The Chinese used explosive vests during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[1][2] A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at Sihang Warehouse. Chinese troops strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up.[3] This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank,[4] and at the Battle of Taierzhuang, where Chinese troops rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up with dynamite and grenades.[5][6][7][8][9] During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.[10][11]
The use of suicidal attacks to inflict damage upon an enemy predates the Second World War, in which Kamikaze units (suicidal air attacks) and Kaiten ("living torpedoes") were used to attack Allied forces. Japanese soldiers routinely detonated themselves by attacking Allied tanks while carrying antitank mines, magnetic demolition charges, hand grenades and other explosive devices.
Descriptionedit
A suicide belt captured by the Israel Defense Forces (2006)
The explosive belt usually consists of several cylinders filled with explosive (de facto pipe bombs), or in more sophisticated versions with plates of explosive. The explosive is surrounded by a fragmentation jacket that produces the shrapnel responsible for most of the bomb's lethality, effectively making the jacket a crude, body-worn, Claymore mine. Once the vest is detonated, the explosion resembles an omnidirectional shotgun blast. The most dangerous and the most widely used shrapnel are steel balls 3–7 mm (1⁄8–9⁄32 in) in diameter.[12] Other shrapnel material can be anything of suitable size and hardness, most often nails, screws, nuts, and thick wire. Shrapnel is responsible for about 90% of all casualties caused by this kind of device.
A "loaded" vest may weigh between 5 and 20 kilograms (10 and 45 lb) and may be hidden under thick clothes, usually jackets or snow coats.
A suicide vest may cover the entire stomach and usually has shoulder straps.
A common security procedure against suspected suicide bombers is to move the suspect at least 15 metres (50 ft) away from other people, then ask them to remove their upper clothing. While this procedure is relatively uncontroversial for use on males, it may cause an issue when dealing with females suspected of being suicide bombers. Male security personnel may be reluctant to inspect or strip-search females, and can be accused of sexual harassment after having done so.[13] Alternatively, an infrared detector can be used. There are assertions that using a millimeter wave scanner would be viable for the task, but the concept has been disputed.
The discovery of remains as well as incidentally unexploded belts or vests can offer forensic clues to the investigation after the attack.[14]
Forensic investigationedit
Suicide bombers who wear the vests are often obliterated by the explosion; the best evidence of their identity is the head, which often remains relatively intact because it is separated and thrown clear off the body by the explosion. Journalist Joby Warrick conjectured: "The vest's tight constraints and the positioning of the explosive pouches would channel the energy of the blast outward, toward whoever stood directly in front of him. Some of that energy wave would inevitably roll upward, ripping the bomber's body apart at its weakest point, between the neck bones and lower jaw. It accounts for the curious phenomenon in which suicide bombers' heads are severed clean at the moment of detonation and are later found in a state of perfect preservation several metres away from the torso's shredded remains."[15]
^网易. [Taierzhuang Street Fight: The Chief Executive Order has the courage to retreat to the river]. war.163.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-06-19.
^Wong, Bun. . Archived from the original on 2017-10-20.
^Schaedler, Luc (2007). (PDF) (Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy). University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. p. 518. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-19. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^Harmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze (illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112. ISBN978-1612001678. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^. TANKS! E-Magazine (#4). Summer 2001. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
^Xin Hui (August 1, 2002). . Newsletter 1-8-2002 Articles. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
^Ong, Siew Chey (2005). China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture (illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94. ISBN9812610677. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^Olsen, Lance (2012). . ISBN978-0-9838435-9-7. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^Dr Ong Siew Chey (2011). China Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture (reprint ed.). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 79. ISBN978-9814312998. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^International Press Correspondence, Volume 18. Richard Neumann. 1938. p. 447. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^Epstein, Israel (1939). The people's war. V. Gollancz. p. 172. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
^Niiler, Eric (Jan 22, 2014). . Discovery.net. Discovery Communications. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^AFP/NEWSCORE "Ugandan police find suicide vest, hunts suspects". July 13, 2010, New York Post. Retrieved ?
^Joby Warrick (2012). The Triple Agent: The Al-Qaeda Mole Who Infiltrated the CIA. Vintage Books. p. 151. ISBN978-0-307-74231-5.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suicide vests.
