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Centennial Exposition

January 01, 1970

"Centennial Exhibition" redirects here. For the 1939–1940 exhibition in Wellington, see New Zealand Centennial Exhibition.

The Centennial International Exhibition, officially the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, was held in Philadelphia from May 10 to November 10, 1876. It was the first official world's fair to be held in the United States, and coincided with the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence's adoption in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776.

Centennial International Exhibition of 1876
An illustration of opening day ceremonies at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia on May 10, 1876
Overview
BIE-classUniversal exposition
CategoryHistorical Expo
NameCentennial International Exhibition of 1876
Building(s)Memorial Hall
Area115 ha
Invention(s)Typewriter, sewing machine, telephone
Visitors10,000,000
Participant(s)
Countries35
Business14,420
Location
CountryUnited States
CityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
VenueFairmount Park in Philadelphia
Coordinates39°58′46″N 75°12′33″W / 39.97944°N 75.20917°W / 39.97944; -75.20917
Timeline
BiddingDecember 1866
AwardedJanuary 1870
Opening (1876-05-10) (1876-11-10)May 10 – November 10, 1876
(6 months)
ClosureNovember 10, 1876 (1876-11-10)
Universal expositions
PreviousWeltausstellung 1873 Wien in Vienna
NextExposition Universelle (1878) in Paris
Specialized expositions
NextSesquicentennial (1926)

It was held in Fairmount Park along the Schuylkill River on fairgrounds designed by Herman J. Schwarzmann. Nearly 10 million visitors attended the exposition, and 37 countries participated in it.

Precursor edit

 
The Great Sanitary Fair in 1864 was the model for the Centennial Exposition; it raised $1,046,859 for medicine and bandages during the American Civil War.
 
Joseph Roswell Hawley, president of the U.S. Centennial Commission
 
A stock certificate for five $10 shares issued by the Centennial Board of Finance

The Great Central Fair on Logan Square in Philadelphia, in 1864, also known as the Great Sanitary Fair, was one of the many United States Sanitary Commission's Sanitary Fairs held during the American Civil War.

The fairs provided a creative and communal means for ordinary citizens to promote the welfare of Union Army soldiers and dedicate themselves to the survival of the nation, and the Great Central Fair bolstered Philadelphia's role as a vital center in the Union war effort. It anticipated the combination of public, private, and commercial investments that were necessary to mount the Centennial Exposition. Both had a similar neo-Gothic appearance, including the waving flags, a huge central hall, the "curiosities" and relics, handmade and industrial exhibits, and also a visit from the U.S. president and his family.

Planning edit

The idea of the Centennial Exposition is credited to John L. Campbell, a professor of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana.[1] In December 1866, Campbell suggested to Philadelphia Mayor Morton McMichael that the United States Centennial be celebrated with an exposition in Philadelphia. Naysayers argued that the project would not be able to find funding, other nations might not attend, and domestic exhibits might compare poorly to foreign ones.[2]

The Franklin Institute became an early supporter of the exposition and asked the Philadelphia City Council for use of Fairmount Park. With reference to the numerous events of national importance that were held in the past and related to the city of Philadelphia, the City Council resolved in January 1870 to hold the Centennial Exposition in the city in 1876.[citation needed]

The Philadelphia City Council and the Pennsylvania General Assembly created a committee to study the project and seek support of the U.S. Congress. Congressman William D. Kelley spoke for the city and state, and Daniel Johnson Morrell introduced a bill to create a United States Centennial Commission. The bill, which passed on March 3, 1871, provided that the U.S. government would not be liable for any expenses.

The United States Centennial Commission organized on March 3, 1872, with Joseph R. Hawley of Connecticut as president. The Centennial Commission's commissioners included one representative from each state and territory in the United States.[1] On June 1, 1872, Congress created a Centennial Board of Finance to help raise money. The board's president was John Welsh, brother of philanthropist William Welsh, who had raised funds for the Great Sanitary Fair in 1864.[2] The board was authorized to sell up to $10 million in stock via $10 shares. The board sold $1,784,320 ($45,381,205 today[3]) worth of shares by February 22, 1873. Philadelphia contributed $1.5 million and Pennsylvania gave $1 million. On February 11, 1876, Congress appropriated $1.5 million in a loan.

The board initially thought it was a subsidy. But after the exposition ended, the federal government sued to have the money returned, and the United States Supreme Court ultimately forced repayment. John Welsh enlisted help from the women of Philadelphia who had helped him in the Great Sanitary Fair. A Women's Centennial Executive Committee was formed with Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, a great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, as president. In its first few months, the group raised $40,000. When the group learned the planning commission was not doing much to display the work of women, it raised an additional $30,000 for a women's exhibition building.[4]

In 1873, the Centennial Commission named Alfred T. Goshorn as the director general of the Exposition. The Fairmount Park Commission set aside 450 acres (1.8 km2) of West Fairmount Park for the exposition, which was dedicated on July 4, 1873,[4] by Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson. The Commission decided to classify the exhibits into seven departments: agriculture, art, education and science, horticulture, machinery, manufactures, and mining and metallurgy. Newspaper publisher John W. Forney agreed to head and pay for a Philadelphia commission sent to Europe to invite nations to exhibit at the exposition. Despite fears of a European boycott and high American tariffs making foreign goods not worthwhile, no European country declined the invitation.[5]

To accommodate out-of-town visitors, temporary hotels were constructed near the exposition's grounds. A Centennial Lodging-House Agency made a list of rooms in hotels, boarding houses, and private homes and then sold tickets for the available rooms in cities promoting the Centennial or on trains heading for Philadelphia. Philadelphia streetcars increased service, and the Pennsylvania Railroad ran special trains from Philadelphia's Market Street, New York City, Baltimore, and Pittsburgh. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad ran special trains from the Center City part of Philadelphia. A small hospital was built on the exposition's grounds by the Centennial's Medical Bureau, but despite a heat wave during the summer, no mass health crises occurred.[6]

Philadelphia passed an ordinance that authorized Mayor William S. Stokley to appoint 500 men as Centennial Guards for the exposition. Among soldiers and local men hired by the city was Frank Geyer, best known for investigating one of America's first serial killers, H. H. Holmes.[7][8] Centennial Guards policed exhibits, kept the peace, reunited lost children, and received, recorded, and when possible, returned lost items, the most unusual of which were front hair pieces and false teeth.[9][10][11]

Guards were required to live onsite and were housed at six police stations strategically located throughout the Exposition. A magistrate's office and courtroom were located at the only two-story police station located on the grounds and was used to conduct prisoner hearings. Officers slept in cramped quarters, which fostered health issues. Eight guards died while working the Exposition, six from typhoid fever, one from smallpox, and one from organic disease of the heart.[12][13]

The Centennial National Bank was chartered on January 19, 1876, to be the "financial agent of the board at the Centennial Exhibition, receiving and accounting for daily receipts, changing foreign moneys into current funds, etc.," according to an article three days later in The Philadelphia Inquirer. Its main branch, designed by Frank Furness, was opened that April on the southeast corner of Market Street and 32nd Street. A branch office operated during the exposition on the fairgrounds.[14] The Centennial Commission ran out of funds for printing and other expenses.

