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2010 Copiapó mining accident

October 23, 2023

"Copiapó mining accident" redirects here. For the 2006 accident in the Carola-Agustina mine, see 2006 Copiapó mining accident.

The 2010 Copiapó mining accident, also known then as the "Chilean mining accident", began on 5 August 2010, with a cave-in at the San José copper–gold mine, located in the Atacama Desert 45 kilometers (28 mi) north of the regional capital of Copiapó, in northern Chile. Thirty-three men were trapped 700 meters (2,300 ft) underground and 5 kilometers (3 mi) from the mine's entrance, and were rescued after 69 days.[1][2]

2010 Copiapó mining accident
Rescue efforts at the mine on 10 August 2010
Date
  • 5 August – 13 October 2010 (2010-08-05 – 2010-10-13)
  • (69 days)
Time14:05 CLT (UTC−04:00)
LocationSan José mine, near Copiapó, Atacama Region, Chile
Coordinates27°09′31″S 70°29′52″W / 27.158609°S 70.497655°W / -27.158609; -70.497655
OutcomeAll 33 trapped miners rescued
Property damageTotal closure and loss as of August 2010[needs update]
LitigationUS$2 million lawsuit as of August 2010[needs update]
San José mine
San José mine (Chile)

After the state-owned mining company, Codelco, took over rescue efforts from the mine's owners, exploratory boreholes were drilled. Seventeen days after the accident, a note was found taped to a drill bit pulled back to the surface: "Estamos bien en el refugio los 33" ("We are well in the shelter, the 33 of us").

Three separate drilling rig teams; nearly every Chilean government ministry; the United States' space agency, NASA; and a dozen corporations from around the world cooperated in completing the rescue. On 13 October 2010, the men were winched to the surface one at a time, in a specially built capsule, as an estimated 5.3 million people watched via video stream worldwide.[3][4][5] With few exceptions, they were in good medical condition with no long-term physical effects anticipated.[6] Private donations covered one-third of the US$20 million cost of the rescue, with the rest coming from the mine owners and the government.[7]

Previous geological instability at the old mine and a long record of safety violations for the mine's owners, San Esteban Mining Company, had resulted in a series of fines and accidents, including eight deaths, during the dozen years leading up to this accident.[8][9][10] After three years, lawsuits and investigations into the collapse concluded in August 2013 with no charges filed.[11]

Background Edit

See also: Mining in Chile
 
The San José mine is approximately at the center of this satellite image

Chile's long tradition in mining has made the country the world's top producer of copper.[12] An average of 34 people per year since 2000 have died in mining accidents in Chile, with a high of 43 in 2008, according to figures from the state regulatory agency "National Geology and Mining Service" (Spanish: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile abbreviated to SERNAGEOMIN).[13]

The mine is owned by the San Esteban Mining Company, (Spanish: Compañía Minera San Esteban abbreviated to CMSE), a company notorious for operating unsafe mines. According to an official with the non-profit Chilean Safety Association, (Spanish: Asociación Chilena de Seguridad, also known as ACHS) eight workers died at the San José site between 1998 and 2010[14][9][15] while CMSE was fined 42 times between 2004 and 2010 for breaching safety regulations.[9] The mine was shut down temporarily in 2007 when relatives of a miner killed in an accident sued the company; but the mine reopened in 2008[8][9] despite non-compliance with regulations.[16] Due to budget constraints, there were only three inspectors for the Atacama Region's 884 mines during the period leading up to the most recent collapse.[9]

Prior to the accident, CMSE had ignored warnings over unsafe working conditions in its mines. According to Javier Castillo, secretary of the trade union that represents San José's miners, the company's management operates "without listening to the voice of the workers when they say that there is danger or risk". "Nobody listens to us. Then they say we're right. If they had believed the workers, we would not be lamenting this now", said Gerardo Núñez, head of the union at a nearby Candelaria Norte mine.[17]

Chilean copper mine workers are among the highest-paid miners in South America.[18] Although the accident has called mine safety in Chile into question, serious incidents at large mines are rare, particularly those owned by the state copper mining company (Codelco) or by multinational companies.[19] However, smaller mines such as the one at Copiapó have generally lower safety standards.[19] Wages at the San Jose Mine were around 20% higher than at other Chilean mines due to its poor safety record.[6][19][20]

Collapse Edit

 
Schematic diagram of the accident (not to scale); depths are meters AMSL

The collapse occurred at 14:00 CLT on 5 August 2010.[21] Access to the depths of the mine was by a long helical roadway.[22] One man, an ore-truck driver, was able to get out, but a group of 33 men were trapped deep inside.[23] A thick dust cloud caused by the rock fall blinded the miners for as much as six hours.[24]

Initially, the trapped miners tried to escape through ventilation shafts, but the ladders required by safety codes were missing.[25][9]

Luis Urzúa, the shift supervisor, gathered his men in a room called a "refuge" and organized them and their resources. Teams were sent out to assess the vicinity.[26]

Initial search Edit

 
Piñera holds the message sent by the miners alongside Mining Minister Golborne (red jacket, blue shirt)

Rescuers attempted to bypass the rockfall at the main entryway through alternative passages but found each route blocked by fallen rock or threatened by ongoing rock movement. After a second collapse on 7 August, rescuers were forced to use heavy machinery while trying to gain access via a ventilation shaft.[27] Concerns that additional attempts to pursue this route would cause further geological movement halted attempts to reach the trapped miners through previously existing shafts, and other means to find the men were sought.[28]

The accident happened soon after sharp criticism of the government's handling of the Chilean earthquake and tsunami. Chile's President, Sebastián Piñera, cut short an official trip and returned to Chile in order to visit the mine.[29]

Exploratory boreholes about 16 centimeters (6.3 in) in diameter were drilled in an attempt to find the miners.[30] Out-of-date mine shaft maps complicated rescue efforts, and several boreholes drifted off-target[31] due to drilling depth and hard rock.[32] On 19 August, one of the probes reached a space where the miners were believed to be trapped, but found no signs of life.[33]

 
Digital representation of the note sent by the miners (English: "All 33 of us are fine in the shelter")

On 22 August, the eighth borehole broke through[34] at a depth of 688 meters (2,257 ft), at a ramp near the shelter where the miners had taken refuge.[35] For days the miners had heard drills approaching and had prepared notes, which they attached to the tip of the drill with insulation tape when it poked into their space. They also tapped on the drill before it was withdrawn, and these taps could be heard on the surface.[36] When the drill was withdrawn a note was attached to it: "Estamos bien en el refugio los 33" (English: "All 33 of us are fine in the shelter"). The words became the motto of the miners' survival and the rescue effort, and appeared on websites, banners and T-shirts.[37] Hours later, video cameras sent down the borehole captured the first grainy, black-and-white, silent images of the miners.[38]

Survival Edit

 
First image captured by a video camera lowered down the borehole

The trapped miners' emergency shelter had an area of 50 square meters (540 sq ft) with two long benches,[39] but ventilation problems had led them to move out into a tunnel.[40] In addition to the shelter, they had access to some 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) of open tunnels in which they could move around and get some exercise or privacy.[24] Food supplies were severely limited, and each of the men had lost an average of 8 kilograms (18 lb) by the time they were discovered.[40] Although the emergency supplies stocked in the shelter were intended to last only two or three days, through careful rationing, the men made their meager resources last for two weeks, only running out just before they were discovered.[41]

After leaving the hospital, miner Mario Sepúlveda said, "All 33 trapped miners, practicing a one-man, one-vote democracy, worked together to maintain the mine, look for escape routes, and keep up morale. We knew that if society broke down, we would all be doomed. Each day a different person took a bad turn. Every time that happened, we worked as a team to try to keep the morale up." He also said that some of the older miners helped to support the younger men, but all have taken an oath of silence not to reveal certain details of what happened, particularly during the early weeks of desperation.[42]

Videos sent to the surface Edit

Shortly after their discovery, 28 of the 33 miners appeared in a 40-minute video recorded using a mini-camera delivered by the government via 1.5-metre-long (5 ft) blue plastic capsules called palomas ("doves", referring to their role as carrier pigeons). The footage showed most of the men in good spirits and reasonably healthy, though they had all lost weight.[43]

The men appeared mainly bare-chested and bearded. They were all covered with a sheen of sweat due to the high heat and humidity of the mine at that depth. Several of the miners looked very thin, and some were camera-shy. The host, Sepúlveda, avoided specifics about the health of the men and used the vague term "complicated" to refer to their situation. He did, however, work to maintain an upbeat attitude, and insisted that things were looking brighter for the trapped men.[43] The video generally portrays a positive, light atmosphere despite the grim circumstances.[43]

Leadership Edit

"It's been a bit of a long shift", foreman Luis Urzúa joked. A man whose level-headedness and gentle humor is credited with helping keep the miners under his charge focused on survival during their 70-day underground ordeal, Urzúa kept his cool in his first audio contact with officials on the surface. He glossed over the hunger and despair he and his men felt, saying, "We're fine, waiting for you to rescue us."[44][45][46][47]

Urzúa credited majority decision-making for the trapped men's good esprit de corps and dedication to their common goal. "You just have to speak the truth and believe in democracy", he said. "Everything was voted on; we were 33 men, so 16 plus one was a majority."[44]

Following the collapse of the mine on 5 August, Urzúa had dispatched men to find out what had happened and see if escape was possible, but they could not find an exit route. "We were trying to find out what we could do and what we could not", said Urzúa. "Then we had to figure out the food." Urzúa tried to instill a philosophical acceptance of fate so they could accept their situation and move on to embrace the essential tasks of survival.[45]

Key members of the trapped group Edit

  • Luis Urzúa (54), the shift foreman who immediately recognized the gravity of the situation and the difficulty of any rescue attempt. He gathered the men in a secure "refuge" then organized them and their meager resources to cope with a long-term survival situation.[5][48] Just after the incident, he led three men to scout the tunnel. After confirming the situation, he made detailed maps of the area to aid the rescue effort. He directed the underground aspects of the rescue operation and coordinated closely with engineers on the surface over the teleconference links.[49][50]
  • Florencio Ávalos (31), second in command of the group, assisted Urzúa in organizing the men. Because of his experience, physical fitness and emotional stability, he was selected as the first miner to ride the rescue capsule to the surface in case of complications during the 15-minute ascent in the cramped shaft. Naturally shy, he served as the camera operator for videos sent up to the miners’ families. He was trapped along with his younger brother Renan.[50]
  • Yonni Barrios (50), became the medic of the trapped miners due to his six months of training he took to care for his elderly mother. He served the group by monitoring their health and providing detailed medical reports to the team of doctors on the surface. His fellow miners jokingly referred to him as "Dr. House", an American TV medical drama character.[32][48]
  • Mario Gómez (63), the eldest miner, became the religious leader of the group, organizing a chapel with a shrine containing statues of saints as well as aiding counseling efforts by psychologists on the surface.[48][50]
  • José Henríquez (54), a preacher and a miner for 33 years, served as the miners' pastor and organized daily prayers.[50]
  • Mario Sepúlveda (40), served as the energetic host of the miner's video journals that were sent to the surface to reassure the world that they were doing well. The local media dubbed him "Super Mario" after the Super Mario Bros. video game for his energy, wit and humor.[50][51][52]
  • Ariel Ticona (29), served as the group's communications specialist, installing and maintaining the underground portion of the telephone and videoconferencing systems sent down by the surface team.[50]

Health of the trapped miners Edit

Main article: Miners' health issues during 2010 Copiapó mining accident
 
Tube used to deliver supplies to the miners

On 23 August, the first voice contact was made with the miners. Doctors reported that the miners had been provided with a 5% glucose solution and a drug to prevent stomach ulcers caused by food deprivation.[53] Material was sent down the mine in palomas, which took an hour to reach the miners.[39][54] Delivery of solid food began a few days later.[54][55] Relatives were permitted to write letters, but were asked to keep them optimistic.[39]

Out of concern for their morale, rescuers were reluctant to tell the miners that in the worst-case scenario, the rescue might take months, with an eventual extraction date close to Christmas. However, on 25 August, the trapped men were fully briefed on the projected timeline for their rescue and the complexity of the plans involved. The mining minister later reported that the men took the potentially negative news very well.[56]

Rescue workers and consultants described the miners as a very disciplined group.[32] Psychologists and doctors worked alongside the rescue teams to ensure the miners were kept busy and mentally focused.[54][55] The men below ground confirmed their ability to contribute to the rescue operation, saying "There are a large number of professionals who are going to help in the rescue efforts from down here."[57] Psychologists believed that the miners should have a role in their own destiny as it was important to maintain motivation and optimism.[57][58][59][60]

Sanitation became an important issue in the hot, humid environment underground, and the miners took steps to maintain hygiene throughout their ordeal.[61]

Environmental and safety issues were also a primary concern.[61]

Chilean Health Minister Jaime Mañalich stated, "The situation is very similar to the one experienced by astronauts who spend months on end in the International Space Station."[62] On 31 August, a team from NASA in the United States arrived in Chile to provide assistance. The team included two physicians, one psychologist, and an engineer.[63]

After the rescue, Rodrigo Figueroa, chief of the Trauma Stress and Disaster unit of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, said there were serious shortcomings in the censorship of letters to and from miners' relatives above ground and in the monitoring of activities they could undertake, as being underground had suddenly turned them back into "babies." Nevertheless, the natural strength of "the 33" kept them alive, and their natural organization into teams as a response to disaster was also part of the innate human response to threat. Figueroa went on to say that as the miners' sound minds had seen them through, they would continue to be tested as they resumed life above ground.[clarification needed][64]

Religious aspects Edit

 
Mass for waiting family members

The trapped miners, most of whom were Catholic, asked for religious items, including Bibles, crucifixes, rosaries, and statues of the Virgin Mary and other saints to be sent down to them.[65] After Pope Benedict XVI sent each man a rosary, these were brought to the mine by the Archbishop of Santiago, Cardinal Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa in person.[66] After three weeks in the mine, one man who had been civilly married to his wife 25 years earlier asked her to enter into a sacramental marriage.[67] The men set up a makeshift chapel in the mine, and Mario Gómez, the eldest miner, spiritually counseled his companions and led daily prayers.[65]

