 256 bit integer is 2256 1 written in decimal as 115 792 089 237 316 195 423 570 985 008 687 907 853 269 984 665 640 564 039 457 584 007 913 129 639 935 or approximately as 1 1579 x 1077 256 bit processors could be used for addressing directly up to 2256 bytes Already 2128 for 128 bit addressing would greatly exceed the total data stored on Earth as of 2018 which has been estimated to be around 33 3 zettabytes over 274 bytes 1 History editXbox 360 was the first high definition gaming console to utilize the ATI Technologies 256 bit GPU Xenos 2 before the introduction of the current gaming consoles especially Nintendo Switch Some buses on the newer System on a chip e g Tegra developed by Nvidia utilize 64 bit 128 bit 256 bit or higher Hardware edit nbsp Laptop computer using an Efficeon processor CPUs feature SIMD instruction sets Advanced Vector Extensions and the FMA instruction set etc where 256 bit vector registers are used to store several smaller numbers such as eight 32 bit floating point numbers and a single instruction can operate on all these values in parallel However these processors do not operate on individual numbers that are 256 binary digits in length only their registers have the size of 256 bits Binary digits are found together in 128 bit collections Modern GPU chips may operate data across a 256 bit memory bus or possibly a 512 bit bus with HBM3 3 The Efficeon processor was Transmeta s second generation 256 bit VLIW design which employed a software engine to convert code written for x86 processors to the native instruction set of the chip 4 5 The DARPA funded Data Intensive Architecture DIVA system incorporated processor in memory PIM 5 stage pipelined 256 bit datapath complete with register file and ALU blocks in a WideWord processor in 2002 6 Software edit256 bits is a common key size for symmetric ciphers in cryptography such as Advanced Encryption Standard AES Increasing the word size can accelerate multiple precision mathematical libraries Applications include cryptography Researchers at the University of Cambridge use a 256 bit capability pointer which includes capability and addressing information on early implementations of their CHERI capability system 7 SHA 256 hash function Smart contracts use 256 or 257 bit integers 256 bit words for the Ethereum Virtual Machine We realize that a 257 bits byte is quite unusual but for smart contracts it is ok to have at least 256 bits numbers The leading VM for smart contracts Ethereum VM introduced this practice and other blockchain VMs followed 8 See also editBerkeley IRAM project Computational RAMReferences edit Reinsel David Gantz John Rydning John November 2018 The Digitization of the World PDF IDC p 6 Retrieved 27 October 2022 Xbox 360 review Xbox 360 CNET February 15 2006 Harding Scharon 15 April 2021 What Are HBM HBM2 and HBM2E A Basic Definition Tom s Hardware Retrieved 2021 09 11 Transmeta Efficeon TM8300 Processor PDF Transmeta Corporation Archived PDF from the original on 10 February 2019 Williams Martyn 29 May 2002 Transmeta Unveils Plans for TM8000 Processor PC World Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 Draper Jeffrey Sondeen Jeff Chang Woo Kang October 2002 Implementation of a 256 bit WideWord Processor for the Data Intensive Architecture DIVA Processing In Memory PIM Chip PDF International Solid State Circuits Conference Archived PDF from the original on 29 August 2017 Watson Robert N M Neumann Peter G Woodruff Jonathan Anderson Jonathan Anderson Ross Dave Nirav Laurie Ben Moore Simon W Murdoch Steven J Paeps Philip Roe Michael Saidi Hassen 3 March 2012 CHERI a research platform deconflating hardware virtualization and protection PDF Unpublished workshop paper for RESoLVE 12 March 3 2012 London UK SRI International Computer Science Laboratory Borisenkov Dmitriy 23 October 2019 llvm dev RFC On non 8 bit bytes and the target for it Retrieved 2021 09 11 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 256 bit computing amp oldid 1176745519, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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