Philadelphia city officials appropriated $50,000 to make up for the shortfall.[15][16]

Herman J. Schwarzmann edit

Herman J. Schwarzmann, an engineer for the Fairmount Park Commission, was appointed the main designer of the exposition. In 1869, Schwarzmann began working for the Fairmount Park Commission, which administered the site of the 1876 Centennial Exposition. It is one of the great urban parks of the United States; its importance in landscape history was surpassed only by Central Park. Schwarzmann was the chief architect for the Centennial Exposition, designing Memorial Hall, Horticultural Hall, other small buildings, and the landscaping around them. His work for the Centennial Exposition was informed by the Vienna International Exposition in 1873, which Schwarzmann visited to study the buildings and the grounds layout. The Vienna International Exposition in 1873 was marred by disastrous logistic planning and was taken as a cautionary example.

At the Vienna Exposition, there was no convenient way for visitors to reach the fairgrounds, and exorbitant rates were charged by carriage drivers. Drawing lessons from this failure, the Philadelphia exposition was ready for its visitors, with direct railroad connections to service passenger trains every 30 minutes, trolley lines, street cars, carriage routes, and even docking facilities on the river.

Structures edit

 
Map of the exposition complex in Philadelphia

More than 200 buildings were constructed within the exposition's grounds, which were surrounded by a fence nearly three miles long.[17] There were five main buildings in the exposition. They were the Main Exhibition Building, Memorial Hall, Machinery Hall, Agricultural Hall, and Horticultural Hall. Apart from these buildings, there were separate buildings for state, federal, foreign, corporate, and public comfort buildings. This strategy of numerous buildings in one exposition set it apart from the previous fairs around the world that had relied exclusively on having one or a few large buildings.

The Centennial Commission sponsored a design competition for the principal buildings, conducted in two rounds; winners of the first round had to have details such as construction cost and time prepared for the runoff on September 20, 1873. After the ten design winners were chosen, it was determined that none of them allowed enough time for construction and limited finances.[citation needed]

The architecture of the exposition mainly consisted of two types of building, traditional masonry monuments and buildings with a structural framework of iron and steel.

Main Exhibition Building edit

 
The main exhibition building; at 21½ acres, it was the largest building in world history at the time.
 
The interior of the main exhibition building looking west from the grandstand

The Centennial Commission turned to third-place winner's architect Henry Pettit and engineer Joseph M. Wilson for design and construction of the Main Exhibition Building. A temporary structure, the Main Building was the largest building in the world by area, enclosing 21.5 acres (87,000 m2).[5] It measured 464 ft (141 m) in width and 1,880 ft (570 m) in length.

It was constructed using prefabricated parts, with a wood and iron frame resting on a substructure of 672 stone piers. Wrought iron roof trusses were supported by the columns of the superstructure.

The building took eighteen months to complete and cost $1,580,000. The building was surrounded by portals on all four sides. The east entrance of the building was used as an access way for carriages, and the south entrance of the building served as a primary entrance to the building for streetcars. The north side related the building to the Art Gallery and the west side served as a passageway to the Machinery and Agricultural Halls.

In the Main Exhibition Building, columns were placed at a uniform distance of 24 ft (7.3 m). The entire structure consisted of 672 columns, the shortest column 23 ft (7.0 m) in length and the longest 125 ft (38 m) in length. The construction included red and black brick-laid design with stained glass or painted glass decorations. The Interior walls were whitewashed, and woodwork was decorated with shades of green, crimson, blue, and gold. The flooring of the building was made of wooden planks that rested directly on the ground without any air space underneath them.

The orientation of the building was east–west in direction, making it well lit, and glass was used between the frames to let in light. Skylights were set over the central aisles of the structure. The corridors of the building were separated by fountains that were attractive and also provided cooling.

The structure of the building featured a central avenue with a series of parallel sheds that were 120 ft (37 m) wide, 1,832 ft (558 m) long, and 75 ft (23 m) high. It was the longest nave ever introduced into an exhibition building up to that time. On both sides of the nave were avenues 100 ft (30 m) in width and 1,832 ft (558 m) in length. Aisles 48 ft (15 m) wide were located between the nave and the side avenues, and smaller aisles 24 ft (7.3 m) in width were on the outer sides of the building.

The exterior of the building featured four towers, each 75 ft (23 m) high, at each of the building's corners. These towers had small balconies at different heights that served as observation galleries.

Within the building, exhibits were arranged in a grid, in a dual arrangement of type and national origin. Exhibits from the United States were placed in the center of the building, and foreign exhibits were arranged around the center, based on the nation's distance from the United States. Exhibits inside the Main Exhibition Building dealt with mining, metallurgy, manufacturing, education, and science.[18] Offices for foreign commissioners were placed in proximity to the products exhibited along in the aisles along the sides of the building. The walkways leading to the exit doors were ten feet wide.

After the Exposition, the structure was turned into a permanent building for the International Exhibition. During the auction held on December 1, 1876, it was bought for $250,000. It quickly ran into financial difficulties but remained open through 1879 and was finally demolished in 1881.

Agricultural Hall edit

The third-largest structure at the exposition was Agricultural Hall. Designed by James H. Windrim, Agricultural Hall was 820 ft (250 m) long and 540 ft (160 m) wide. Made of wood and glass, the building was designed to look like various barn structures pieced together. The building's exhibits included products and machines used in agriculture and other related businesses.[19]

Horticultural Hall edit

 
A stereoscopic view of Horticultural Hall (1875–76, demolished 1954) in Philadelphia, now part of the Robert N. Dennis Collection at New York Public Library

Situated high atop a hill presiding over Fountain Avenue, Horticultural Hall epitomized floral achievement, which attracted professional and amateur gardeners. Unlike the other main buildings, it was meant to be permanent. Horticultural Hall had an iron and glass frame on a brick and marble foundation and was 383 ft (117 m) long, 193 ft (59 m) wide, and 68 ft (21 m) tall.[20] The building was designed in the Moorish style and intended as a tribute to the Crystal Palace of London's Great Exhibition of 1851.

Inside, nurserymen, florists, and landscape architects exhibited a variety of tropical plants, garden equipment, and garden plans. In dramatic fashion, the exposition introduced the general public to the notion of landscape design, as exemplified the building itself and the grounds surrounding it. A long, sunken parterre leading to Horticultural Hall became the exposition's iconic floral feature, reproduced on countless postcards and other memorabilia. This sunken garden enabled visitors on the raised walkways to see the patterns and shapes of the flowerbeds. After the Exposition, the building continued to be used for horticultural exhibits until it was severely damaged by Hurricane Hazel in 1954 and was subsequently demolished.[17] As a replacement, the Fairmount Park Horticulture Center was built on the site in 1976 as part of the United States Bicentennial exposition.

Machinery Hall edit

 
Machinery Hall

Designed by Joseph M. Wilson and Henry Pettit, Machinery Hall was the second largest structure in the exposition and located west of the Main Exhibition Building. With a superstructure made of wood and glass resting on a foundation of massive masonry, it had a main hall painted light blue, 1,402 ft (427 m) long and 360 ft (110 m) wide, with a wing of 208 ft (63 m) by 210 ft (64 m) attached on the south side of the building. The length of the building was 18 times its height. With eight entrances, it occupied 558,440 sq ft (51,881 m2), had 1,900 exhibitors, and took six months to construct. The exhibits focused on machines and evolving industries.[21] Machinery Hall was the show case for the state of the art industrial technology that was being produced at the time. The United States of America alone took up two-thirds of the exhibit space in the building.

One of the major attractions on display in the building was the Corliss Centennial Steam Engine that ran power to all the machinery in the building as well as other parts of the world's fair. The 1,400 horsepower engine was 45 ft (14 m) tall, weighed 650 tons, and had 1 mi (1.6 km) of overhead line belts connecting to the machinery in the building. It symbolized the technology that was transforming the United States into an industrial powerhouse.