November 07, 2023
explosive, belt, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, february, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Explosive belt news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message An explosive belt also called suicide belt or a suicide vest is an improvised explosive device a belt or a vest packed with explosives and armed with a detonator worn by suicide bombers Explosive belts are usually packed with ball bearings nails screws bolts and other objects that serve as shrapnel to maximize the number of casualties in the explosion Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the Battle of Taierzhuang 1938 A suicide vest captured by the Israel Defense Forces 2002 Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Forensic investigation 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory editThe Chinese used explosive vests during the Second Sino Japanese War 1 2 A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at Sihang Warehouse Chinese troops strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up 3 This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank 4 and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where Chinese troops rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up with dynamite and grenades 5 6 7 8 9 During one incident at Taierzhuang Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles 10 11 The use of suicidal attacks to inflict damage upon an enemy predates the Second World War in which Kamikaze units suicidal air attacks and Kaiten living torpedoes were used to attack Allied forces Japanese soldiers routinely detonated themselves by attacking Allied tanks while carrying antitank mines magnetic demolition charges hand grenades and other explosive devices Description edit nbsp A suicide belt captured by the Israel Defense Forces 2006 The explosive belt usually consists of several cylinders filled with explosive de facto pipe bombs or in more sophisticated versions with plates of explosive The explosive is surrounded by a fragmentation jacket that produces the shrapnel responsible for most of the bomb s lethality effectively making the jacket a crude body worn Claymore mine Once the vest is detonated the explosion resembles an omnidirectional shotgun blast The most dangerous and the most widely used shrapnel are steel balls 3 7 mm 1 8 9 32 in in diameter 12 Other shrapnel material can be anything of suitable size and hardness most often nails screws nuts and thick wire Shrapnel is responsible for about 90 of all casualties caused by this kind of device A loaded vest may weigh between 5 and 20 kilograms 10 and 45 lb and may be hidden under thick clothes usually jackets or snow coats A suicide vest may cover the entire stomach and usually has shoulder straps A common security procedure against suspected suicide bombers is to move the suspect at least 15 metres 50 ft away from other people then ask them to remove their upper clothing While this procedure is relatively uncontroversial for use on males it may cause an issue when dealing with females suspected of being suicide bombers Male security personnel may be reluctant to inspect or strip search females and can be accused of sexual harassment after having done so 13 Alternatively an infrared detector can be used There are assertions that using a millimeter wave scanner would be viable for the task but the concept has been disputed The discovery of remains as well as incidentally unexploded belts or vests can offer forensic clues to the investigation after the attack 14 Forensic investigation editSuicide bombers who wear the vests are often obliterated by the explosion the best evidence of their identity is the head which often remains relatively intact because it is separated and thrown clear off the body by the explosion Journalist Joby Warrick conjectured The vest s tight constraints and the positioning of the explosive pouches would channel the energy of the blast outward toward whoever stood directly in front of him Some of that energy wave would inevitably roll upward ripping the bomber s body apart at its weakest point between the neck bones and lower jaw It accounts for the curious phenomenon in which suicide bombers heads are severed clean at the moment of detonation and are later found in a state of perfect preservation several metres away from the torso s shredded remains 15 See also editCar bomb Terrorism Suicide weapon Suicide attack Inghimasi Female suicide bomber Child suicide bombers in the Israeli Palestinian conflict Groups using explosive belts Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades Al Qaeda Boko Haram Chechen rebel groups Hamas Hezbollah Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIS ISIL IS Iraqi insurgents Kurdistan Worker s Party Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Tamil Tigers Palestinian Islamic Jihad TalibanReferences edit 网易 台儿庄巷战 长官电令有敢退过河者 杀无赦 网易军事 Taierzhuang Street Fight The Chief Executive Order has the courage to retreat to the river war 163 com in Chinese Archived from the original on 2018 06 19 Wong Bun Taierzhuang street fighting Executive power to make those who have dared to retreat across the river Unforgiven Netease International News Archived from the original on 2017 10 20 Schaedler Luc 2007 Angry Monk Reflections on Tibet Literary Historical and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film PDF Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Zurich Faculty of Arts p 518 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 07 19 Retrieved 24 April 2014 Harmsen Peter 2013 Shanghai 1937 Stalingrad on the Yangtze illustrated ed Casemate p 112 ISBN 978 1612001678 Retrieved 24 April 2014 Chinese Tank Forces and Battles before 1949 TANKS E Magazine 4 Summer 2001 Archived from the original on 7 August 2014 Retrieved 2 August 2014 Xin Hui August 1 2002 Xinhui Presents Chinese Tank Forces and Battles before 1949 Newsletter 1 8 2002 Articles Archived from the original on 2014 08 08 Retrieved 2014 08 02 Ong Siew Chey 2005 China Condensed 5000 Years of History amp Culture illustrated ed Marshall Cavendish p 94 ISBN 9812610677 Retrieved 24 April 2014 Olsen Lance 2012 Taierzhuang 1938 Stalingrad 1942 ISBN 978 0 9838435 9 7 Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 Retrieved 24 April 2014 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Dr Ong Siew Chey 2011 China Condensed 5 000 Years of History amp Culture reprint ed Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd p 79 ISBN 978 9814312998 Retrieved April 24 2014 International Press Correspondence Volume 18 Richard Neumann 1938 p 447 Retrieved 24 April 2014 Epstein Israel 1939 The people s war V Gollancz p 172 Retrieved 24 April 2014 What is Shrapnel NBC News Niiler Eric Jan 22 2014 Sochi Suicide Bomber Threat Why Terrorists Use Women Discovery net Discovery Communications Archived from the original on 2015 11 25 Retrieved 2014 04 27 AFP NEWSCORE Ugandan police find suicide vest hunts suspects July 13 2010 New York Post Retrieved Joby Warrick 2012 The Triple Agent The Al Qaeda Mole Who Infiltrated the CIA Vintage Books p 151 ISBN 978 0 307 74231 5 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suicide vests The mechanics of a living bomb Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Explosive belt amp oldid 1178606855, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