Among the miners, a number attributed religious significance to events. Mario Sepúlveda said, "I was with God, and with the Devil – and God took me."[65] Mónica Araya, the wife of the first man rescued, Florencio Ávalos, noted: "We are really religious, both my husband and I, so God was always present. It is a miracle, this rescue was so difficult, it's a grand miracle."[68]

Both government representatives and the Chilean public have repeatedly credited Divine Providence with keeping the miners alive while the Chilean public viewed their subsequent rescue as a miracle.[69] Chile's president Sebastián Piñera stated, "When the first miner emerges safe and sound, I hope all the bells of all the churches of Chile ring out forcefully, with joy and hope. Faith has moved mountains."[69] When Esteban Rojas stepped out of the rescue capsule, he immediately knelt on the ground with his hands together in prayer then raised his arms above him in adoration.[70] His wife then wrapped a tapestry bearing the image of The Virgin Mary around him as they hugged and cried.[70]

Tent city and the families Edit

Campamento Esperanza (Camp Hope) was a tent city that sprang up in the desert as word of the mine's collapse spread. At first, relatives gathered at the mine entrance and slept in cars as they waited and prayed for word on the rescue operation's progress. As days turned into weeks, friends brought them tents and other camping supplies to provide shelter from the harsh desert climate. The encampment grew with the arrival of more friends and relatives, additional rescue and construction workers, and members of the media. Government ministers held regular briefings for the families and journalists at the camp. "We're not going to abandon this camp until we go out with the last miner left", said María Segovia, "There are 33 of them, and one is my brother".[71][72]

Many members of the miners' families at Camp Hope were devout Catholics who prayed almost constantly for the men.[73] As they waited, worried families erected memorials to the trapped men, lit candles and prayed. On a nearby hill overlooking the mine, the families placed 32 Chilean and one Bolivian flag to represent their stranded men. Small shrines were erected at the foot of each flag and amongst the tents, they placed pictures of the miners, religious icons and statues of the Virgin Mary and patron saints.[74]

María Segovia, the elder sister of drill operator Darío Segovia, became known as La Alcaldesa (the Mayoress) for her organizational skills and outspokenness.[75] As the families became more organized, the government took steps to provide some comforts, eventually providing a more private area for the relatives to avoid constant interrogation by the energetic press corps. Infrastructure such as a kitchen, canteen area, sanitary facilities and security were later added. Bulletin boards sprouted up and the local government established shuttle bus stops. Over time a school house and children's play zones were built while volunteers worked to help feed the families. Clowns entertained the children and organizations provided emotional and spiritual comfort to the waiting families.[76] Police and soldiers were brought in from Santiago to help maintain order and security with some patrolling the desert perimeter on horseback. In many respects the camp gradually grew into a small city.[77][78]

Rescue plans Edit

Exploratory boreholes were used to locate the trapped miners, with several of these subsequently used to supply the men. The Chilean government developed a comprehensive rescue plan modeled on the successful 2002 US Quecreek Mine rescue, itself based on the 1963 German Wunder von Lengede rescue operation. Both previous rescues had used a "rescue pod" or capsule to winch trapped miners to the surface one by one. Chilean rescue crews planned to use at least three drilling technologies to create bore holes wide enough to raise the miners in custom-designed rescue pods as quickly as possible. "The mine is old and there is concern of further collapses", Henry Laas, managing director of Murray & Roberts Cementation, one of the companies involved in the rescue operation, said, "The rescue methodology therefore has to be carefully designed and implemented."[79]

Drilling plans Edit

Three large escape boreholes were drilled concurrently using several types of equipment provided by multiple international corporations and based on three different access strategies. When the first (and only) escape shaft reached the miners, the three plans in operation were:

  1. Plan A, the Strata 950 (702 meter target depth at 90°)
  2. Plan B, the Schramm T130XD (638 meter target depth at 82°) was the first to reach the miners
  3. Plan C, a RIG-421 drill (597 meter target depth at 85°)[80]

Plan A Edit

Plan A used an Australian built Strata 950 model raise borer[81] type drilling rig often used to create circular shafts between two levels of a mine without using explosives. Provided by South African mining company Murray & Roberts, the drill had recently finished creating a shaft for Codelco's Andina copper mine in Chile and was immediately transferred to the San José Mine. Since it weighed 31 short tons (28 t), the drill had to be shipped in pieces on a large truck convoy. The Strata 950 was the first of the three drills to begin boring an escape shaft. If the pilot hole had been completed, further drilling would have caused rock debris to fall down the hole, requiring the miners to remove several tons of debris.[82][83]

Plan B Edit

This drill team was the first to reach the trapped miners with an escape shaft. Plan B involved a Schramm Inc. T130XD air core drill owned by Geotec S.A. (a Chilean-American joint venture drilling company) that was chosen by Drillers Supply SA (the general contractor of Plan B) to widen one of the three 14 centimetre (5.5 in) boreholes that were already keeping the miners supplied with palomas. Normally, the drills are used to drill top holes for the oil and gas industry and for mineral exploration and water wells. This system employed Chilean Drillers Supply SA (DSI) personnel, Mijali Proestakis G.M. and Partner, Igor Proestakis Tech Mgr, Greg Hall C.E.O. (who joined his team on site for the last eight days of drilling) and their 18-centimetre (7 in) drill pipe air core drill, a team of American drillers from Layne Christensen Company and specialized Down-The-Hole drilling hammers from Center Rock, Inc., of Berlin, Pennsylvania. Center Rock's president and personnel from DSI Chile were present on-site for the 33 days of drilling. While the Schramm rig, built by privately held Schramm, Inc. of West Chester, Pennsylvania, was already on the ground in Chile at the time of the mine collapse, additional drilling equipment was flown from the United States to Chile by United Parcel Service. The percussion-technology hammer drill can drill at more than 40 meters (130 ft) a day by using four hammers instead of one.[79][84][85][86]

The Schramm T-130 was directed to bore toward the workshop, a space that was accessible by the miners. The T-130 became operational on 5 September and worked in three stages. First, it needed to enlarge the 14-centimetre (5.5 in) hole to a 30-centimetre (12 in) hole. It then needed to drill the 30-centimetre (12 in) hole into a 71 centimetre (28 in) diameter hole. "If we tried to drill from a 14-centimetre (5.5 in) hole to a 71-centimetre (28 in) hole, the torque would be too high and it would ... put the drill bits under too much pressure," said Schramm, Inc. Latin American Regional Manager, Claudio Soto. However by reusing the same hole, there was still added pressure on the drill. Delays occurred because of issues with the neck of the drills caused by the angle of the drilling. Rescuers were unable to drill vertically since that would require placing the heavy rig on the unstable ground where the cave-in had happened, and the rescuers also had to avoid drilling into the production tunnels above the shelter. Soto added, during the rescue, "It's a difficult hole. It's curved and deep. The hard rock has proven to be abrasive and has worn out the steel of the drill."

Plan C Edit

2010 Copiapó mining accident
Drilling results
Plan A, Strata 950  (85%)
702
598


Plan B, Schramm T130  (100%)
624


Plan C, RIG-421  (62%)
597
372

Plan C involved a Canadian-made RIG-421 oil drilling rig operated by Calgary-based Precision Drilling Corporation. It was the last drill to be added to the rescue process and went into operation on 19 September.[79] The rig, normally used for oil and gas well drilling, could theoretically drill a wide enough escape shaft in a single pass without a pilot hole. RIG-421 is a 43 meters (141 ft) tall Diesel-Electric Triple, which needed 40 truckloads to bring its components from Iquique, Chile, to Copiapó. Chosen for the rescue operation because it can drill large holes deep into the ground and is faster than mining drills,[79][87] this plan suffered major setbacks due to the difficulty of aiming a large drill at such a small target. Furthermore, the hardness of the rock caused the drill bit to wander from its intended course and it then needed to be removed, resized and repositioned, slowing drilling progress. Many family members of the miners initially had high hopes for this rig, but it was forced to reduce its drill size and so lagged behind the other attempts.[79][88][89]

Drilling results Edit

At 08:05 CLDT on 9 October 2010, Plan B's Schramm T130XD was the first to reach the trapped miners.[90] By 8 October, the Plan A Strata 950's pilot hole had reached only 85% of the required depth (598 meters (1,962 ft)), and had not yet started widening its shaft. Plan C's RIG-421, the only machine at the site able to drill a wide enough escape shaft without a pilot hole, reached 372 meters (1,220 ft) (62%).[79][91]

The rescue operation was an international effort that involved not only technology, but the cooperation and resources of companies and individuals from around the world, including Latin America, South Africa, Australia, the United States and Canada. NASA specialists helped develop a sophisticated health agenda. Though international participation was critical to success, overall, it was a Chilean-led team effort. As one NASA specialist said during a visit early on in the rescue: "The Chileans are basically writing the book."[79]

See also: International Government Participation and International Corporate Participation

Extraction plans Edit

Fénix rescue capsule Edit

Main article: Fénix capsules
 
Diagram of the rescue capsule "Fénix" class and the miner equipment used in the Copiapó accident of 2010 rescue.

While the three drilling operations progressed, technicians worked on building the rescue capsules that would eventually carry the miners to safety.[56][79][92] Several media organizations produced illustrations of the capsules' basic design.[93][94][95]

The steel rescue capsules, dubbed Fénix (English: Phoenix) were constructed by the Chilean shipbuilding company Astilleros y Maestranzas de la Armada (ASMAR) with design input from NASA. The navy incorporated most of NASA's suggestions and produced three rescue pods: Fénix 1, 2 and 3, all enhanced versions of the Dahlbusch Bomb used for mine rescue. Fénix 1 was presented to journalists and the miners' relatives for their assessment.[79][96][97]

The eventual capsule used to rescue the 33 men was the Fénix 2, a device 54 centimeters (21 in) in diameter,[98] narrow enough to avoid hitting the sides of the tunnel. It had retractable wheels to allow for a smoother ride to the surface, an oxygen supply, lighting, video and voice communications, a reinforced roof to protect against rock falls, and an escape hatch with a safety device to allow the passenger to lower himself back down if the capsule became stuck.[79][98]

Preparations for extraction Edit

Although drilling finished on 9 October 2010, Laurence Golborne, Chilean Minister of Mining, announced that the rescue operation was not expected to begin before 12 October due to the complex preparatory work required on both the escape shaft and the extraction system site.[99] These tasks included a borehole inspection to determine how much of the shaft needed casing to prevent rockfalls from jamming the escape capsule. Depending on the shaft casing requirement, installation of the requisite steel pipes could take up to 96 hours. After that, a large concrete platform for the winching rig to raise and lower the capsule had to be poured while the winching rig required assembly. Finally, thorough testing of the capsule and winching system together was required.

Golborne also indicated he expected only the first 100–200 meters (330–660 ft) of the shaft to be cased, a task that could be performed in only 10 hours.[100] In the end, only the first 56 meters (184 ft) were deemed to require casing. Assembly of a safe lifting system took an additional 48 hours.[101]

Shortly before the extraction phase began, Golborne told reporters that rescuers estimated it would take about an hour to bring each miner to the surface. He therefore expected the lifting phase of the rescue operation to take up to 48 hours.[102]

Rescue operation San Lorenzo Edit

 
Manuel González, the first rescuer, preparing to descend

The rescue effort to retrieve the miners began on Tuesday, 12 October at 19:00 CLT. Dubbed Operación San Lorenzo (Operation St. Lawrence) after the patron saint of miners,[74][103][104] a three-hour initial delay ensued while final safety tests were carried out. At 23:18 CLT, the first rescuer, Manuel González, an experienced rescue expert and employee of Codelco, was lowered into the mine.[105] During the 18-minute descent, the waiting families and surface rescue team members sang the Canción Nacional, Chile's national anthem. González arrived in the collapsed mine and made contact with the miners at 23:36.

Extraction Edit

Although Chilean officials played down the risks of the rescue, the miners still needed to be alert during the ascent in case of problems. As a result, and according to the rescue plan, the first four men to be brought up the narrow shaft were those "deemed the fittest of body and mind".[106] Thereafter they would be best placed to inform the rescue team about conditions on the journey and report on the remaining miners. Once the four men had surfaced, the rescues proceeded in order of health, with the least healthy brought up from the mine first.[107]

Procedure Edit

Six hours before the rescue, each miner switched to a liquid diet rich in sugars, minerals, and potassium.[108] Each took an aspirin to help avert blood clots,[109] and wore a girdle to stabilize blood pressure. The miners also received moisture-resistant coveralls[110] and sunglasses[111] to protect against the sudden exposure to sunlight. The capsule included oxygen masks, heart monitors, and video cameras.[97] After a miner was strapped into the 21 inches (53 cm) wide capsule, it ascended about 1 meter per second (2.2 mph), taking 9 to 18 minutes to reach the surface. Piñera was present for each arrival during the 24-hour rescue.