Amenities available to the visitors within the hall were rolling chairs, telegraph offices, and dinner for fifty cents. Machinery Hall had 8,000 operating machines and was filled with a wide assortment of hand tools, machine tools, material handling equipment, and the latest fastener technology.

Some of the sandstone that was used to build the hall was from Curwensville, Pennsylvania.

Memorial Hall edit

 
Memorial Hall
 
The Italian Department of Memorial Hall Annex

The Art Gallery building (now known as Memorial Hall) is the only large exhibit building still standing on the exposition site. Constructed of brick, glass, iron, and granite in the beaux-arts style, it was the largest art hall in the country when it opened, with a massive 1.5-acre (0.61 ha) footprint and a 150 ft (46 m) dome atop a 59 ft (18 m)-high structure. The central domed area is surrounded by four pavilions on the corners, with open arcades to the east and west of the main entrance. It provided 75,000 sq ft (7,000 m2) of wall surface for paintings and 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m2) of floor space for sculptures. The exposition received so many art contributions that a separate annex was built to house them all. Another structure was built for the display of photography.[22]

Memorial Hall was designed by Herman J. Schwarzmann, who basically adopted an art museum plan submitted by Nicholas Félix Escalier to the Prix de Rome competition in 1867–69. Memorial Hall became the prototype, both from a stylistic and organizational standpoint, for other museums such as the Art Institute of Chicago (1892–1893), the Milwaukee Public Museum (1893–1897), the Brooklyn Museum (1893–1924), and the Detroit Institute of Art (1920–1927). Libraries such as the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, and the Free Library of Philadelphia also emulated its form. Finally, Memorial Hall was the architectural inspiration for the German capitol, the Reichstag building in Berlin.[23]

After the exposition, Memorial Hall reopened in 1877 as the Pennsylvania Museum of Art and included the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art. In 1928 the museum moved to Fairmount at the head of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, and in 1938 was renamed the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Memorial Hall continued to house the school, and afterward was taken over by the Fairmount Park Commission in 1958.[24] The museum school is now the University of the Arts. Used for a time as a police station, the building now houses the Please Touch Museum,[5][25] which includes a faithful 20x30-foot model of the exposition grounds and 200 buildings.

Women's Pavilion edit

 
The Women's Pavilion

The Women's Pavilion was the first structure at an international exposition to highlight the work of women, with exhibits created and operated by women. Female organizers drew upon deep-rooted traditions of separatism and sorority in planning, fundraising, and managing a pavilion devoted entirely to the artistic and industrial pursuits of their gender. They had to build their own structure because they lost their spot in one of the larger pavilions (the Main Building) due to an unexpected increase in the participation of foreign countries. Their aim was to employ only women in the construction of the pavilion and even to power it, and they succeeded with the exception of the design by Hermann J. Schwarzmann. Their overarching goal was to advance women's social, economic, and legal standing, abolish restrictions discriminating against their gender, encourage sexual harmony, and gain influence, leverage, and freedom for all women in and outside of the home by increasing women's confidence and ability to choose.

A project of the Women's Centennial Executive Committee, the Women's Pavilion was commissioned in 1873 by the United States Centennial Board of Finance with the expectation that it would generate enthusiasm for the celebration of the fair and increase subscriptions to exposition stock. Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, president of the Women's Centennial Committee, led the effort to gather 82,000 signatures in two days to raise money for the pavilion. Gillespie also helped convince Congress to grant additional funding. It took only four months to raise the funds for the pavilion.

Much of the pavilion was devoted to human ecology and home economics. On exhibit were over 80 patented inventions, including a reliance stove, a hand attachment for sewing machines, a dishwasher, a fountain griddle-greaser, a heating iron with removable handle, a frame for stretching and drying lace curtains, and a stocking and glove darner. The Centennial women not only showed domestic production but also employed a popular means for justifying female autonomy outside of the home by demonstrating to visitors the many ways women were making a profitable living. Exhibits demonstrated positive achievements and women's influence in domains such as industrial and fine arts (wood-carvings, furniture-making, and ceramics), fancy articles (clothing and woven goods), and philanthropy as well as philosophy, science, medicine, education, and literature.

Mexico participated in the pavilion's exhibits, indicating the growth of a sector of elite women during the Porfirio Díaz regime of the late nineteenth century, with many individual women sending examples of woven textiles and embroidery.[26]

Other buildings edit

 
The Ohio House, one of four exposition buildings remaining in Fairmount Park; the others are Memorial Hall and two comfort stations.

Eleven nations had their own exhibition buildings, and others contributed small structures, including the Swedish School house referenced below, now in Central Park, New York City. The British buildings were extensive and exhibited the evolved bicycle, with tension spokes and a large front wheel. Two English manufacturers, Bayless Thomas and Rudge, displayed their high-wheel bikes (called "ordinary bikes" or "penny farthings") at the exposition. The bicycle displays inspired Albert Augustus Pope to begin making high-wheel bikes in the United States. He started the Columbia Bike Company and published a journal called "LAW Bulletin and Good Roads", which was the beginning of the Good Roads Movement.[citation needed]. The main British building, also known as St. George's Hall or the English Commission Building, survived at its original site as Fairmount Park offices until it was demolished in 1961.[27]

26 of the 37 U.S. states constructed buildings along States Drive in the exhibition grounds. Only three such state houses are still extant: the Ohio House at its original location in Fairmount Park,[28] the Maryland House, which was moved to Druid Hill Park in Baltimore, where it is extant today,[29] and the Missouri House, which was moved to Spring Lake, New Jersey, along with several other exhibition buildings, some of which are still extant in various Jersey Shore towns.[30]

The United States government had a cross-shaped building that held exhibits from various government departments. The remaining structures were corporate exhibitions, administration buildings, restaurants, and other buildings designed for public comfort.[31]

Exposition edit

 
The interior of Horticultural Hall in 1876
 
The unbuilt Centennial Tower, a 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) tower conceived in 1874 by engineers Clarke and Reeves

The formal name of the exposition was the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, but the official theme was the celebration of the United States centennial. This was reinforced by promotional tie-ins, such as the publication of Kate Harrington's Centennial, and Other Poems, which celebrated the exposition and the centennial.

At the same time, the exposition was designed to show the world the United States' industrial and innovative prowess.[1] The exposition was originally scheduled to open in April, marking the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, but construction delays caused the date to be pushed back to May 10. Bells rang all over Philadelphia to signal the exposition's opening. The opening ceremony was attended by President Ulysses Grant and his wife as well as Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his wife. A cantata commissioned for the occasion written by Dudley Buck and Sidney Lanier was performed.[32] The opening ceremony concluded in Machinery Hall, with Grant and Pedro II turning on the Corliss Steam Engine which powered most of the other machines at the exposition. The official number of first day attendees was 186,272 people, with 110,000 entering with free passes.

In the days following the opening ceremony, attendance dropped dramatically, with only 12,720 people visiting the exposition the next day. The average daily attendance for May was 36,000 and for June 39,000. A severe heat wave began in mid-June and continued into July, hurting attendance. The average temperature was 81 °F (27 °C), and on ten days during the heat wave the temperature reached 100 °F (38 °C). The average daily attendance for July was 35,000, but it rose in August to 42,000 despite the return of high temperatures at the end of the month.[33]

Cooling temperatures, news reports, and word of mouth began increasing attendance in the final three months of the exposition, with many of the visitors coming from farther distances. In September the average daily attendance rose to 94,000 and in October to 102,000. The highest attendance date of the entire exposition was September 28. The day, which saw about a quarter of a million people attend, was Pennsylvania Day. It celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, and exposition events included speeches, receptions, and fireworks. The final month of the exposition, November, had an average daily attendance of 115,000. By the time the exposition ended on November 10, a total of 10,164,489 had visited the fair.[6] Among the attendees who were duly impressed by the exposition were Princeton University sophomore Woodrow Wilson and his minister father, Joseph Ruggles Wilson, visiting from North Carolina.[34]

Although not financially successful for investors, the Centennial Exposition impressed foreigners with the industrial and commercial growth of the country. The level of exports increased, the level of imports decreased, and the trade balance grew in favor of the United States.

Inventions edit

 
The Centennial Monorail, a steam locomotive and one of the inventions presented at the exposition

The Centennial Monorail featured a steam locomotive and passenger car that straddled a single elevated iron rail. Mass-produced products and new inventions were on display within Machinery Hall. Inventions included the typewriter and electric pen along with new types of mass-produced sewing machines, stoves, lanterns, guns, wagons, carriages, and agricultural equipment.

The exposition also featured many well-known products including Alexander Graham Bell's first telephone, set up at opposite ends of Machinery Hall, Thomas Edison's automatic telegraph system, screw-cutting machines that dramatically improved the production of screws and bolts from 8,000 to 100,000 per day, and a universal grinding machine by the Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company.

Air-powered tools along with a mechanical calculator by George B. Grant were exhibited. John A. Roebling & Sons Company displayed a slice of their 5 ¾ inch diameter cable to be used for the Brooklyn Bridge. New food products such as popcorn and ketchup, along with root beer, were also exhibited.

Consumer products first displayed to the public include:

Exhibits edit

 
The right arm and torch of Statue of Liberty at the exposition
 
Germany's exhibit of Krupp guns and cannons
 
"Largest knife and fork in the world"

The right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty were showcased at the exposition. For a fee of 50 cents, visitors could climb the ladder to the balcony, and the money raised this way was used to fund the pedestal for the statue.

Technologies introduced at the fair include the Corliss Steam Engine. Pennsylvania Railroad displayed the John Bull steam locomotive that was originally built in 1831.[35] The Waltham Watch Company displayed the first automatic screw-making machinery and won the Gold Medal in the first international watch precision competition. Until the start of 2004, many of the exposition's exhibits were displayed in the Smithsonian Institution's Arts and Industries Building in Washington, D.C., adjacent to the Castle building.

Still basking in afterglow of its victory in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the newly founded German Empire foregrounded its arms industry, especially the powerful Krupp guns and heavy cannons that were sold and exported to numerous nations in the following years. By way of contrast, the craftsmanship of France, which had been defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, was represented by the Gothic Revival high altar that Edward Sorin, founder of University of Notre Dame, had commissioned from the workshop of Désiré Froc-Robert & Sons in Paris. After the exposition, the altar was installed at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart on Notre Dame's campus where it remains to this day.

For Mexico, which was emerging from a long period of internal disorder and foreign invasions, the exposition was an opportunity for the Liberal regime of President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada to garner international recognition of his regime and to counter anti-Mexican public opinion in the United States. Prominent Mexican painters including José María Velasco, José Obregón, and Santiago Rebull exhibited there. Velasco's work was greatly admired, gaining him international recognition and enhancing his standing in Mexico.[36]

The Swedish Cottage, representing a rural Swedish schoolhouse of traditional style, was re-erected in Central Park in New York City, after the exposition closed. It is now the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre.

The Japan exhibit included a pavilion, house, and garden with one of the first "dwarfed trees" to be displayed outside of Japan.[37]

The official state pavilion of New Jersey was a reconstruction of the Ford Mansion in Morristown, New Jersey, which served as General George Washington's headquarters during the winter of 1779–80. Featuring costumed presenters and a "colonial kitchen" complete with a spinning wheel, the reconstructed mansion was accompanied by a polemical narrative about "old-fashioned domesticity". This quaint hearth-and-home interpretation of the colonial past was counterposed to the theme of progress, with the overarching theme of the exposition serving to reinforce a view of American progress as evolving from a small, hardy colonial stock rather than from a continual influx of multi-ethnic waves of immigration. It sparked an era of "Colonial Revival" in American architecture and house furnishings.

Beaver Falls Cutlery Company exhibited the "largest knife and fork in the world" made by Chinese immigrant workers, among others.[38]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Gross, Linda P.; Theresa R. Snyder (2005). Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 0-7385-3888-4.
  2. ^ a b Wainwright, Nicholas; Weigley, Russell; Wolf, Edwin (1982). Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 460. ISBN 0-393-01610-2.
  3. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  4. ^ a b Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, p. 461
  5. ^ a b c Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, p. 462
  6. ^ a b Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, pp. 467–468
  7. ^ Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers (1878). Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition: Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877–8. Pennsylvania: Gillan & Nagle. pp. 97–99.
  8. ^ Crighton, JD (2017). Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer. Murrieta, CA: RW Publishing House. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9781946100023.
  9. ^ Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers (1878). Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition: Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877–8. Pennsylvania: Gillan & Nagle. p. 98.
  10. ^ Crighton, JD (2017). Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer. Murrieta, CA: RW Publishing House. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-946100-02-3.
  11. ^ Burr, Samuel (1877). Memorial of the International Exhibition. Hartford, CT: L. Stebbins. pp. 757–59.
  12. ^ McCabe, James D. (1876). The Illustrated History of the Centennial Exposition Held in Commemoration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence. Philadelphia, PA: The National Publishing Company. p. 620.
  13. ^ Crighton, JD (2017). Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer. Murrieta, CA: RW Publishing House. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-946100-02-3.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  15. ^ Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers (1878). Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition: Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877–8. Pennsylvania: Gillan & Nagle. pp. 93, 244.
  16. ^ Crighton, JD (2017). Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer. Murrieta, CA: RW Publishing House. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-946100-02-3.
  17. ^ a b Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, p. 464
  18. ^ Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition, pp. 29–30
  19. ^ Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition, pp. 85–86
  20. ^ Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition, p. 95
  21. ^ Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition, p. 67
  22. ^ Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition, pp. 101–103.
  23. ^ Filler, Martin, Makers of Modern Architecture, Volume 1, New York: The New York Review of Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59017-227-8, p. 226
  24. ^ Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition, p. 105
  25. ^ Resinger, Kelly. . Please Touch Museum. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  26. ^ Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Nation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1996, p. 25.
  27. ^ "International Exhibition of 1876" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  28. ^ . Philadelphia Parks & Recreation: Fairmount Park. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  29. ^ "The Maryland Building". from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  30. ^ Frank J. Prial (July 15, 1976). "Buildings From 1876 Centennial Live On in Spring Lake, N.J." March 30, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  31. ^ Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition, p. 109.
  32. ^ Orr, N. Lee (2008). Dudley Buck. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03279-0. OCLC 177069162. from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  33. ^ Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, p. 466
  34. ^ Berg, A. Scott (2013). . New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-399-15921-3. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  35. ^ Forney, M. N. (August 1888). "American Locomotives and Cars". Scribner's Magazine. IV (2): 177.
  36. ^ Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo, Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Modern Nation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Perss 1996, 39–41, 55.
  37. ^ Del Tredici, Peter (June 8, 2017). "The Introduction of Japanese Plants Into North America". The Botanical Review. 83 (3): 215–252. Bibcode:2017BotRv..83..215D. doi:10.1007/s12229-017-9184-3. ISSN 0006-8101. S2CID 255561128. from the original on February 2, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  38. ^ Anon (1993). "Gone but not forgotten: the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company". Industrious Beaver Falls. Darlington, Pennsylvania: Beaver County Industrial Museum. This is based on Anon (1992). "The history and lore of Beaver Co.: the Chinese in Beaver Falls 1872". The Beaver Countian Vol III no.1. Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. pp. 1–3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading edit