After an alertness check, a miner would be taken by stretcher to a field hospital for initial evaluation;[110] none needed immediate treatment. Later they were taken by helicopter to Copiapó Hospital, 60 kilometers (37 mi) away, for 24 to 48 hours of observation.[110]

Rescue Edit

 
Urzúa celebrates with Piñera

The original plan called for two rescue workers to descend into the mine before bringing the first miner to the surface. However, to avoid delay, rescuers decided to bring a miner to the surface in the returning capsule that had taken González down. An "empty" trial run had taken place the previous day, with the capsule stopping just 15 meters (49 ft) before the end of the shaft.[112]

15 minutes later, after a further safety check, miner Florencio Ávalos began his ascent from the mine. TV cameras both inside the mine and on the surface captured the event and broadcast it worldwide. Urzúa was the last to ascend.[113]

Each transit of the capsule, whether up or down, was projected to take 15 minutes,[114] giving a total time of 33 hours for the rescue operation. In practice, after the capsule's first few transits, it became apparent that the trip might be shorter than the projected 15 minutes, and each rescue cycle should take less than 1 hour. As the eighteenth miner was brought to the surface, Chilean Mining Minister Laurence Golborne stated, "We have advanced at a faster time than we originally planned. I foresee we might conclude the whole operation before tonight."[115]

After stepping free from the rescuers and greeting his son, Urzúa embraced Piñera, saying, "I've delivered to you this shift of workers, as we agreed I would." The president replied, "I gladly receive your shift, because you completed your duty, leaving last like a good captain." Piñera went on to say, "You are not the same after this, and Chile won't be the same either."[116]

A large Chilean flag that had hung in the mine chamber during the rescue was brought up by Luis Urzúa. Once all the miners had been extracted, the rescuers in the mine chamber displayed a banner reading "Misión cumplida Chile" ("Mission accomplished Chile").[117] Manuel González was the first rescuer down and the last up, spending 25 hours 14 minutes in the mine. Rescuers needing to sleep did so in the mine to avoid tying up the capsule on rescue-delaying journeys to the surface. When the last rescuer surfaced, Piñera covered the top of the rescue shaft with a metal lid. Altogether, Fénix 2 made 39 round trips, traveling a total distance of about 50 kilometers (31 mi).[118]

Order of miners and rescuers Edit

 
Six rescuers with sign reading Mision Cumplida CHILE ("Mission accomplished CHILE")[119]

Before the rescue, the trapped miners were divided into three groups to determine their exit order. From first to last these were: "hábiles" (skilled), "débiles" (weak) and "fuertes" (strong).[120] This grouping was based on the theory that the first men to exit should be those more skilled and in the best physical condition, as they would be better equipped to escape unaided in the event of a capsule malfunction or shaft collapse. They were also thought more able to communicate clearly any other problems to the surface rescue team. The second group included miners with medical problems, older men, and those with psychological issues. The final group comprised the most mentally tough, as they had to be able to endure the anxiety of the wait;[121] in the words of Minister Mañalich, "they don't care to stay another 24 hours inside the mine".

The leaving order was as shown below:

Rescued miners
Order Name Age[122] Time (CLDT)[4][5] Cycle time[123] Comments[50]
1 Florencio Ávalos 31 13 October 00:11 0:51 Recorded video footage to be sent up to families on the surface. He had helped to get his brother Renan a job in the mine.
2 Mario Sepúlveda 40 13 October 01:10 1:00 An electrical specialist known as "the presenter" because he acted as a spokesman and guide on videos that the miners made. He ended one video with "Over to you in the studio."
3 Juan Andrés Illanes 52 13 October 02:07 0:57 A former Chilean Army corporal who served in the Beagle Conflict, a border dispute with neighboring Argentina.
4 Carlos Mamani 24 13 October 03:11 1:04 The only Bolivian among the 33, a heavy machinery operator who moved to Chile a decade prior to the incident.
5 Jimmy Sánchez 19 13 October 04:11 1:00 Given the responsibility of checking air quality[124] and the youngest man trapped. He had only been a miner for five months and had just had a baby daughter.
6 Osmán Araya 30 13 October 05:35 1:24 In a video message he told his wife and baby daughter Britany: "I will fight to the end to be with you."
7 José Ojeda 46 13 October 06:22 0:47 Penned the famous note "Estamos bien en el refugio, los 33" (English: "We are well in the shelter, the 33"), which was discovered attached to a probe 17 days after the mine collapse.[125] He is a grandfather who suffers from kidney problems and has been on medication for diabetes.
8 Claudio Yáñez 34 13 October 07:04 0:42 A drill operator. His longtime partner Cristina Núñez accepted his marriage proposal while he was underground.
9 Mario Gómez 63* 13 October 08:00 0:56 The eldest of the trapped miners, he had been thinking of retiring that November. (Note: *Multiple reliable sources have reported his age as between 60 and 65.)
10 Álex Vega 31 13 October 08:53 0:53 Suffers from kidney problems and hypertension. Had worked in the mine for nine years.
11 Jorge Galleguillos 56 13 October 09:31 0:38 Suffers from hypertension.
12 Edison Peña 34 13 October 10:13 0:42 The group's song leader, he requested that Elvis Presley songs be sent down the mine. The fittest miner, he had reportedly been running 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) a day while underground. He ran in the New York City Marathon in 2010[126] and 2011,[127] and the Tokyo Marathon in February 2011.[127]
13 Carlos Barrios 27 13 October 10:55 0:42 A part-time miner who also drives a taxi and likes horse racing. He was said to be unhappy with interference from psychologists.
14 Víctor Zamora 33 13 October 11:32 0:37 A mechanic who only went into the mine on the day of the collapse to fix a vehicle. He was also in the 2010 Chile earthquake.
15 Víctor Segovia 48 13 October 12:08 0:36 An electrician and father of four who told his family: "This hell is killing me. When I sleep I dream we are in an oven."
16 Daniel Herrera 27 13 October 12:50 0:42 Truck driver, was given the role of medical assistant in the mine.
17 Omar Reygadas 56 13 October 13:39 0:49 A bulldozer operator whose children kept a diary of their life above ground shown on BBC News.
18 Esteban Rojas 44 13 October 14:49 1:10 Told his longtime partner Jessica Yáñez that he would marry her in a church as soon as he got out.
19 Pablo Rojas 45 13 October 15:28 0:39 He had worked in the mine for less than six months when the accident happened. His brother Esteban was trapped with him.
20 Darío Segovia 48 13 October 15:59 0:31 A drill operator, he is the son of a miner, and his father was once trapped for a week underground. His sister María led prayers at Camp Hope, the makeshift settlement that sprang up at the mine's entrance.
21 Yonni Barrios 50 13 October 16:31 0:32 Served as the group medic and supervised their medical care.
22 Samuel Ávalos 43 13 October 17:04 0:33 A father-of-three who had worked in the mine for five months.
23 Carlos Bugueño 27 13 October 17:33 0:29 Friends with fellow trapped miner Pedro Cortez.
24 José Henríquez 54 13 October 17:59 0:26 A preacher who has worked in mining for 33 years, he had become the miners' pastor and organized daily prayers.
25 Renán Ávalos 29 13 October 18:24 0:25 Trapped along with his older brother Florencio.
26 Claudio Acuña 44 13 October 18:51 0:27 Had his birthday in the mine on 9 September.
27 Franklin Lobos 53 13 October 19:18 0:27 A former football player known as the "magic mortar".
28 Richard Villarroel 27 13 October 19:45 0:27 A mechanic who had worked in the mine for two years.
29 Juan Carlos Aguilar 49 13 October 20:13 0:28 A married father of one.
30 Raúl Bustos 40 13 October 20:37 0:24 A hydraulics engineer who was in the February 2010 Chile earthquake. He moved north, finding work at the mine to support his wife and two children.
31 Pedro Cortez 26 13 October 21:02 0:25 Went to school near the mine. He and his friend Carlos Bugueno, who was also trapped, started work there at the same time.
32 Ariel Ticona 29 13 October 21:30 0:28 The group's communications specialist. His wife gave birth to a daughter on 14 Sep and he watched the arrival on video. He named his daughter Esperanza, which means "Hope".
33 Luis Urzúa 54 13 October 21:55 0:25 The shift foreman, known as Don Lucho by other miners, took a leading role while they were trapped and made more accurate maps of their cave for the rescue crews.

Note: Early in the disaster, the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio published a widely circulated, but incorrect, early list of the miners' names with two errors: it omitted Esteban Rojas and Claudio Acuña, and wrongly included the names of Roberto López Bordones and William Órdenes. The list above is correct and up to date according to the Ministry of Mining website.[128]

Rescue workers who descended
Order descended Rescue worker[129][130][131] Affiliation[131][132] Descent time (CLDT)[130] Extraction time (CLDT)[130] Time spent inside mine[130] Cycle time[130][133] Down trip no.[130]
1. Manuel González El Teniente Mine 12 October 23:18 14 October 00:32 25:14 0:27 1
2. Roberto Ríos, Sgt Chilean Marine Corps 13 October 00:16 14 October 00:05 23:49 0:23 2
3. Patricio Robledo, Cpl Chilean Marine Corps 13 October 01:18 13 October 23:42 22:24 0:25 3
4. Jorge Bustamante El Teniente Mine 13 October 10:22 13 October 23:17 12:55 0:24 13
5. Patricio Sepúlveda, Cpl GOPE (national police medic) 13 October 12:14 13 October 22:53 10:39 0:23 16
6. Pedro Rivero Carola Mine 13 October 19:23 13 October 22:30 3:07 0:35 28

Notes:

  1. The extraction times for the rescuers are correct but may be out of order and not listed next to the actual corresponding rescue worker.
  2. "Down trip no." is the sequence number of the capsule journey that he was sent down on.

Timeline of events Edit

This is a general chronology of the events, from the beginning:

  • 5 August 2010 (2010-08-05): Rock-fall at the San José mine in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile leaves 33 gold and copper miners trapped 700 metres (2,296 ft) below ground.
  • 7 August 2010 (2010-08-07): Second collapse hampers rescue efforts and blocks access to lower parts of the mine. Rescuers begin drilling boreholes to send down listening devices.
  • 22 August 2010 (2010-08-22): 17 days after the first collapse, a note is found attached to one of the drill bits, saying: "Estamos bien en el refugio, los 33" (English: "We are well in the shelter, the 33"). The miners were in a shelter having lunch when the first collapse occurred, and had survived on rations. Food, medical supplies, clothes and bedding began to be sent down the borehole.
  • 27 August 2010 (2010-08-27): The miners send first video greetings to the surface.
  • 30 August 2010 (2010-08-30): First attempt to drill a hole to rescue the men, Plan A, begins.
  • 5 September 2010 (2010-09-05): Plan B drilling begins.
  • 18 September 2010 (2010-09-18): Miners celebrate Chilean Bicentennial holiday underground.[134]
  • 19 September 2010 (2010-09-19): Plan C drilling begins.
  • 24 September 2010 (2010-09-24): Miners had now been trapped underground for 50 days, longer than anyone else in history.
  • 9 October 2010 (2010-10-09): Plan B drill breaks through to the miners' workshop.
  • 11 October 2010 (2010-10-11): "Fénix 2" rescue capsule is tested to ensure that it can pass up and down the newly completed shaft.
  • 12 October 2010 (2010-10-12): Rescue begins at 23:20 CLDT.
  • 13 October 2010 (2010-10-13): At 21:56 CLDT the last of the 33 miners is brought to the surface.[27]
  • 14 October 2010 (2010-10-14): First three miners released from hospital.
  • 15 October 2010 (2010-10-15): 28 more miners released from hospital, two remain for further treatment; dental and psychological follow-up.
  • 16 October 2010 (2010-10-16): Mario Sepúlveda discharged from hospital after additional psychological tests.
  • 19 October 2010 (2010-10-19): Víctor Zamora released from hospital after dental problems.[135]
  • 25 October 2010 (2010-10-25): Rescued miners honored at the "La Moneda" presidential palace, met with President Sebastián Piñera, posed for pictures with the "Fénix 2" capsule and played a friendly game of football against a government team at the Julio Martínez Prádanos National Stadium.[136]

Reaction to the rescue Edit

 
Piñera and his wife present a souvenir rock from the mine to Elizabeth II on 18 October 2010.
Main article: Reaction to the 2010 Copiapó mining accident

Chilean President Sebastián Piñera and First Lady Cecilia Morel were present during the rescue. Bolivian President Evo Morales was also scheduled to be there but did not arrive in time to see the rescue of the trapped Bolivian miner, Carlos Mamani.[137] Morales visited Mamani at a hospital along with Piñera later in the day.[138] A number of foreign leaders contacted Piñera to express solidarity and pass on congratulations to Chile while rescue efforts were underway. They included the Presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela,[139][140] and Poland,[141] as well as the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom,[142] Spain and Ireland, (who also wrote personally to the Chilean president and the County Clare-based designers and manufacturers of the rescue drill).[143] Other foreign leaders including Mexican President Felipe Calderón[144] and US President Barack Obama[144][145] praised the rescue efforts and passed on their hopes and prayers to the miners and their families. Pope Benedict XVI left a video message in Spanish praying for the success of the rescue operation.[146]

After the successful rescue, Piñera gave a speech on location in which he praised Chile, saying that he was "proud to be the president of all Chileans." He invoked Chile's recently passed Bicentennial celebrations and said that the miners were rescued with "unity, hope and faith." He thanked Hugo Chávez and Morales, amongst others, for their calls of support and solidarity. He also said that those responsible for the collapse of the mine would be punished, and that there would be a "new deal" for the workers.[147][148]

Miners post-rescue Edit

All but two of the men went home within 48 hours of their rescue, and by 19 October all had left the hospital.[149][150][151]

 
Piñera visiting the miners in Copiapó Hospital

Doctors felt the men had coped unexpectedly well physically with their time underground. Piñera even challenged the men to a friendly football game and invited them to visit the presidential palace and the opening of a transcontinental highway.[152]

Marc Siegel, an associate professor of medicine at the New York University Langone Medical Center, said that lack of sunlight could cause problems with muscles, bones, and other organs. Jane Aubin, scientific director of the Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, said the miners would have to be monitored closely: "They haven't been as physically active as you would want [them] to be, so they have undoubtedly experienced some muscle loss. ... Probably after that extended period of time, in both a confined space and in relative darkness, they've also probably experienced some bone loss."[153]