  • Gross, Linda P.; Theresa R. Snyder (2005). Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exhibition. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-3888-4.
  • Harrington, Kate (1876). Centennial and Other Poems. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-548-43372-0.
  • Ingram, J.S. (1876). The Centennial Exposition. Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros. OCLC 1186046. OL 23285381M.
  • Wainwright, Nicholas; Russell Weigley; Edwin Wolf (1982). Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-01610-2.
  • Strahan, Edward, ed. A Century After, Picturesque Glimpses of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott and J. W. Lauderbach 1875.
  • "Centennial Exhibition: Exhibition Facts." Centennial Exhibition: Exhibition Facts. N.p., 2001. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.
  • Weber, Austin. "Then & Now: The 1876 Centennial Exposition." Assembly. Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development, 1 Sept. 2001. http://www.assemblymag.com/articles/83790-then-now-the-1876-centennial-exposition
  • Cordato, Mary F. (January 1, 1983). "Toward A New Century: Women and The Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, 1876". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 107, no. 1. pp. 113–135. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  • "Centennial Exhibition: Tours." Centennial Exhibition: Tours. Free Library of Philadelphia, 2001. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. https://libwww.freelibrary.org/CenCol/tours.htm
  • Calney, Mark. "The Centennial Exhibition—The State Buildings." Sci Am Scientific American 34.21 (1876): 322–24. The International Centennial Exhibition of 1876; or Why the British Started a World War. Mark Calney 2010, 7 May 2006. Web.
  • Allen, Scott (August 16, 2010). "Party Like It's 1876! 12 Items From the Centennial Exposition". Mental Floss. Mental Floss, Inc. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  • "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876". The Internet 1996 World Exposition. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  • Lawson, Dennis T. (1969). Centennial Exhibition of 1876. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  • Hunt, John Dixon A World of Gardens. London: Reaktion Books, 2012.
  • Bruno Giberti, Designing the Centennial: A History of the 1876 International Exhibition in Philadelphia, University Press of Kentucky, 2002.
  • International Exhibition. 1876, Official Catalogue, John R Nagle and company.
  • Tenorio-Trillo, Mauricio, Mexico at the World's Fairs: Crafting a Nation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1996
  • Crighton, JD (2017). Detective in the White City: The Real Story of Frank Geyer. RW Publishing House. ISBN 978-1-946100-02-3. (Frank Geyer was hired to work as a centennial guard for the Centennial Exposition. He later became famous for his investigation of H. H. Holmes, one of America's first serial killers).

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centennial Exposition.
  • Expo 1876 Philadelphia at the Bureau International des Expositions
  • United States Centennial Exhibition at the Free Library of Philadelphia
  • Centennial Exposition Described and Illustrated by J. S. Ingram; published by Hubbard Bros., Philadelphia, 1876 (Internet Archive)
  • Centennial International Exhibition – collection at Winterthur Library
  • Centennial Exhibition Collection at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
  • Philadelphia Exhibition 1876 Report to the Federal High Council – horological report by Ed. Favre-Perret at Richard Watkins Horological Books
  • American and Swiss Watchmaking in 1876 by Jacques David at Richard Watkins Horological Books
  • Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) documentation, filed under Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA:
    • HABS No. PA-1080, "International Exhibition of 1876, St. George's House, States Drive", 7 photos, 4 data pages, supplemental material
    • HABS No. PA-1480, "Sons of Temperance Fountain, Independence Square (moved from Centennial Exhibition grounds at Belmont and Fountain Avenues)", 2 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
    • HABS No. PA-1652, "Centennial Guard Box, Traffic Triangle, Benjamin Franklin Parkway vicinity", 1 photo, 1 photo caption page, supplemental material
    • HABS No. PA-1659, "International Exposition of 1876, Memorial Hall, Belmont Avenue", 35 photos, 4 color transparencies, 3 data pages, 6 photo caption pages
    • HABS No. PA-1660, "International Exhibition of 1876, Ohio Building", 5 photos, 2 color transparencies, 3 photo caption pages
    • HABS No. PA-6183, "Fairmount Park, Along Schuylkill River", 16 measured drawings, 44 data pages
  • Centennial Exhibition Photograph and Ephemera Collection August 14, 2020, at the Wayback Machine at the Hagley Museum and Library
  • (Internet Archive) by David J. Kennedy
  • (Internet Archive)
  • 1876 Philadelphia – approximately 160 links
  • General LeRoy Stone's Centennial Monorail at The Self Site