Officials considered canceling plans for a Thanksgiving Mass for the men and their families at Camp Hope on 17 October over fears that a premature return to the site could be too stressful. "It's not a good idea that they go back to the mine so soon", said psychologist Iturra.[151] Jorge Díaz, head of the miners' medical team at Copiapó regional hospital, said: "We have a group of workers who are absolutely normal people, they weren't selected from a group of applicants to be astronauts, nor were they people who underwent rigorous tests, therefore we don't know when the post-traumatic stress syndrome can appear."[154]

In the years after the accident, although initially they enjoyed worldwide fame, gifts of motorcycles, and invitations to Disney World and the Greek Islands, many spiraled, suffering psychologically and financially. Some found they could not get new mining jobs due to concerns that potential employers had about their mental health and the publicity that could follow. Some, like Jorge Galleguillos, adapted by finding related work, leading tours around the San Jose mining site. Others battled alcohol and drug addiction. Mario Sepulveda, who was called "Super Mario" for his positive and energetic personality admitted to fighting suicidal thoughts, saying, "People saw the pictures of the rescue and they thought our hell was over. In fact it was just beginning."[155]

Activities Edit

On Sunday, 17 October 2010, six of the 33 rescued miners attended a multi-denominational memorial Mass led by an evangelical pastor and a Roman Catholic priest at "Campamento Esperanza" (Camp Hope) where anxious relatives had awaited the men's return. Some of the rescuers who helped bring the miners to the surface also attended.[150][154] Reporters and cameras mobbed the miners, prompting the police to intervene to protect them. Omar Reygadas' family was swarmed by the media after they left the service, and his 2-year-old great-granddaughter started crying when pushed by the crowd. As Reygadas picked her up, the cameras zoomed in. Reygadas stayed calm but offered his only answer in response to their questions: "I've had nightmares these days", Reygadas said from inside a small tent while reporters jockeyed for position, "but the worst nightmare is all of you."[156]

Based on their experience, the miners plan to start a foundation to help in the field of mine safety. Yonni Barrios said: "We're thinking about creating a foundation to solve [safety] problems in the mining industry. With this, with the experience that we had had, God help us, we should be able to solve these problems." Juan Illanes told El Mercurio: "We have to decide how to direct our project so this type of thing never happens again. It needs to be done, but these things don't happen quickly".[157]

On 24 October 2010, the miners attended a reception hosted by Piñera at the presidential palace in the capital, Santiago, and were awarded medals celebrating Chile's independence bicentennial. Outside, the men posed for photographs next to the Fénix rescue capsule that had winched them to the surface, now installed in the main square in Santiago. Afterwards, at the National Stadium, the freed miners played a football match against a team that included Piñera; Laurence Golborne, the mining minister; and Jaime Manalich, the health minister. Team "Esperanza" (Hope), led by Franklin Lobos, all wore the number "33", but lost 3–2 to the government team.[158]

In November 2010, miners visited Los Angeles, appearing in a taping of CNN "Heroes."[159] On 13 December 2010, 26 of the rescued miners, including Franklin Lobos, went on invitation to a Manchester United training session at Carrington, Greater Manchester in England.[160] In February 2011, 31 of the 33 miners were hosted by the Israeli Ministry of Tourism for an eight-day pilgrimage of Christian and Jewish holy sites.[161]

Legacy and aftermath Edit

 
Los 33 at the Presidential Palace on 24 October 2010

Political Edit

Immediately following the San José mine collapse, Piñera dismissed top officials from the Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile (SERNAGEOMIN), Chile's mining regulatory agency and vowed to undertake a major overhaul of the department in light of the accident.[14] In the days following the collapse, eighteen mines were shut down and a further 300 put under threat of possible closure.[162]

On 25 October 2010, ahead of schedule, Piñera received a preliminary report by the Commission on Work Safety established in response to the incident. The report was a direct result of the Copiapó accident and contained 30 proposals ranging from improvements in hygiene to better coordination between local regulatory authorities. Although the commission had set 22 November 2010 as the date to deliver its final report, it reported that job safety inspections in Santiago and regions throughout Chile had allowed them to obtain a clear picture of the situation earlier than anticipated. In total, the commission held 204 hearings and reviewed 119 suggestions that came from online input.[163] Throughout the incident, Piñera stressed that cost was of no object with regard to rescuing the miners. The operation was expensive with estimates surpassing US$20 million, excluding expenses in building, maintaining and securing "Campamento Esperanza" (Camp Hope). These costs exceed the total business debt of the mine's owner, the San Esteban Mining Company, which currently stands at around US$19 million. The state mining company Codelco contributed about 75% to rescue costs with private companies donating services worth more than US$5 million.[164]

 
Los 33 miners posing with the President and First Lady of Chile in the Blue Room of the Presidential Palace on 24 October 2010

The French credit rating agency Coface declared that the dramatic mining rescue would have a positive impact on Chile's economic reputation. "It provides to international investors an image of a country where you can do safe [sic] business", Coface's UK managing director, Xavier Denecker, said. "It gives a good impression in terms of technology, solidarity and efficiency." Coface rates countries according to the probability of private sector companies being successful. Chile holds its highest rating in South America: A2. The UK, in comparison, is rated at A3.[165]

Legal Edit

Following the accident, a lawsuit was filed against the San Esteban Mining Company by relatives of those trapped, while a judge froze US$2 million of its assets. A lawyer for several of the miners' families described this as a refutation of the company's claims of "not having even enough money to pay salaries".[162]

On 21 October, San Esteban Mining Company Operations Chief Carlos Pinilla and mine manager Pedro Simunovic issued a signed public statement insisting that no company official "had the slightest indication that a catastrophe could occur." Miner Jorge Gallardo asserted that there was no way the owners could have been unaware of the situation since he recorded everything and his daily safety reports were signed by Pinilla in person. Rescued miner Victor Zamora commented "What made me sad was that people were dying because the company did not want to have something safer and only thought about money".[163]

Social Edit

Chilean writer and former miner Hernán Rivera Letelier wrote an article for the Spanish newspaper El País offering advice to the miners: "I hope that the avalanche of lights and cameras and flashes that is rushing towards you is a light one. It's true that you've survived a long season in hell, but, when all's said and done, it was a hell you knew. What's heading your way, now, comrades, is a hell that you have not experienced at all: the hell of the show, the alienating hell of TV sets. I've only got one thing to say to you, my friends: grab hold of your family. Don't let them go, don't let them out of your sight, don't waste them. Hold on to them as you hung on to the capsule that brought you out. It's the only way to survive this media deluge that's raining down on you."[166]

The Daily Telegraph UK newspaper reported that the miners have hired an accountant to ensure that any income from their new celebrity status is fairly divided, including money from expected book and film deals. The men have agreed to "speak as one" when they discuss their experiences. While still trapped, they appointed one of their group as official biographer and another their poet.[167]

The first TV documentary was aired by Nova on the US Public Broadcasting System on 26 October 2010.[168][169]

Monument Edit

Chilean President Sebastián Piñera has suggested turning Camp Hope into a memorial or museum in honor of the men.[135]

The Fénix 2 capsule used in Operación San Lorenzo has been placed in the Plaza de la Constitución, in front of Chile's presidential palace in Santiago, Chile. Currently, one of the backup capsules is in Copiapó and the other was sent to China for display in Chile's exhibit at the 2010 Shanghai Expo. Discussions are under way for a permanent display of the capsule and possibly a museum. As of December 2010, potential locations include Copiapó, the city closest to the accident site, and Talcahuano, 1,300 miles (2,100 km) to the south, where the capsules were built at a Chilean navy workshop.[170] The Fénix 1 capsule was a featured display at the March 2011 Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada convention in Toronto, Ontario, where Laurence Golborne and the rescue team were honored.[171] Since 3 August 2011, the Fénix 2 capsule is displayed at the Atacama Regional Museum in Copiapó.[172]

Books Edit

While still trapped in the mine, the 33 miners chose to collectively contract with a single author to write an official history so that none of the 33 could individually profit from the experiences of others.[173][174] The miners chose Héctor Tobar, a Pulitzer Prize-winning writer at the Los Angeles Times. Tobar had exclusive access to the miners and in October 2014 published an official account titled Deep Down Dark: The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine, and the Miracle That Set Them Free. Tobar described the previous books published on the topic as "quick and dirty" with "almost no cooperation from the miners."[174] These books include Trapped: How the World Rescued 33 Miners from 2,000 Feet Below the Chilean Desert (August 2011) by Marc Aronson; Buried Alive!: How 33 Miners Survived 69 Days Deep Under the Chilean Desert (2012) by Elaine Scott; 33 Men: Inside the Miraculous Survival and Dramatic Rescue of the Chilean Miners (October 2011) by Jonathan Franklin.[168][175]

Film Edit

Main article: The 33

A film titled The 33 based on the events of the disaster is directed by Patricia Riggen and written by Mikko Alanne and Jose Rivera. Mike Medavoy, producer of Apocalypse Now, worked with the miners, their families, and those involved to put the film together.[176] The movie stars Antonio Banderas as Mario "Super Mario" Sepulveda, the public face of video reports sent from underground about the miners' conditions. The actual Sepulveda expressed his enthusiasm and approval towards Banderas playing the role.[177] Brazilian actor Rodrigo Santoro stars as Laurence Golborne, the Chilean Minister of Mining at the time, and American actor Bob Gunton stars as Sebastián Piñera, the President of Chile at the time. The film's plot mostly focuses on the disaster and its aftermath, during which rescue teams attempt to save the trapped miners over the course of three months. According to an interview with Patricia Riggen in 2015, the miners have never been compensated monetarily for their ordeal, and many of them suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder.[178]

See also Edit

  • Sheppton Mine disaster and rescue - coal mine collapse in 1963 in Sheppton, Pennsylvania that trapped three miners, one miner died two were rescued. Was the first mine rescue to rescue miners using bore holes.
  • 2006 Copiapó mining accident – resulted in two deaths.
  • Shandong Qixia Gold Mine Explosion Accident – 22 Elecab miners were trapped and rescued in 2021.
  • Floyd Collins – a cave explorer who died after 14 days in 1925. The accident scene was a national media frenzy.
  • Kathy Fiscus – a three-year-old Californian girl who died after falling down a well in 1949 and whose two-day rescue attempt was broadcast live on radio and national TV.
  • Alfredo Rampi – fell down a well and died as a six-year-old in 1981 in Italy. The rescue attempt was broadcast live for 18 hours.
  • Jessica McClure – a Texas toddler who survived being trapped in a well for over two days in 1987, while the rescue operation was televised live on CNN.
  • Quecreek Mine rescue – a successful rescue operation of miners using a similar rescue capsule in Pennsylvania in 2002.
  • Beaconsfield Mine collapse – two of three Australian miners were rescued in 2006 after two weeks underground.
  • Chasnala mining disaster – incident in India where a flood entered into a coal mine.
  • Tham Luang cave rescue – successful rescue involving a football team in Thailand.
  • Julen Rosello – Spanish toddler who fell in 2019 in a well and died after a rescue attempt of 13 days.
  • Rayan Oram – Moroccan child who fell into a well and died in 2022.

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External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 Copiapó mining accident.

Photos Edit

  • , (large image), DigiMapas, October 2010

Videos Edit

  • Interview to Jeff Hart after reaching out the miners on YouTube by Canal 13 UC de Chile. 9 October 2010.
  • Emergency Mine Rescue, NOVA Documentary, PBS, 53 minutes, 26 October 2010
  • Miners Deep Inside Chilean Mine, CBS News, 3 minutes, 27 August 2010
  • Rescue Timeline (Plans with Animations), CBS News, 4.5 minutes, 15 October 2010
  • Couzens, Jo (23 August 2010). . Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  • First of 33 Chilean Miners Rescued 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine CBS News, 1 minute, 12 October 2010
  • Final Chilean Miner Rescued 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Fox News, 7 minutes, 14 October 2010
  • Miners on the Mend After Rescue, Reuters News, 2 minutes, 14 October 2010
  • Chilean Miners: 17 Days Buried Alive, BBC, 1 hour, 12 August 2011