January 01, 1970
centennial, exposition, centennial, exhibition, redirects, here, 1939, 1940, exhibition, wellington, zealand, centennial, exhibition, centennial, international, exhibition, officially, international, exhibition, arts, manufactures, products, soil, mine, held, . Centennial Exhibition redirects here For the 1939 1940 exhibition in Wellington see New Zealand Centennial Exhibition The Centennial International Exhibition officially the International Exhibition of Arts Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine was held in Philadelphia from May 10 to November 10 1876 It was the first official world s fair to be held in the United States and coincided with the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence s adoption in Philadelphia on July 4 1776 Centennial International Exhibition of 1876An illustration of opening day ceremonies at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia on May 10 1876OverviewBIE classUniversal expositionCategoryHistorical ExpoNameCentennial International Exhibition of 1876Building s Memorial HallArea115 haInvention s Typewriter sewing machine telephoneVisitors10 000 000Participant s Countries35Business14 420LocationCountryUnited StatesCityPhiladelphia PennsylvaniaVenueFairmount Park in PhiladelphiaCoordinates39 58 46 N 75 12 33 W 39 97944 N 75 20917 W 39 97944 75 20917TimelineBiddingDecember 1866AwardedJanuary 1870Opening 1876 05 10 1876 11 10 May 10 November 10 1876 6 months ClosureNovember 10 1876 1876 11 10 Universal expositionsPreviousWeltausstellung 1873 Wien in ViennaNextExposition Universelle 1878 in ParisSpecialized expositionsNextSesquicentennial 1926 It was held in Fairmount Park along the Schuylkill River on fairgrounds designed by Herman J Schwarzmann Nearly 10 million visitors attended the exposition and 37 countries participated in it Contents 1 Precursor 2 Planning 3 Herman J Schwarzmann 4 Structures 4 1 Main Exhibition Building 4 2 Agricultural Hall 4 3 Horticultural Hall 4 4 Machinery Hall 4 5 Memorial Hall 4 6 Women s Pavilion 4 7 Other buildings 5 Exposition 6 Inventions 7 Exhibits 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksPrecursor edit nbsp The Great Sanitary Fair in 1864 was the model for the Centennial Exposition it raised 1 046 859 for medicine and bandages during the American Civil War nbsp Joseph Roswell Hawley president of the U S Centennial Commission nbsp A stock certificate for five 10 shares issued by the Centennial Board of Finance The Great Central Fair on Logan Square in Philadelphia in 1864 also known as the Great Sanitary Fair was one of the many United States Sanitary Commission s Sanitary Fairs held during the American Civil War The fairs provided a creative and communal means for ordinary citizens to promote the welfare of Union Army soldiers and dedicate themselves to the survival of the nation and the Great Central Fair bolstered Philadelphia s role as a vital center in the Union war effort It anticipated the combination of public private and commercial investments that were necessary to mount the Centennial Exposition Both had a similar neo Gothic appearance including the waving flags a huge central hall the curiosities and relics handmade and industrial exhibits and also a visit from the U S president and his family Planning editThe idea of the Centennial Exposition is credited to John L Campbell a professor of mathematics natural philosophy and astronomy at Wabash College in Crawfordsville Indiana 1 In December 1866 Campbell suggested to Philadelphia Mayor Morton McMichael that the United States Centennial be celebrated with an exposition in Philadelphia Naysayers argued that the project would not be able to find funding other nations might not attend and domestic exhibits might compare poorly to foreign ones 2 The Franklin Institute became an early supporter of the exposition and asked the Philadelphia City Council for use of Fairmount Park With reference to the numerous events of national importance that were held in the past and related to the city of Philadelphia the City Council resolved in January 1870 to hold the Centennial Exposition in the city in 1876 citation needed The Philadelphia City Council and the Pennsylvania General Assembly created a committee to study the project and seek support of the U S Congress Congressman William D Kelley spoke for the city and state and Daniel Johnson Morrell introduced a bill to create a United States Centennial Commission The bill which passed on March 3 1871 provided that the U S government would not be liable for any expenses The United States Centennial Commission organized on March 3 1872 with Joseph R Hawley of Connecticut as president The Centennial Commission s commissioners included one representative from each state and territory in the United States 1 On June 1 1872 Congress created a Centennial Board of Finance to help raise money The board s president was John Welsh brother of philanthropist William Welsh who had raised funds for the Great Sanitary Fair in 1864 2 The board was authorized to sell up to 10 million in stock via 10 shares The board sold 1 784 320 45 381 205 today 3 worth of shares by February 22 1873 Philadelphia contributed 1 5 million and Pennsylvania gave 1 million On February 11 1876 Congress appropriated 1 5 million in a loan The board initially thought it was a subsidy But after the exposition ended the federal government sued to have the money returned and the United States Supreme Court ultimately forced repayment John Welsh enlisted help from the women of Philadelphia who had helped him in the Great Sanitary Fair A Women s Centennial Executive Committee was formed with Elizabeth Duane Gillespie a great granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin as president In its first few months the group raised 40 000 When the group learned the planning commission was not doing much to display the work of women it raised an additional 30 000 for a women s exhibition building 4 In 1873 the Centennial Commission named Alfred T Goshorn as the director general of the Exposition The Fairmount Park Commission set aside 450 acres 1 8 km2 of West Fairmount Park for the exposition which was dedicated on July 4 1873 4 by Secretary of the Navy George M Robeson The Commission decided to classify the exhibits into seven departments agriculture art education and science horticulture machinery manufactures and mining and metallurgy Newspaper publisher John W Forney agreed to head and pay for a Philadelphia commission sent to Europe to invite nations to exhibit at the exposition Despite fears of a European boycott and high American tariffs making foreign goods not worthwhile no European country declined the invitation 5 To accommodate out of town visitors temporary hotels were constructed near the exposition s grounds A Centennial Lodging House Agency made a list of rooms in hotels boarding houses and private homes and then sold tickets for the available rooms in cities promoting the Centennial or on trains heading for Philadelphia Philadelphia streetcars increased service and the Pennsylvania Railroad ran special trains from Philadelphia s Market Street New York City Baltimore and Pittsburgh The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad ran special trains from the Center City part of Philadelphia A small hospital was built on the exposition s grounds by the Centennial s Medical Bureau but despite a heat wave during the summer no mass health crises occurred 6 Philadelphia passed an ordinance that authorized Mayor William S Stokley to appoint 500 men as Centennial Guards for the exposition Among soldiers and local men hired by the city was Frank Geyer best known for investigating one of America s first serial killers H H Holmes 7 8 Centennial Guards policed exhibits kept the peace reunited lost children and received recorded and when possible returned lost items the most unusual of which were front hair pieces and false teeth 9 10 11 Guards were required to live onsite and were housed at six police stations strategically located throughout the Exposition A magistrate s office and courtroom were located at the only two story police station located on the grounds and was used to conduct prisoner hearings Officers slept in cramped quarters which fostered health issues Eight guards died while working the Exposition six from typhoid fever one from smallpox and one from organic disease of the heart 12 13 The Centennial National Bank was chartered on January 19 1876 to be the financial agent of the board at the Centennial Exhibition receiving and accounting for daily receipts changing foreign moneys into current funds etc according to an article three days later in The Philadelphia Inquirer Its main branch designed by Frank Furness was opened that April on the southeast corner of Market Street and 32nd Street A branch office operated during the exposition on the fairgrounds 14 The Centennial Commission ran out of funds for printing and other expenses Philadelphia city officials appropriated 50 000 to make up for the shortfall 15 16 Herman J Schwarzmann editHerman J Schwarzmann an engineer for the Fairmount Park Commission was appointed the main designer of the exposition In 1869 Schwarzmann began working for the Fairmount Park Commission which administered the site of the 1876 Centennial Exposition It is one of the great urban parks of the United States its importance in landscape history was surpassed only by Central Park Schwarzmann was the chief architect for the Centennial Exposition designing Memorial Hall Horticultural Hall other small buildings and the landscaping around them His work for the Centennial Exposition was informed by the Vienna International Exposition in 1873 which Schwarzmann visited to study the buildings and the grounds layout The Vienna International Exposition in 1873 was marred by disastrous logistic planning and was taken as a cautionary example At the Vienna Exposition there was no convenient way for visitors to reach the fairgrounds and exorbitant rates were charged by carriage drivers Drawing lessons from this failure the Philadelphia exposition was ready for its visitors with direct railroad connections to service passenger trains every 30 minutes trolley lines street cars carriage routes and even docking facilities on the river Structures edit nbsp Map of the exposition complex in Philadelphia More than 200 buildings were constructed within the exposition s grounds which were surrounded by a fence nearly three miles long 17 There were five main buildings in the exposition They were the Main Exhibition Building Memorial Hall Machinery Hall Agricultural Hall and Horticultural Hall Apart from these buildings there were separate buildings for state federal foreign corporate and public comfort buildings This strategy of numerous buildings in one exposition set it apart from the previous fairs around the world that had relied exclusively on having one or a few large buildings The Centennial Commission sponsored a design competition for the principal buildings conducted in two rounds winners of the first round had to have details such as construction cost and time prepared for the runoff on September 20 1873 After the ten design winners were chosen it was determined that none of them allowed enough time for construction and limited finances citation needed The architecture of the exposition mainly consisted of two types of building traditional masonry monuments and buildings with a structural framework of iron and steel Main Exhibition Building edit nbsp The main exhibition building at 21 acres it was the largest building in world history at the time nbsp The interior of the main exhibition building looking west from the grandstand The Centennial Commission turned to third place winner s architect Henry Pettit and engineer Joseph M Wilson for design and construction of the Main Exhibition Building A temporary structure the Main Building was the largest building in the world by area enclosing 21 5 acres 87 000 m2 5 It measured 464 ft 141 m in width and 1 880 ft 570 m in length It was constructed using prefabricated parts with a wood and iron frame resting on a substructure of 672 stone piers Wrought iron roof trusses were supported by the columns of the superstructure The building took eighteen months to complete and cost 1 580 000 The building was surrounded by portals on all four sides The east entrance of the building was used as an access way for carriages and the south entrance of the building served as a primary entrance to the building for streetcars The north side related the building to the Art Gallery and the west side served as a passageway to the Machinery and Agricultural Halls In the Main Exhibition Building columns were placed at a uniform distance of 24 ft 7 3 m The entire structure consisted of 672 columns the shortest column 23 ft 7 0 m in length and the longest 125 ft 38 m in length The construction included red and black brick laid design with stained glass or painted glass decorations The Interior walls were whitewashed and woodwork was decorated with shades of green crimson blue and gold The flooring of the building was made of wooden planks that rested directly on the ground without any air space underneath them The orientation of the building was east west in direction making it well lit and glass was used between the frames to let in light Skylights were set over the central aisles of the structure The corridors of the building were separated by fountains that were attractive and also provided cooling The structure of the building featured a central avenue with a series of parallel sheds that were 120 ft 37 m wide 1 832 ft 558 m long and 75 ft 23 m high It was the longest nave ever introduced into an exhibition building up to that time On both sides of the nave were avenues 100 ft 30 m in width and 1 832 ft 558 m in length Aisles 48 ft 15 m wide were located between the nave and the side avenues and smaller aisles 24 ft 7 3 m in width were on the outer sides of the building The exterior of the building featured four towers each 75 ft 23 m high at each of the building s corners These towers had small balconies at different heights that served as observation galleries Within the building exhibits were arranged in a grid in a dual arrangement of type and national origin Exhibits from the United States were placed in the center of the building and foreign exhibits were arranged around the center based on the nation s distance from the United States Exhibits inside the Main Exhibition Building dealt with mining metallurgy manufacturing education and science 18 Offices for foreign commissioners were placed in proximity to the products exhibited along in the aisles along the sides of the building The walkways leading to the exit doors were ten feet wide After the Exposition the structure was turned into a permanent building for the International Exhibition During the auction held on December 1 1876 it was bought for 250 000 It quickly ran into financial difficulties but remained open through 1879 and was finally demolished in 1881 Agricultural Hall edit The third largest structure at the exposition was Agricultural Hall Designed by James H Windrim Agricultural Hall was 820 ft 250 m long and 540 ft 160 m wide Made of wood and glass the building was designed to look like various barn structures pieced together The building s exhibits included products and machines used in agriculture and other related businesses 19 Horticultural Hall edit nbsp A stereoscopic view of Horticultural Hall 1875 76 demolished 1954 in Philadelphia now part of the Robert N Dennis Collection at New York Public Library Situated high atop a hill presiding over Fountain Avenue Horticultural Hall epitomized floral achievement which attracted professional and amateur gardeners Unlike the other main buildings it was meant to be permanent Horticultural Hall had an iron and glass frame on a brick and marble foundation and was 383 ft 117 m long 193 ft 59 m wide and 68 ft 21 m tall 20 The building was designed in the Moorish style and intended as a tribute to the Crystal Palace of London s Great Exhibition of 1851 Inside nurserymen florists and landscape architects exhibited a variety of tropical plants garden equipment and garden plans In dramatic fashion the exposition introduced the general public to the notion of landscape design as exemplified the building itself and the grounds surrounding it A long sunken parterre leading to Horticultural Hall became the exposition s iconic floral feature reproduced on countless postcards and other memorabilia This sunken garden enabled visitors on the raised walkways to see the patterns and shapes of the flowerbeds After the Exposition the building continued to be used for horticultural exhibits until it was severely damaged by Hurricane Hazel in 1954 and was subsequently demolished 17 As a replacement the Fairmount Park Horticulture Center was built on the site in 1976 as part of the United States Bicentennial exposition Machinery Hall edit nbsp Machinery Hall Designed by Joseph M Wilson and Henry Pettit Machinery Hall was the second largest structure in the exposition and located west of the Main Exhibition Building With a superstructure made of wood and glass resting on a foundation of massive masonry it had a main hall painted light blue 1 402 ft 427 m long and 360 ft 110 m wide with a wing of 208 ft 63 m by 210 ft 64 m attached on the south side of the building The length of the building was 18 times its height With eight entrances it occupied 558 440 sq ft 51 881 m2 had 1 900 exhibitors and took six months to construct The exhibits focused on machines and evolving industries 21 Machinery Hall was the show case for the state of the art industrial technology that was being produced at the time The United States of America alone took up two thirds of the exhibit space in the building One of the major attractions on display in the building was the Corliss Centennial Steam Engine that ran power to all the machinery in the building as well as other parts of the world s fair The 1 400 horsepower engine was 45 ft 14 m tall weighed 650 tons and had 1 mi 1 6 km of overhead line belts connecting to the machinery in the building It symbolized the technology that was transforming the United States into an industrial powerhouse Amenities available to the visitors within the hall were rolling chairs telegraph offices and dinner for fifty cents Machinery Hall had 8 000 operating machines and was filled with a wide assortment of hand tools machine tools material handling equipment and the latest fastener technology Some of the sandstone that was used to build the hall was from Curwensville Pennsylvania Memorial Hall edit nbsp Memorial Hall nbsp The Italian Department of Memorial Hall Annex The Art Gallery building now known as Memorial Hall is the only large exhibit building still standing on the exposition site Constructed of brick glass iron and granite in the beaux arts style it was the largest art hall in the country when it opened with a massive 1 5 acre 0 61 ha footprint and a 150 ft 46 m dome atop a 59 ft 18 m high structure The central domed area is surrounded by four pavilions on the corners with open arcades to the east and west of the main entrance It provided 75 000 sq ft 7 000 m2 of wall surface for paintings and 20 000 sq ft 1 900 m2 of floor space for sculptures The exposition received so many art contributions that a separate annex was built to house them all Another structure was built for the display of photography 22 Memorial Hall was designed by Herman J Schwarzmann who basically adopted an art museum plan submitted by Nicholas Felix Escalier to the Prix de Rome competition in 1867 69 Memorial Hall became the prototype both from a stylistic and organizational standpoint for other museums such as the Art Institute of Chicago 1892 1893 the Milwaukee Public Museum 1893 1897 the Brooklyn Museum 1893 1924 and the Detroit Institute of Art 1920 1927 Libraries such as the Library of Congress the New York Public Library and the Free Library of Philadelphia also emulated its form Finally Memorial Hall was the architectural inspiration for the German capitol the Reichstag building in Berlin 23 After the exposition Memorial Hall reopened in 1877 as the Pennsylvania Museum of Art and included the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art In 1928 the museum moved to Fairmount at the head of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway and in 1938 was renamed the Philadelphia Museum of Art Memorial Hall continued to house the school and afterward was taken over by the Fairmount Park Commission in 1958 24 The museum school is now the University of the Arts Used for a time as a police station the building now houses the Please Touch Museum 5 25 which includes a faithful 20x30 foot model