October 23, 2023
2010, copiapó, mining, accident, copiapó, mining, accident, redirects, here, 2006, accident, carola, agustina, mine, 2006, copiapó, mining, accident, also, known, then, chilean, mining, accident, began, august, 2010, with, cave, josé, copper, gold, mine, locat. Copiapo mining accident redirects here For the 2006 accident in the Carola Agustina mine see 2006 Copiapo mining accident The 2010 Copiapo mining accident also known then as the Chilean mining accident began on 5 August 2010 with a cave in at the San Jose copper gold mine located in the Atacama Desert 45 kilometers 28 mi north of the regional capital of Copiapo in northern Chile Thirty three men were trapped 700 meters 2 300 ft underground and 5 kilometers 3 mi from the mine s entrance and were rescued after 69 days 1 2 2010 Copiapo mining accidentRescue efforts at the mine on 10 August 2010Date5 August 13 October 2010 2010 08 05 2010 10 13 69 days Time14 05 CLT UTC 04 00 LocationSan Jose mine near Copiapo Atacama Region ChileCoordinates27 09 31 S 70 29 52 W 27 158609 S 70 497655 W 27 158609 70 497655OutcomeAll 33 trapped miners rescuedProperty damageTotal closure and loss as of August 2010 update needs update LitigationUS 2 million lawsuit as of August 2010 update needs update San Jose mineSan Jose mine Chile After the state owned mining company Codelco took over rescue efforts from the mine s owners exploratory boreholes were drilled Seventeen days after the accident a note was found taped to a drill bit pulled back to the surface Estamos bien en el refugio los 33 We are well in the shelter the 33 of us Three separate drilling rig teams nearly every Chilean government ministry the United States space agency NASA and a dozen corporations from around the world cooperated in completing the rescue On 13 October 2010 the men were winched to the surface one at a time in a specially built capsule as an estimated 5 3 million people watched via video stream worldwide 3 4 5 With few exceptions they were in good medical condition with no long term physical effects anticipated 6 Private donations covered one third of the US 20 million cost of the rescue with the rest coming from the mine owners and the government 7 Previous geological instability at the old mine and a long record of safety violations for the mine s owners San Esteban Mining Company had resulted in a series of fines and accidents including eight deaths during the dozen years leading up to this accident 8 9 10 After three years lawsuits and investigations into the collapse concluded in August 2013 with no charges filed 11 Contents 1 Background 2 Collapse 3 Initial search 4 Survival 4 1 Videos sent to the surface 4 2 Leadership 4 3 Key members of the trapped group 5 Health of the trapped miners 6 Religious aspects 7 Tent city and the families 8 Rescue plans 8 1 Drilling plans 8 1 1 Plan A 8 1 2 Plan B 8 1 3 Plan C 8 1 4 Drilling results 8 2 Extraction plans 8 2 1 Fenix rescue capsule 8 2 2 Preparations for extraction 9 Rescue operation San Lorenzo 9 1 Extraction 9 2 Procedure 9 3 Rescue 9 4 Order of miners and rescuers 10 Timeline of events 11 Reaction to the rescue 12 Miners post rescue 12 1 Activities 13 Legacy and aftermath 13 1 Political 13 2 Legal 13 3 Social 13 4 Monument 14 Books 15 Film 16 See also 17 References 18 External links 18 1 Photos 18 2 VideosBackground EditSee also Mining in Chile nbsp The San Jose mine is approximately at the center of this satellite imageChile s long tradition in mining has made the country the world s top producer of copper 12 An average of 34 people per year since 2000 have died in mining accidents in Chile with a high of 43 in 2008 according to figures from the state regulatory agency National Geology and Mining Service Spanish Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria de Chile abbreviated to SERNAGEOMIN 13 The mine is owned by the San Esteban Mining Company Spanish Compania Minera San Esteban abbreviated to CMSE a company notorious for operating unsafe mines According to an official with the non profit Chilean Safety Association Spanish Asociacion Chilena de Seguridad also known as ACHS eight workers died at the San Jose site between 1998 and 2010 14 9 15 while CMSE was fined 42 times between 2004 and 2010 for breaching safety regulations 9 The mine was shut down temporarily in 2007 when relatives of a miner killed in an accident sued the company but the mine reopened in 2008 8 9 despite non compliance with regulations 16 Due to budget constraints there were only three inspectors for the Atacama Region s 884 mines during the period leading up to the most recent collapse 9 Prior to the accident CMSE had ignored warnings over unsafe working conditions in its mines According to Javier Castillo secretary of the trade union that represents San Jose s miners the company s management operates without listening to the voice of the workers when they say that there is danger or risk Nobody listens to us Then they say we re right If they had believed the workers we would not be lamenting this now said Gerardo Nunez head of the union at a nearby Candelaria Norte mine 17 Chilean copper mine workers are among the highest paid miners in South America 18 Although the accident has called mine safety in Chile into question serious incidents at large mines are rare particularly those owned by the state copper mining company Codelco or by multinational companies 19 However smaller mines such as the one at Copiapo have generally lower safety standards 19 Wages at the San Jose Mine were around 20 higher than at other Chilean mines due to its poor safety record 6 19 20 Collapse Edit nbsp Schematic diagram of the accident not to scale depths are meters AMSLThe collapse occurred at 14 00 CLT on 5 August 2010 21 Access to the depths of the mine was by a long helical roadway 22 One man an ore truck driver was able to get out but a group of 33 men were trapped deep inside 23 A thick dust cloud caused by the rock fall blinded the miners for as much as six hours 24 Initially the trapped miners tried to escape through ventilation shafts but the ladders required by safety codes were missing 25 9 Luis Urzua the shift supervisor gathered his men in a room called a refuge and organized them and their resources Teams were sent out to assess the vicinity 26 Initial search Edit nbsp Pinera holds the message sent by the miners alongside Mining Minister Golborne red jacket blue shirt Rescuers attempted to bypass the rockfall at the main entryway through alternative passages but found each route blocked by fallen rock or threatened by ongoing rock movement After a second collapse on 7 August rescuers were forced to use heavy machinery while trying to gain access via a ventilation shaft 27 Concerns that additional attempts to pursue this route would cause further geological movement halted attempts to reach the trapped miners through previously existing shafts and other means to find the men were sought 28 The accident happened soon after sharp criticism of the government s handling of the Chilean earthquake and tsunami Chile s President Sebastian Pinera cut short an official trip and returned to Chile in order to visit the mine 29 Exploratory boreholes about 16 centimeters 6 3 in in diameter were drilled in an attempt to find the miners 30 Out of date mine shaft maps complicated rescue efforts and several boreholes drifted off target 31 due to drilling depth and hard rock 32 On 19 August one of the probes reached a space where the miners were believed to be trapped but found no signs of life 33 nbsp Digital representation of the note sent by the miners English All 33 of us are fine in the shelter On 22 August the eighth borehole broke through 34 at a depth of 688 meters 2 257 ft at a ramp near the shelter where the miners had taken refuge 35 For days the miners had heard drills approaching and had prepared notes which they attached to the tip of the drill with insulation tape when it poked into their space They also tapped on the drill before it was withdrawn and these taps could be heard on the surface 36 When the drill was withdrawn a note was attached to it Estamos bien en el refugio los 33 English All 33 of us are fine in the shelter The words became the motto of the miners survival and the rescue effort and appeared on websites banners and T shirts 37 Hours later video cameras sent down the borehole captured the first grainy black and white silent images of the miners 38 Survival Edit nbsp First image captured by a video camera lowered down the boreholeThe trapped miners emergency shelter had an area of 50 square meters 540 sq ft with two long benches 39 but ventilation problems had led them to move out into a tunnel 40 In addition to the shelter they had access to some 2 kilometers 1 2 mi of open tunnels in which they could move around and get some exercise or privacy 24 Food supplies were severely limited and each of the men had lost an average of 8 kilograms 18 lb by the time they were discovered 40 Although the emergency supplies stocked in the shelter were intended to last only two or three days through careful rationing the men made their meager resources last for two weeks only running out just before they were discovered 41 After leaving the hospital miner Mario Sepulveda said All 33 trapped miners practicing a one man one vote democracy worked together to maintain the mine look for escape routes and keep up morale We knew that if society broke down we would all be doomed Each day a different person took a bad turn Every time that happened we worked as a team to try to keep the morale up He also said that some of the older miners helped to support the younger men but all have taken an oath of silence not to reveal certain details of what happened particularly during the early weeks of desperation 42 Videos sent to the surface Edit Shortly after their discovery 28 of the 33 miners appeared in a 40 minute video recorded using a mini camera delivered by the government via 1 5 metre long 5 ft blue plastic capsules called palomas doves referring to their role as carrier pigeons The footage showed most of the men in good spirits and reasonably healthy though they had all lost weight 43 The men appeared mainly bare chested and bearded They were all covered with a sheen of sweat due to the high heat and humidity of the mine at that depth Several of the miners looked very thin and some were camera shy The host Sepulveda avoided specifics about the health of the men and used the vague term complicated to refer to their situation He did however work to maintain an upbeat attitude and insisted that things were looking brighter for the trapped men 43 The video generally portrays a positive light atmosphere despite the grim circumstances 43 Leadership Edit It s been a bit of a long shift foreman Luis Urzua joked A man whose level headedness and gentle humor is credited with helping keep the miners under his charge focused on survival during their 70 day underground ordeal Urzua kept his cool in his first audio contact with officials on the surface He glossed over the hunger and despair he and his men felt saying We re fine waiting for you to rescue us 44 45 46 47 Urzua credited majority decision making for the trapped men s good esprit de corps and dedication to their common goal You just have to speak the truth and believe in democracy he said Everything was voted on we were 33 men so 16 plus one was a majority 44 Following the collapse of the mine on 5 August Urzua had dispatched men to find out what had happened and see if escape was possible but they could not find an exit route We were trying to find out what we could do and what we could not said Urzua Then we had to figure out the food Urzua tried to instill a philosophical acceptance of fate so they could accept their situation and move on to embrace the essential tasks of survival 45 Key members of the trapped group Edit Luis Urzua 54 the shift foreman who immediately recognized the gravity of the situation and the difficulty of any rescue attempt He gathered the men in a secure refuge then organized them and their meager resources to cope with a long term survival situation 5 48 Just after the incident he led three men to scout the tunnel After confirming the situation he made detailed maps of the area to aid the rescue effort He directed the underground aspects of the rescue operation and coordinated closely with engineers on the surface over the teleconference links 49 50 Florencio Avalos 31 second in command of the group assisted Urzua in organizing the men Because of his experience physical fitness and emotional stability he was selected as the first miner to ride the rescue capsule to the surface in case of complications during the 15 minute ascent in the cramped shaft Naturally shy he served as the camera operator for videos sent up to the miners families He was trapped along with his younger brother Renan 50 Yonni Barrios 50 became the medic of the trapped miners due to his six months of training he took to care for his elderly mother He served the group by monitoring their health and providing detailed medical reports to the team of doctors on the surface His fellow miners jokingly referred to him as Dr House an American TV medical drama character 32 48 Mario Gomez 63 the eldest miner became the religious leader of the group organizing a chapel with a shrine containing statues of saints as well as aiding counseling efforts by psychologists on the surface 48 50 Jose Henriquez 54 a preacher and a miner for 33 years served as the miners pastor and organized daily prayers 50 Mario Sepulveda 40 served as the energetic host of the miner s video journals that were sent to the surface to reassure the world that they were doing well The local media dubbed him Super Mario after the Super Mario Bros video game for his energy wit and humor 50 51 52 Ariel Ticona 29 served as the group s communications specialist installing and maintaining the underground portion of the telephone and videoconferencing systems sent down by the surface team 50 Health of the trapped miners EditMain article Miners health issues during 2010 Copiapo mining accident nbsp Tube used to deliver supplies to the minersOn 23 August the first voice contact was made with the miners Doctors reported that the miners had been provided with a 5 glucose solution and a drug to prevent stomach ulcers caused by food deprivation 53 Material was sent down the mine in palomas which took an hour to reach the miners 39 54 Delivery of solid food began a few days later 54 55 Relatives were permitted to write letters but were asked to keep them optimistic 39 Out of concern for their morale rescuers were reluctant to tell the miners that in the worst case scenario the rescue might take months with an eventual extraction date close to Christmas However on 25 August the trapped men were fully briefed on the projected timeline for their rescue and the complexity of the plans involved The mining minister later reported that the men took the potentially negative news very well 56 Rescue workers and consultants described the miners as a very disciplined group 32 Psychologists and doctors worked alongside the rescue teams to ensure the miners were kept busy and mentally focused 54 55 The men below ground confirmed their ability to contribute to the rescue operation saying There are a large number of professionals who are going to help in the rescue efforts from down here 57 Psychologists believed that the miners should have a role in their own destiny as it was important to maintain motivation and optimism 57 58 59 60 Sanitation became an important issue in the hot humid environment underground and the miners took steps to maintain hygiene throughout their ordeal 61 Environmental and safety issues were also a primary concern 61 Chilean Health Minister Jaime Manalich stated The situation is very similar to the one experienced by astronauts who spend months on end in the International Space Station 62 On 31 August a team from NASA in the United States arrived in Chile to provide assistance The team included two physicians one psychologist and an engineer 63 After the rescue Rodrigo Figueroa chief of the Trauma Stress and Disaster unit of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile said there were serious shortcomings in the censorship of letters to and from miners relatives above ground and in the monitoring of activities they could undertake as being underground had suddenly turned them back into babies Nevertheless the natural strength of the 33 kept them alive and their natural organization into teams as a response to disaster was also part of the innate human response to threat Figueroa went on to say that as the miners sound minds had seen them through they would continue to be tested as they resumed life above ground clarification needed 64 Religious aspects Edit nbsp Mass for waiting family membersThe trapped miners most of whom were Catholic asked for religious items including Bibles crucifixes rosaries and statues of the Virgin Mary and other saints to be sent down to them 65 After Pope Benedict XVI sent each man a rosary these were brought to the mine by the Archbishop of Santiago Cardinal Francisco Javier Errazuriz Ossa in person 66 After three weeks in the mine one man who had been civilly married to his wife 25 years earlier asked her to enter into a sacramental marriage 67 The men set up a makeshift chapel in the mine and Mario Gomez the eldest miner spiritually counseled his companions and led daily prayers 65 Among the miners a number attributed religious significance to events Mario Sepulveda said I was with God and with the Devil and God took me 65 Monica Araya the wife of the first man rescued Florencio Avalos noted We are really religious both my husband and I so God was always present It is a miracle this rescue was so difficult it s a grand miracle 68 Both government representatives and the Chilean public have repeatedly credited Divine Providence with keeping the miners alive while the Chilean public viewed their subsequent rescue as a miracle 69 Chile s president Sebastian Pinera stated When the first miner emerges safe and sound I hope all the bells of all the churches of Chile ring out forcefully with joy and hope Faith has moved mountains 69 When Esteban Rojas stepped out of the rescue capsule he immediately knelt on the ground with his hands together in prayer then raised his arms above him in adoration 70 His wife then wrapped a tapestry bearing the image of The Virgin Mary around him as they hugged and cried 70 Tent city and the families EditCampamento Esperanza Camp Hope was a tent city that sprang up in the desert as word of the mine s collapse spread At first relatives gathered at the mine entrance and slept in cars as they waited and prayed for word on the rescue operation s progress As days turned into weeks friends brought them tents and other camping supplies to provide shelter from the harsh desert climate The encampment grew with the arrival of more friends and relatives additional rescue and construction workers and members of the media Government ministers held regular briefings for the families and journalists at the camp We re not going to abandon this camp until we go out with the last miner left said Maria Segovia There are 33 of them and one is my brother 71 72 Many members of the miners families at Camp Hope were devout Catholics who prayed almost constantly for the men 73 As they waited worried families erected memorials to the trapped men lit candles and prayed On a nearby hill overlooking the mine the families placed 32 Chilean and one Bolivian flag to represent their stranded men Small shrines were erected at the foot of each flag and amongst the tents they placed pictures of the miners religious icons and statues of the Virgin Mary and patron saints 74 Maria Segovia the elder sister of drill operator Dario Segovia became known as La Alcaldesa the Mayoress for her organizational skills and outspokenness 75 As the families became more organized the government took steps to provide some comforts eventually providing a more private area for the relatives to avoid constant interrogation by the energetic press corps Infrastructure such as a kitchen canteen area sanitary facilities and security were later added Bulletin boards sprouted up and the local government established shuttle bus stops Over time a school house and children s play zones were built while volunteers worked to help feed the families Clowns entertained the children and organizations provided emotional and spiritual comfort to the waiting families 76 Police and soldiers were brought in from Santiago to help maintain order and security with some patrolling the desert perimeter on horseback In many respects the camp gradually grew into a small city 77 78 Rescue plans EditExploratory boreholes were used to locate the trapped miners with several of these subsequently used to supply the men The Chilean government developed a comprehensive rescue plan modeled on the successful 2002 US Quecreek Mine rescue itself based on the 1963 German Wunder von Lengede rescue operation Both previous rescues had used a rescue pod or capsule to winch trapped miners to the surface one by one Chilean rescue crews planned to use at least three drilling technologies to create bore holes wide enough to raise the miners in custom designed rescue pods as quickly as possible The mine is old and there is concern of further collapses Henry Laas managing director of Murray amp Roberts Cementation one of the companies involved in the rescue operation said The rescue methodology therefore has to be carefully designed and implemented 79 Drilling plans Edit Three large escape boreholes were drilled concurrently using several types of equipment provided by multiple international corporations and based on three different access strategies When the first and only escape shaft reached the miners the three plans in operation were Plan A the Strata 950 702 meter target depth at 90 Plan B the Schramm T130XD 638 meter target depth at 82 was the first to reach the miners Plan C a RIG 421 drill 597 meter target depth at 85 80 Plan A Edit Plan A used an Australian built Strata 950 model raise borer 81 type drilling rig often used to create circular shafts between two levels of a mine without using explosives Provided by South African mining company Murray amp Roberts the drill had recently finished creating a shaft for Codelco s Andina copper mine in Chile and was immediately transferred to the San Jose Mine Since it weighed 31 short tons 28 t the drill had to be shipped in pieces on a large truck convoy The Strata 950 was the first of the three drills to begin boring an escape shaft If the pilot hole had been completed further drilling would have caused rock debris to fall down the hole requiring the miners to remove several tons of debris 82 83 Plan B Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed October 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message This drill team was the first to reach the trapped miners with an escape shaft Plan B involved a Schramm Inc T130XD air core drill owned by Geotec S A a Chilean American joint venture drilling company that was chosen by Drillers Supply SA the general contractor of Plan B to widen one of the three 14 centimetre 5 5 in boreholes that were already keeping the miners supplied with palomas Normally the drills are used to drill top holes for the oil and gas industry and for mineral exploration and water wells This system employed Chilean Drillers Supply SA DSI personnel Mijali Proestakis G M and Partner Igor Proestakis Tech Mgr Greg Hall C E O who joined his team on site for the last eight days of drilling and their 18 centimetre 7 in drill pipe air core drill a team of American drillers from Layne Christensen Company and specialized Down The Hole drilling hammers from Center Rock Inc of Berlin Pennsylvania Center Rock s president and personnel from DSI Chile were present on site for the 33 days of drilling While the Schramm rig built by privately held Schramm Inc of West Chester Pennsylvania was already on the ground in Chile at the time of the mine collapse additional drilling equipment was flown from the United States to Chile by United Parcel Service The percussion technology hammer drill can drill at more than 40 meters 130 ft a day by using four hammers instead of one 79 84 85 86 The Schramm T 130 was directed to bore toward the workshop a space that was accessible by the miners The T 130 became operational on 5 September and worked in three stages First it needed to enlarge the 14 centimetre 5 5 in hole to a 30 centimetre 12 in hole It then needed to drill the 30 centimetre 12 in hole into a 71 centimetre 28 in diameter hole If we tried to drill from a 14 centimetre 5 5 in hole to a 71 centimetre 28 in hole the torque would be too high and it would put the drill bits under too much pressure said Schramm Inc Latin American Regional Manager Claudio Soto However by reusing the same hole there was still added pressure on the drill Delays occurred because of issues with the neck of the drills caused by the angle of the drilling Rescuers were unable to drill vertically since that would require placing the heavy rig on the unstable ground where the cave in had happened and the rescuers also had to avoid drilling into the production tunnels above the shelter Soto added during the rescue It s a difficult hole It s curved and deep The hard rock has proven to be abrasive and has worn out the steel of the drill Plan C Edit 2010 Copiapo mining accidentDrilling results Plan A Strata 950 85 702 598 Plan B Schramm T130 100 624 Plan C RIG 421 62 597 372Plan C involved a Canadian made RIG 421 oil drilling rig operated by Calgary based Precision Drilling Corporation It was the last drill to be added to the rescue process and went into operation on 19 September 79 The rig normally used for oil and gas well drilling could theoretically drill a wide enough escape shaft in a single pass without a pilot hole RIG 421 is a 43 meters 141 ft tall Diesel Electric Triple which needed 40 truckloads to bring its components from Iquique Chile to Copiapo Chosen for the rescue operation because it can drill large holes deep into the ground and is faster than mining drills 79 87 this plan suffered major setbacks due to the difficulty of aiming a large drill at such a small target Furthermore the hardness of the rock caused the drill bit to wander from its intended course and it then needed to be removed resized and repositioned slowing drilling progress Many family members of the miners initially had high hopes for this rig but it was forced to reduce its drill size and so lagged behind the other attempts 79 88 89 Drilling results Edit At 08 05 CLDT on 9 October 2010 Plan B s Schramm T130XD was the first to reach the trapped miners 90 By 8 October the Plan A Strata 950 s pilot hole had reached only 85 of the required depth 598 meters 1 962 ft and had not yet started widening its shaft Plan C s RIG 421 the only machine at the site able to drill a wide enough escape shaft without a pilot hole reached 372 meters 1 220 ft 62 79 91 The rescue operation was an international effort that involved not only technology but the cooperation and resources of companies and individuals from around the world including Latin America South Africa Australia the United States and Canada NASA specialists helped develop a sophisticated health agenda Though international participation was critical to success overall it was a Chilean led team effort As one NASA specialist said during a visit early on in the rescue The Chileans are basically writing the book 79 See also International Government Participation and International Corporate Participation Extraction plans Edit Fenix rescue capsule Edit Main article Fenix capsules nbsp Diagram of the rescue capsule Fenix class and the miner equipment used in the Copiapo accident of 2010 rescue While the three drilling operations progressed technicians worked on building the rescue capsules that would eventually carry the miners to safety 56 79 92 Several media organizations produced illustrations of the capsules basic design 93 94 95 The steel rescue capsules dubbed Fenix English Phoenix were constructed by the Chilean shipbuilding company Astilleros y Maestranzas de la Armada ASMAR with design input from NASA The navy incorporated most of NASA s suggestions and produced three rescue pods Fenix 1 2 and 3 all enhanced versions of the Dahlbusch Bomb used for mine rescue Fenix 1 was presented to journalists and the miners relatives for their assessment 79 96 97 The eventual capsule used to rescue the 33 men was the Fenix 2 a device 54 centimeters 21 in in diameter 98 narrow enough to avoid hitting the sides of the tunnel It had retractable wheels to allow for a smoother ride to the surface an oxygen supply lighting video and voice communications a reinforced roof to protect against rock falls and an escape hatch with a safety device to allow the passenger to lower himself back down if the capsule became stuck 79 98 Preparations for extraction Edit Although drilling finished on 9 October 2010 Laurence Golborne Chilean Minister of Mining announced that the rescue operation was not expected to begin before 12 October due to the complex preparatory work required on both the escape shaft and the extraction system site 99 These tasks included a borehole inspection to determine how much of the shaft needed casing to prevent rockfalls from jamming the escape capsule Depending on the shaft casing requirement installation of the requisite steel pipes could take up to 96 hours After that a large concrete platform for the winching rig to raise and lower the capsule had to be poured while the winching rig required assembly Finally thorough testing of the capsule and winching system together was required Golborne also indicated he expected only the first 100 200 meters 330 660 ft of the shaft to be cased a task that could be performed in only 10 hours 100 In the end only the first 56 meters 184 ft were deemed to require casing Assembly of a safe lifting system took an additional 48 hours 101 Shortly before the extraction phase began Golborne told reporters that rescuers estimated it would take about an hour to bring each miner to the surface He therefore expected the lifting phase of the rescue operation to take up to 48 hours 102 Rescue operation San Lorenzo Edit nbsp Manuel Gonzalez the first rescuer preparing to descendThe rescue effort to retrieve the miners began on Tuesday 12 October at 19 00 CLT Dubbed Operacion San Lorenzo Operation St Lawrence after the patron saint of miners 74 103 104 a three hour initial delay ensued while final safety tests were carried out At 23 18 CLT the first rescuer Manuel Gonzalez an experienced rescue expert and employee of Codelco was lowered into the mine 105 During the 18 minute descent the waiting families and surface rescue team members sang the Cancion Nacional Chile s national anthem Gonzalez arrived in the collapsed mine and made contact with the miners at 23 36 Extraction Edit Although Chilean officials played down the risks of the rescue the miners still needed to be alert during the ascent in case of problems As a result and according to the rescue plan the first four men to be brought up the narrow shaft were those deemed the fittest of body and mind 106 Thereafter they would be best placed to inform the rescue team about conditions on the journey and report on the remaining miners Once the four men had surfaced the rescues proceeded in order of health with the least healthy brought up from the mine first 107 Procedure Edit Six hours before the rescue each miner switched to a liquid diet rich in sugars minerals and potassium 108 Each took an aspirin to help avert blood clots 109 and wore a girdle to stabilize blood pressure The miners also received moisture resistant coveralls 110 and sunglasses 111 to protect against the sudden exposure to sunlight The capsule included oxygen masks heart monitors and video cameras 97 After a miner was strapped into the 21 inches 53 cm wide capsule it ascended about 1 meter per second 2 2 mph taking 9 to 18 minutes to reach the surface Pinera was present for each arrival during the 24 hour rescue After an alertness check a miner would be taken by stretcher to a field hospital for initial evaluation 110 none needed immediate treatment Later they were taken by helicopter to Copiapo Hospital 60 kilometers 37 mi away for 24 to 48 hours of observation 110 Rescue Edit nbsp Urzua celebrates with PineraThe original plan called for two rescue workers to descend into the mine before bringing the first miner to the surface However to avoid delay rescuers decided to bring a miner to the surface in the returning capsule that had taken Gonzalez down An empty trial run had taken place the previous day with the capsule stopping just 15 meters 49 ft before the end of the shaft 112 15 minutes later after a further safety check miner Florencio Avalos began his ascent from the mine TV cameras both inside the mine and on the surface captured the event and broadcast it worldwide Urzua was the last to ascend 113 Each transit of the capsule whether up or down was projected to take 15 minutes 114 giving a total time of 33 hours for the rescue operation In practice after the capsule s first few transits it became apparent that the trip might be shorter than the projected 15 minutes and each rescue cycle should take less than 1 hour As the eighteenth miner was brought to the surface Chilean Mining Minister Laurence Golborne stated We have advanced at a faster time than we originally planned I foresee we might conclude the whole operation before tonight 115 After stepping free from the rescuers and greeting his son Urzua embraced Pinera saying I ve delivered to you this shift of workers as we agreed I would The president replied I gladly receive your shift because you completed your duty leaving last like a good captain Pinera went on to say You are not the same after this and Chile won t be the same either 116 A large Chilean flag that had hung in the mine chamber during the rescue was brought up by Luis Urzua Once all the miners had been extracted the rescuers in the mine chamber displayed a banner reading Mision cumplida Chile Mission accomplished Chile 117 Manuel Gonzalez was the first rescuer down and the last up spending 25 hours 14 minutes in the mine Rescuers needing to sleep did so in the mine to avoid tying up the capsule on rescue delaying journeys to the surface When the last rescuer surfaced Pinera covered the top of the rescue shaft with a metal lid Altogether Fenix 2 made 39 round trips traveling a total distance of about 50 kilometers 31 mi 118 Order of miners and rescuers Edit nbsp Six rescuers with sign reading Mision Cumplida CHILE Mission accomplished CHILE 119 Before the rescue the trapped miners were divided into three groups to determine their exit order From first to last these were habiles skilled debiles weak and fuertes strong 120 This grouping was based on the theory that the first men to exit should be those more skilled and in the best physical condition as they would be better equipped to escape unaided in the event of a capsule malfunction or shaft collapse They were also thought more able to communicate clearly any other problems to the surface rescue team The second group included miners with medical problems older men and those with psychological issues The final group comprised the most mentally tough as they had to be able to endure the anxiety of the wait 121 in the words of Minister Manalich they don t care to stay another 24 hours inside the mine The leaving order was as shown below Rescued minersOrder Name Age 122 Time CLDT 4 5 Cycle time 123 Comments 50 1 Florencio Avalos 31 13 October 00 11 0 51 Recorded video footage to be sent up to families on the surface He had helped to get his brother Renan a job in the mine 2 Mario Sepulveda 40 13 October 01 10 1 00 An electrical specialist known as the presenter because he acted as a spokesman and guide on videos that the miners made He ended one video with Over to you in the studio 3 Juan Andres Illanes 52 13 October 02 07 0 57 A former Chilean Army corporal who served in the Beagle Conflict a border dispute with neighboring Argentina 4 Carlos Mamani 24 13 October 03 11 1 04 The only Bolivian among the 33 a heavy machinery operator who moved to Chile a decade prior to the incident 5 Jimmy Sanchez 19 13 October 04 11 1 00 Given the responsibility of checking air quality 124 and the youngest man trapped He had only been a miner for five months and had just had a baby daughter 6 Osman Araya 30 13 October 05 35 1 24 In a video message he told his wife and baby daughter Britany I will fight to the end to be with you 7 Jose Ojeda 46 13 October 06 22 0 47 Penned the famous note Estamos bien en el refugio los 33 English We are well in the shelter the 33 which was discovered attached to a probe 17 days after the mine collapse 125 He is a grandfather who suffers from kidney problems and has been on medication for diabetes 8 Claudio Yanez 34 13 October 07 04 0 42 A drill operator His longtime partner Cristina Nunez accepted his marriage proposal while he was underground 9 Mario Gomez 63 13 October 08 00 0 56 The eldest of the trapped miners he had been thinking of retiring that November Note Multiple reliable sources have reported his age as between 60 and 65 10 Alex Vega 31 13 October 08 53 0 53 Suffers from kidney problems and hypertension Had worked in the mine for nine years 11 Jorge Galleguillos 56 13 October 09 31 0 38 Suffers from hypertension 12 Edison Pena 34 13 October 10 13 0 42 The group s song leader he requested that Elvis Presley songs be sent down the mine The fittest miner he had reportedly been running 10 kilometers 6 2 mi a day while underground He ran in the New York City Marathon in 2010 126 and 2011 127 and the Tokyo Marathon in February 2011 127 13 Carlos Barrios 27 13 October 10 55 0 42 A part time miner who also drives a taxi and likes horse racing He was said to be unhappy with interference from psychologists 14 Victor Zamora 33 13 October 11 32 0 37 A mechanic who only went into the mine on the day of the collapse to fix a vehicle He was also in the 2010 Chile earthquake 15 Victor Segovia 48 13 October 12 08 0 36 An electrician and father of four who told his family This hell is killing me When I sleep I dream we are in an oven 16 Daniel Herrera 27 13 October 12 50 0 42 Truck driver was given the role of medical assistant in the mine 17 Omar Reygadas 56 13 October 13 39 0 49 A bulldozer operator whose children kept a diary of their life above ground shown on BBC News 18 Esteban Rojas 44 13 October 14 49 1 10 Told his longtime partner Jessica Yanez that he would marry her in a church as soon as he got out 19 Pablo Rojas 45 13 October 15 28 0 39 He had worked in the mine for less than six months when the accident happened His brother Esteban was trapped with him 20 Dario Segovia 48 13 October 15 59 0 31 A drill operator he is the son of a miner and his father was once trapped for a week underground His sister Maria led prayers at Camp Hope the makeshift settlement that sprang up at the mine s entrance 21 Yonni Barrios 50 13 October 16 31 0 32 Served as the group medic and supervised their medical care 22 Samuel Avalos 43 13 October 17 04 0 33 A father of three who had worked in the mine for five months 23 Carlos Bugueno 27 13 October 17 33 0 29 Friends with fellow trapped miner Pedro Cortez 24 Jose Henriquez 54 13 October 17 59 0 26 A preacher who has worked in mining for 33 years he had become the miners pastor and organized daily prayers 25 Renan Avalos 29 13 October 18 24 0 25 Trapped along with his older brother Florencio 26 Claudio Acuna 44 13 October 18 51 0 27 Had his birthday in the mine on 9 September 27 Franklin Lobos 53 13 October 19 18 0 27 A former football player known as the magic mortar 28 Richard Villarroel 27 13 October 19 45 0 27 A mechanic who had worked in the mine for two years 29 Juan Carlos Aguilar 49 13 October 20 13 0 28 A married father of one 30 Raul Bustos 40 13 October 20 37 0 24 A hydraulics engineer who was in the February 2010 Chile earthquake He moved north finding work at the mine to support his wife and two children 31 Pedro Cortez 26 13 October 21 02 0 25 Went to school near the mine He and his friend Carlos Bugueno who was also trapped started work there at the same time 32 Ariel Ticona 29 13 October 21 30 0 28 The group s communications specialist His wife gave birth to a daughter on 14 Sep and he watched the arrival on video He named his daughter Esperanza which means Hope 33 Luis Urzua 54 13 October 21 55 0 25 The shift foreman known as Don Lucho by other miners took a leading role while they were trapped and made more accurate maps of their cave for the rescue crews Note Early in the disaster the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio published a widely circulated but incorrect early list of the miners names with two errors it omitted Esteban Rojas and Claudio Acuna and wrongly included the names of Roberto Lopez Bordones and William ordenes The list above is correct and up to date according to the Ministry of Mining website 128 Rescue workers who descendedOrder descended Rescue worker 129 130 131 Affiliation 131 132 Descent time CLDT 130 Extraction time CLDT 130 Time spent inside mine 130 Cycle time 130 133 Down trip no 130 1 Manuel Gonzalez El Teniente Mine 12 October 23 18 14 October 00 32 25 14 0 27 12 Roberto Rios Sgt Chilean Marine Corps 13 October 00 16 14 October 00 05 23 49 0 23 23 Patricio Robledo Cpl Chilean Marine Corps 13 October 01 18 13 October 23 42 22 24 0 25 34 Jorge Bustamante El Teniente Mine 13 October 10 22 13 October 23 17 12 55 0 24 135 Patricio Sepulveda Cpl GOPE national police medic 13 October 12 14 13 October 22 53 10 39 0 23 166 Pedro Rivero Carola Mine 13 October 19 23 13 October 22 30 3 07 0 35 28Notes The extraction times for the rescuers are correct but may be out of order and not listed next to the actual corresponding rescue worker Down trip no is the sequence number of the capsule journey that he was sent down on Timeline of events Edit2010 Copiapo mining accident timeline 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 ABCChilean Bicentennial holiday 5 Aug 2010 33 miners trapped day 01 22 August 2010 33 miners discovered alive day 17 13 Oct 33 miners rescued day 69 15 Oct 31 of 33 miners home 24 October 2010 33 miners honoured in Santiago Chile 30 Aug 9 Oct Plan A drilling 5 Sep 9 Oct Plan B drilling 19 Sep 9 Oct Plan C drilling 24 September old survival record 9 October drilling complete Operacion San Lorenzo August September October 5 August 2010 Miners trapped 22 August 2010 Miners found alive Plan A Strata 950 Plan B Schramm T130 Plan C RIG 421 Operacion San Lorenzo Miners after rescueDay 01 5 August 2010This is a general chronology of the events from the beginning 5 August 2010 2010 08 05 Rock fall at the San Jose mine in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile leaves 33 gold and copper miners trapped 700 metres 2 296 ft below ground 7 August 2010 2010 08 07 Second collapse hampers rescue efforts and blocks access to lower parts of the mine Rescuers begin drilling boreholes to send down listening devices 22 August 2010 2010 08 22 17 days after the first collapse a note is found attached to one of the drill bits saying Estamos bien en el refugio los 33 English We are well in the shelter the 33 The miners were in a shelter having lunch when the first collapse occurred and had survived on rations Food medical supplies clothes and bedding began to be sent down the borehole 27 August 2010 2010 08 27 The miners send first video greetings to the surface 30 August 2010 2010 08 30 First attempt to drill a hole to rescue the men Plan A begins 5 September 2010 2010 09 05 Plan B drilling begins 18 September 2010 2010 09 18 Miners celebrate Chilean Bicentennial holiday underground 134 19 September 2010 2010 09 19 Plan C drilling begins 24 September 2010 2010 09 24 Miners had now been trapped underground for 50 days longer than anyone else in history 9 October 2010 2010 10 09 Plan B drill breaks through to the miners workshop 11 October 2010 2010 10 11 Fenix 2 rescue capsule is tested to ensure that it can pass up and down the newly completed shaft 12 October 2010 2010 10 12 Rescue begins at 23 20 CLDT 13 October 2010 2010 10 13 At 21 56 CLDT the last of the 33 miners is brought to the surface 27 14 October 2010 2010 10 14 First three miners released from hospital 15 October 2010 2010 10 15 28 more miners released from hospital two remain for further treatment dental and psychological follow up 16 October 2010 2010 10 16 Mario Sepulveda discharged from hospital after additional psychological tests 19 October 2010 2010 10 19 Victor Zamora released from hospital after dental problems 135 25 October 2010 2010 10 25 Rescued miners honored at the La Moneda presidential palace met with President Sebastian Pinera posed for pictures with the Fenix 2 capsule and played a friendly game of football against a government team at the Julio Martinez Pradanos National Stadium 136 Reaction to the rescue Edit nbsp Pinera and his wife present a souvenir rock from the mine to Elizabeth II on 18 October 2010 Main article Reaction to the 2010 Copiapo mining accident Chilean President Sebastian Pinera and First Lady Cecilia Morel were present during the rescue Bolivian President Evo Morales was also scheduled to be there but did not arrive in time to see the rescue of the trapped Bolivian miner Carlos Mamani 137 Morales visited Mamani at a hospital along with Pinera later in the day 138 A number of foreign leaders contacted Pinera to express solidarity and pass on congratulations to Chile while rescue efforts were underway They included the Presidents of Argentina Brazil Colombia Peru South Africa Uruguay Venezuela 139 140 and Poland 141 as well as the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom 142 Spain and Ireland who also wrote personally to the Chilean president and the County Clare based designers and manufacturers of the rescue drill 143 Other foreign leaders including Mexican President Felipe Calderon 144 and US President Barack Obama 144 145 praised the rescue efforts and passed on their hopes and prayers to the miners and their families Pope Benedict XVI left a video message in Spanish praying for the success of the rescue operation 146 After the successful rescue Pinera gave a speech on location in which he praised Chile saying that he was proud to be the president of all Chileans He invoked Chile s recently passed Bicentennial celebrations and said that the miners were rescued with unity hope and faith He thanked Hugo Chavez and Morales amongst others for their calls of support and solidarity He also said that those responsible for the collapse of the mine would be punished and that there would be a new deal for the workers 147 148 Miners post rescue EditAll but two of the men went home within 48 hours of their rescue and by 19 October all had left the hospital 149 150 151 nbsp Pinera visiting the miners in Copiapo HospitalDoctors felt the men had coped unexpectedly well physically with their time underground Pinera even challenged the men to a friendly football game and invited them to visit the presidential palace and the opening of a transcontinental highway 152 Marc Siegel an associate professor of medicine at the New York University Langone Medical Center said that lack of sunlight could cause problems with muscles bones and other organs Jane Aubin scientific director of the Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research said the miners would have to be monitored closely They haven t been as physically active as you would want them to be so they have undoubtedly experienced some muscle loss Probably after that extended period of time in both a confined space and in relative darkness they ve also probably experienced some bone loss 153 Officials considered canceling plans for a Thanksgiving Mass for the men and their families at Camp Hope on 17 October over fears that a premature return to the site could be too stressful It s not a good idea that they go back to the mine so soon said psychologist Iturra 151 Jorge Diaz head of the miners medical team at Copiapo regional hospital said We have a group of workers who are absolutely normal people they weren t selected from a group of applicants to be astronauts nor were they people who underwent rigorous tests therefore we don t know when the post traumatic stress syndrome can appear 154 In the years after the accident although initially they enjoyed worldwide fame gifts of motorcycles and invitations to Disney World and the Greek Islands many spiraled suffering psychologically and financially Some found they could not get new mining jobs due to concerns that potential employers had about their mental health and the publicity that could follow Some like Jorge Galleguillos adapted by finding related work leading tours around the San Jose mining site Others battled alcohol and drug addiction Mario Sepulveda who was called Super Mario for his positive and energetic personality admitted to fighting suicidal thoughts saying People saw the pictures of the rescue and they thought our hell was over In fact it was just beginning 155 Activities Edit On Sunday 17 October 2010 six of the 33 rescued miners attended a multi denominational memorial Mass led by an evangelical pastor and a Roman Catholic priest at Campamento Esperanza Camp Hope where anxious relatives had awaited the men s return Some of the rescuers who helped bring the miners to the surface also attended 150 154 Reporters and cameras mobbed the miners prompting the police to intervene to protect them Omar Reygadas family was swarmed by the media after they left the service and his 2 year old great granddaughter started crying when pushed by the crowd As Reygadas picked her up the cameras zoomed in Reygadas stayed calm but offered his only answer in response to their questions I ve had nightmares these days Reygadas said from inside a small tent while reporters jockeyed for position but the worst nightmare is all of you 156 Based on their experience the miners plan to start a foundation to help in the field of mine safety Yonni Barrios said We re thinking about creating a foundation to solve safety problems in the mining industry With this with the experience that we had had God help us we should be able to solve these problems Juan Illanes told El Mercurio We have to decide how to direct our project so this type of thing never happens again It needs to be done but these things don t happen quickly 157 On 24 October 2010 the miners attended a reception hosted by Pinera at the presidential palace in the capital Santiago and were awarded medals celebrating Chile s independence bicentennial Outside the men posed for photographs next to the Fenix rescue capsule that had winched them to the surface now installed in the main square in Santiago Afterwards at the National Stadium the freed miners played a football match against a team that included Pinera Laurence Golborne the mining minister and Jaime Manalich the health minister Team Esperanza Hope led by Franklin Lobos all wore the number 33 but lost 3 2 to the government team 158 In November 2010 miners visited Los Angeles appearing in a taping of CNN Heroes 159 On 13 December 2010 26 of the rescued miners including Franklin Lobos went on invitation to a Manchester United training session at Carrington Greater Manchester in England 160 In February 2011 31 of the 33 miners were hosted by the Israeli Ministry of Tourism for an eight day pilgrimage of Christian and Jewish holy sites 161 Legacy and aftermath Edit nbsp Los 33 at the Presidential Palace on 24 October 2010Political Edit Immediately following the San Jose mine collapse Pinera dismissed top officials from the Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria de Chile SERNAGEOMIN Chile s mining regulatory agency and vowed to undertake a major overhaul of the department in light of the accident 14 In the days following the collapse eighteen mines were shut down and a further 300 put under threat of possible closure 162 On 25 October 2010 ahead of schedule Pinera received a preliminary report by the Commission on Work Safety established in response to the incident The report was a direct result of the Copiapo accident and contained 30 proposals ranging from improvements in hygiene to better coordination between local regulatory authorities Although the commission had set 22 November 2010 as the date to deliver its final report it reported that job safety inspections in Santiago and regions throughout Chile had allowed them to obtain a clear picture of the situation earlier than anticipated In total the commission held 204 hearings and reviewed 119 suggestions that came from online input 163 Throughout the incident Pinera stressed that cost was of no object with regard to rescuing the miners The operation was expensive with estimates surpassing US 20 million excluding expenses in building maintaining and securing Campamento Esperanza Camp Hope These costs exceed the total business debt of the mine s owner the San Esteban Mining Company which currently stands at around US 19 million The state mining company Codelco contributed about 75 to rescue costs with private companies donating services worth more than US 5 million 164 nbsp Los 33 miners posing with the President and First Lady of Chile in the Blue Room of the Presidential Palace on 24 October 2010The French credit rating agency Coface declared that the dramatic mining rescue would have a positive impact on Chile s economic reputation It provides to international investors an image of a country where you can do safe sic business Coface s UK managing director Xavier Denecker said It gives a good impression in terms of technology solidarity and efficiency Coface rates countries according to the probability of private sector companies being successful Chile holds its highest rating in South America A2 The UK in comparison is rated at A3 165 Legal Edit Following the accident a lawsuit was filed against the San Esteban Mining Company by relatives of those trapped while a judge froze US 2 million of its assets A lawyer for several of the miners families described this as a refutation of the company s claims of not having even enough money to pay salaries 162 On 21 October San Esteban Mining Company Operations Chief Carlos Pinilla and mine manager Pedro Simunovic issued a signed public statement insisting that no company official had the slightest indication that a catastrophe could occur Miner Jorge Gallardo asserted that there was no way the owners could have been unaware of the situation since he recorded everything and his daily safety reports were signed by Pinilla in person Rescued miner Victor Zamora commented What made me sad was that people were dying because the company did not want to have something safer and only thought about money 163 Social Edit Chilean writer and former miner Hernan Rivera Letelier wrote an article for the Spanish newspaper El Pais offering advice to the miners I hope that the avalanche of lights and cameras and flashes that is rushing towards you is a light one It s true that you ve survived a long season in hell but when all s said and done it was a hell you knew What s heading your way now comrades is a hell that you have not experienced at all the hell of the show the alienating hell of TV sets I ve only got one thing to say to you my friends grab hold of your family Don t let them go don t let them out of your sight don t waste them Hold on to them as you hung on to the capsule that brought you out It s the only way to survive this media deluge that s raining down on you 166 The Daily Telegraph UK newspaper reported that the miners have hired an accountant to ensure that any income from their new celebrity status is fairly divided including money from expected book and film deals The men have agreed to speak as one when they discuss their experiences While still trapped they appointed one of their group as official biographer and another their poet 167 The first TV documentary was aired by Nova on the US Public Broadcasting System on 26 October 2010 168 169 Monument Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information July 2018 Chilean President Sebastian Pinera has suggested turning Camp Hope into a memorial or museum in honor of the men 135 The Fenix 2 capsule used in Operacion San Lorenzo has been placed in the Plaza de la Constitucion in front of Chile s presidential palace in Santiago Chile Currently one of the backup capsules is in Copiapo and the other was sent to China for display in Chile s exhibit at the 2010 Shanghai Expo Discussions are under way for a permanent display of the capsule and possibly a museum As of December 2010 update potential locations include Copiapo the city closest to the accident site and Talcahuano 1 300 miles 2 100 km to the south where the capsules were built at a Chilean navy workshop 170 The Fenix 1 capsule was a featured display at the March 2011 Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada convention in Toronto Ontario where Laurence Golborne and the rescue team were honored 171 Since 3 August 2011 the Fenix 2 capsule is displayed at the Atacama Regional Museum in Copiapo 172 Books EditWhile still trapped in the mine the 33 miners chose to collectively contract with a single author to write an official history so that none of the 33 could individually profit from the experiences of others 173 174 The miners chose Hector Tobar a Pulitzer Prize winning writer at the Los Angeles Times Tobar had exclusive access to the miners and in October 2014 published an official account titled Deep Down Dark The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine and the Miracle That Set Them Free Tobar described the previous books published on the topic as quick and dirty with almost no cooperation from the miners 174 These books include Trapped How the World Rescued 33 Miners from 2 000 Feet Below the Chilean Desert August 2011 by Marc Aronson Buried Alive How 33 Miners Survived 69 Days Deep Under the Chilean Desert 2012 by Elaine Scott 33 Men Inside the Miraculous Survival and Dramatic Rescue of the Chilean Miners October 2011 by Jonathan Franklin 168 175 Film EditMain article The 33 A film titled The 33 based on the events of the disaster is directed by Patricia Riggen and written by Mikko Alanne and Jose Rivera Mike Medavoy producer of Apocalypse Now worked with the miners their families and those involved to put the film together 176 The movie stars Antonio Banderas as Mario Super Mario Sepulveda the public face of video reports sent from underground about the miners conditions The actual Sepulveda expressed his enthusiasm and approval towards Banderas playing the role 177 Brazilian actor Rodrigo Santoro stars as Laurence Golborne the Chilean Minister of Mining at the time and American actor Bob Gunton stars as Sebastian Pinera the President of Chile at the time The film s plot mostly focuses on the disaster and its aftermath during which rescue teams attempt to save the trapped miners over the course of three months According to an interview with Patricia Riggen in 2015 the miners have never been compensated monetarily for their ordeal and many of them suffer from post traumatic stress disorder 178 See also Edit nbsp Chile portalSheppton Mine disaster and rescue coal mine collapse in 1963 in Sheppton Pennsylvania that trapped three miners one miner died two were rescued Was the first mine rescue to rescue miners using bore holes 2006 Copiapo mining accident resulted in two deaths Shandong Qixia Gold Mine Explosion Accident 22 Elecab miners were trapped and rescued in 2021 Floyd Collins a cave explorer who died after 14 days in 1925 The accident scene was a national media frenzy Kathy Fiscus a three year old Californian girl who died after falling down a well in 1949 and whose two day rescue attempt was broadcast live on radio and national TV Alfredo Rampi fell down a well and died as a six year old in 1981 in Italy The rescue attempt was broadcast live for 18 hours Jessica McClure a Texas toddler who survived being trapped in a well for over two days in 1987 while the rescue operation was televised live on CNN Quecreek Mine rescue a successful rescue operation of miners using a similar rescue capsule in Pennsylvania in 2002 Beaconsfield Mine collapse two of three Australian miners were rescued in 2006 after two weeks underground Chasnala mining disaster incident in India where a flood entered into a coal mine Tham Luang cave rescue successful rescue involving a football team in Thailand Julen Rosello Spanish toddler who fell in 2019 in a well and died after a rescue attempt of 13 days Rayan Oram Moroccan child who fell into a well and died in 2022 References Edit Onemi confirma a 33 mineros atrapados en yacimiento en Atacama La Tercera in Spanish 6 August 2010 Archived from the original on 2 January 2011 Retrieved 12 October 2010 Illiano Cesar 9 October 2010 Rescue near for Chile miners trapped for two months Reuters AlertNet Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 Retrieved 11 October 2010 Chilean mine rescue watched by millions online Canadian Broadcasting Corp 14 October 2010 a b First of 33 trapped miners reaches surface CNN 12 October 2010 Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 Retrieved 12 October 2010 a b c Hutchison Peter Malkin Bonnie Bloxham Andy 12 October 2010 Chile Miners Rescue Live London Daily Telegraph Archived from the original 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historias tras el historico rescate El Mercurio 15 October 2010 Spanish Frank Bajak and Vivian Sequera Dramatic endgame nears for trapped Chile miners The Miami Herald 11 October 2010 dead link By comparing his descent time with the times in the Rescued miners list Philip Sherwell Trapped Chilean miners celebrate national day with meat pies feast London Daily Telegraph 18 September 2010 a b Raphael Angie 18 October 2010 Freed miners return to Camp Hope Herald Sun Australia Retrieved 18 October 2010 Chile First rescued miners leave hospital BBC News 15 October 2010 Tran Mark Weaver Matthew Gabbatt Adam 12 October 2010 Chilean miners rescue part 1 The Guardian London Archived from the original on 25 January 2011 Retrieved 28 May 2011 Pulso CNN 13 October 2010 Archived from the original on 26 December 2011 Retrieved 6 November 2011 Lula Chavez Cristina Fernandez y David Cameron felicitan a Pinera BBC News Mundo 13 October 2010 Spanish Historic rescue completed Archived 20 October 2010 at 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Details Secret The Daily Telegraph London a b Raphael Angie 18 October 2010 Freed Miners Return to Camp Hope Herald Sun Australia Retrieved 18 October 2010 a b Sherwell Philip 16 October 2010 Chile Miners New Battle to Adapt to Normality The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 Retrieved 4 July 2018 Hennigan Tom 16 October 2010 Media Carnival Follows Still Vulnerable Miners The Irish Times Archived from the original on 20 October 2015 Retrieved 4 July 2018 Alphonso Caroline 14 October 2010 Miners Watched Closely for Physical and Mental Health Problems The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 Retrieved 4 July 2018 a b Chile Mine Rescued Men Attend Service of Thanks BBC News 18 October 2010 Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 Retrieved 4 July 2018 What happened to the 33 Chilean miners rescued in 2010 Yahoo News 12 October 2021 Retrieved 5 April 2023 Barrionuevo Alexei Romero Simon 17 October 2010 Rescued Miners Secrecy Pact Erodes in Spotlight Americas The New York Times Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 Retrieved 4 July 2018 Chile Miners Plan Mine Safety Group The Sydney Morning Herald Associated Press 18 October 2010 Archived from the original on 31 December 2012 Retrieved 4 July 2018 Fiona Govan 25 October 2010 Chile s Saved Miners Play Football Match Against Their Rescuers The Daily Telegraph London Dennis Romero 18 November 2010 Chilean Miners Visit Los Angeles Hollywood CNN Heroes Taping Planned Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Los Angeles Weekly Retrieved 7 June 2011 Rescued Chile Miners Meet Manchester United Players BBC News 13 December 2010 Retrieved 28 May 2011 Lidman Melanie 23 February 2011 Chilean Miners Arrive for Pilgrimage of Thanks The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 7 June 2011 a b Franklin Jonathan 26 August 2010 Trapped Chilean miners face long shifts to keep their refuge clear of debris The Guardian London Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 Retrieved 27 August 2010 a b Dominique Farrell 26 October 2010 Chile s Commission On Work Safety Delivers Preliminary Report To President Sebastian Pinera Santiago Times English Dominique Farrell 13 October 2010 Final Cost For Chile Mine Rescue Is Tallied Santiago Times English Andrew Clark 17 October 2010 Mining rescue lifts Chile s credit rating up into the light The Guardian London Rory Carroll 18 October 2010 How the media in Chile helped focus the eyes of the world on the miners The Guardian UK Aislinn Laing 15 October 2010 Chile miners will speak as one The Daily Telegraph London a b Martin Fletcher and Laura Dixon 22 October 2010 Chilean miner Jose Ricardo Ojeda Vidal copyrights los 33 The Australian Emergency Mine Rescue Engineers and NASA scientists aid an all out effort to save 32 Chilean miners trapped nearly half a mile underground NOVA PBS Aired 26 October 2010 Chile mine rescue towns fight over Phoenix 2 capsule Daily Telegraph London 18 October 2010 Chilean mine rescue capsule to be on display in Toronto at upcoming Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada PDAC convention Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 Paul Edouard Martin 3 August 2011 Con emocion instalaron la capsula Fenix II en el Museo Regional de Atacama El Diario de Atacama in Spanish Retrieved 13 August 2011 Mac McClelland 20 November 2014 Deep Down Dark by Hector Tobar The New York Times Retrieved 26 November 2014 a b John Williams 21 November 2014 Book Review Podcast Deep Down Dark The New York Times Retrieved 26 November 2014 Deals already on offer for Chilean miners story STV 14 October 2010 Antonio Banderas amp More Join Chilean Miner Disaster Drama The 33 FirstShowing net 20 May 2013 Retrieved 17 June 2013 Antonio Banderas To Play Chilean Miner Mario Sepulveda In The 33 HuffPost 20 May 2013 Retrieved 17 June 2013 Riggen Patricia 13 November 2015 Indie Filmmaker Brings Story of Chile s 33 Miners to the Big Screen Morning Edition Interview Interviewed by Renee Montagne National Public Radio Retrieved 27 July 2017 They are not doing well Renee They have PTSD They didn t get compensated by the mine owners nothing External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 Copiapo mining accident Photos Edit High Resolution Aerial Image of Mine Site large image DigiMapas October 2010Videos Edit Interview to Jeff Hart after reaching out the miners on YouTube by Canal 13 UC de Chile 9 October 2010 Emergency Mine Rescue NOVA Documentary PBS 53 minutes 26 October 2010 Miners Deep Inside Chilean Mine CBS News 3 minutes 27 August 2010 Rescue Timeline Plans with Animations CBS News 4 5 minutes 15 October 2010 Couzens Jo 23 August 2010 Elation As Trapped Chile Miners Found Alive Sky News Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 Retrieved 12 December 2022 First of 33 Chilean Miners Rescued Archived 3 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine CBS News 1 minute 12 October 2010 Final Chilean Miner Rescued Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine Fox News 7 minutes 14 October 2010 Miners on the Mend After Rescue Reuters News 2 minutes 14 October 2010 Chilean Miners 17 Days Buried Alive BBC 1 hour 12 August 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2010 Copiapo mining accident amp oldid 1176457632, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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