of the exposition grounds and 200 buildings Women s Pavilion edit nbsp The Women s Pavilion The Women s Pavilion was the first structure at an international exposition to highlight the work of women with exhibits created and operated by women Female organizers drew upon deep rooted traditions of separatism and sorority in planning fundraising and managing a pavilion devoted entirely to the artistic and industrial pursuits of their gender They had to build their own structure because they lost their spot in one of the larger pavilions the Main Building due to an unexpected increase in the participation of foreign countries Their aim was to employ only women in the construction of the pavilion and even to power it and they succeeded with the exception of the design by Hermann J Schwarzmann Their overarching goal was to advance women s social economic and legal standing abolish restrictions discriminating against their gender encourage sexual harmony and gain influence leverage and freedom for all women in and outside of the home by increasing women s confidence and ability to choose A project of the Women s Centennial Executive Committee the Women s Pavilion was commissioned in 1873 by the United States Centennial Board of Finance with the expectation that it would generate enthusiasm for the celebration of the fair and increase subscriptions to exposition stock Elizabeth Duane Gillespie president of the Women s Centennial Committee led the effort to gather 82 000 signatures in two days to raise money for the pavilion Gillespie also helped convince Congress to grant additional funding It took only four months to raise the funds for the pavilion Much of the pavilion was devoted to human ecology and home economics On exhibit were over 80 patented inventions including a reliance stove a hand attachment for sewing machines a dishwasher a fountain griddle greaser a heating iron with removable handle a frame for stretching and drying lace curtains and a stocking and glove darner The Centennial women not only showed domestic production but also employed a popular means for justifying female autonomy outside of the home by demonstrating to visitors the many ways women were making a profitable living Exhibits demonstrated positive achievements and women s influence in domains such as industrial and fine arts wood carvings furniture making and ceramics fancy articles clothing and woven goods and philanthropy as well as philosophy science medicine education and literature Mexico participated in the pavilion s exhibits indicating the growth of a sector of elite women during the Porfirio Diaz regime of the late nineteenth century with many individual women sending examples of woven textiles and embroidery 26 Other buildings edit nbsp The Ohio House one of four exposition buildings remaining in Fairmount Park the others are Memorial Hall and two comfort stations Eleven nations had their own exhibition buildings and others contributed small structures including the Swedish School house referenced below now in Central Park New York City The British buildings were extensive and exhibited the evolved bicycle with tension spokes and a large front wheel Two English manufacturers Bayless Thomas and Rudge displayed their high wheel bikes called ordinary bikes or penny farthings at the exposition The bicycle displays inspired Albert Augustus Pope to begin making high wheel bikes in the United States He started the Columbia Bike Company and published a journal called LAW Bulletin and Good Roads which was the beginning of the Good Roads Movement citation needed The main British building also known as St George s Hall or the English Commission Building survived at its original site as Fairmount Park offices until it was demolished in 1961 27 26 of the 37 U S states constructed buildings along States Drive in the exhibition grounds Only three such state houses are still extant the Ohio House at its original location in Fairmount Park 28 the Maryland House which was moved to Druid Hill Park in Baltimore where it is extant today 29 and the Missouri House which was moved to Spring Lake New Jersey along with several other exhibition buildings some of which are still extant in various Jersey Shore towns 30 The United States government had a cross shaped building that held exhibits from various government departments The remaining structures were corporate exhibitions administration buildings restaurants and other buildings designed for public comfort 31 Exposition edit nbsp The interior of Horticultural Hall in 1876 nbsp The unbuilt Centennial Tower a 1 000 foot tall 300 m tower conceived in 1874 by engineers Clarke and Reeves The formal name of the exposition was the International Exhibition of Arts Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine but the official theme was the celebration of the United States centennial This was reinforced by promotional tie ins such as the publication of Kate Harrington s Centennial and Other Poems which celebrated the exposition and the centennial At the same time the exposition was designed to show the world the United States industrial and innovative prowess 1 The exposition was originally scheduled to open in April marking the anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord but construction delays caused the date to be pushed back to May 10 Bells rang all over Philadelphia to signal the exposition s opening The opening ceremony was attended by President Ulysses Grant and his wife as well as Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his wife A cantata commissioned for the occasion written by Dudley Buck and Sidney Lanier was performed 32 The opening ceremony concluded in Machinery Hall with Grant and Pedro II turning on the Corliss Steam Engine which powered most of the other machines at the exposition The official number of first day attendees was 186 272 people with 110 000 entering with free passes In the days following the opening ceremony attendance dropped dramatically with only 12 720 people visiting the exposition the next day The average daily attendance for May was 36 000 and for June 39 000 A severe heat wave began in mid June and continued into July hurting attendance The average temperature was 81 F 27 C and on ten days during the heat wave the temperature reached 100 F 38 C The average daily attendance for July was 35 000 but it rose in August to 42 000 despite the return of high temperatures at the end of the month 33 Cooling temperatures news reports and word of mouth began increasing attendance in the final three months of the exposition with many of the visitors coming from farther distances In September the average daily attendance rose to 94 000 and in October to 102 000 The highest attendance date of the entire exposition was September 28 The day which saw about a quarter of a million people attend was Pennsylvania Day It celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and exposition events included speeches receptions and fireworks The final month of the exposition November had an average daily attendance of 115 000 By the time the exposition ended on November 10 a total of 10 164 489 had visited the fair 6 Among the attendees who were duly impressed by the exposition were Princeton University sophomore Woodrow Wilson and his minister father Joseph Ruggles Wilson visiting from North Carolina 34 Although not financially successful for investors the Centennial Exposition impressed foreigners with the industrial and commercial growth of the country The level of exports increased the level of imports decreased and the trade balance grew in favor of the United States Inventions edit nbsp The Centennial Monorail a steam locomotive and one of the inventions presented at the exposition The Centennial Monorail featured a steam locomotive and passenger car that straddled a single elevated iron rail Mass produced products and new inventions were on display within Machinery Hall Inventions included the typewriter and electric pen along with new types of mass produced sewing machines stoves lanterns guns wagons carriages and agricultural equipment The exposition also featured many well known products including Alexander Graham Bell s first telephone set up at opposite ends of Machinery Hall Thomas Edison s automatic telegraph system screw cutting machines that dramatically improved the production of screws and bolts from 8 000 to 100 000 per day and a universal grinding machine by the Brown amp Sharpe Manufacturing Company Air powered tools along with a mechanical calculator by George B Grant were exhibited John A Roebling amp Sons Company displayed a slice of their 5 inch diameter cable to be used for the Brooklyn Bridge New food products such as popcorn and ketchup along with root beer were also exhibited Consumer products first displayed to the public include Alexander Graham Bell s telephone The Sholes and Glidden typewriter also known as the Remington No 1 Heinz Ketchup Wallace Farmer Electric Dynamo precursor to electric light Hires Root Beer Kudzu erosion control plant speciesExhibits edit nbsp The right arm and torch of Statue of Liberty at the exposition nbsp Germany s exhibit of Krupp guns and cannons nbsp Largest knife and fork in the world The right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty were showcased at the exposition For a fee of 50 cents visitors could climb the ladder to the balcony and the money raised this way was used to fund the pedestal for the statue Technologies introduced at the fair include the Corliss Steam Engine Pennsylvania Railroad displayed the John Bull steam locomotive that was originally built in 1831 35 The Waltham Watch Company displayed the first automatic screw making machinery and won the Gold Medal in the first international watch precision competition Until the start of 2004 many of the exposition s exhibits were displayed in the Smithsonian Institution s Arts and Industries Building in Washington D C adjacent to the Castle building Still basking in afterglow of its victory in the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 the newly founded German Empire foregrounded its arms industry especially the powerful Krupp guns and heavy cannons that were sold and exported to numerous nations in the following years By way of contrast the craftsmanship of France which had been defeated in the Franco Prussian War was represented by the Gothic Revival high altar that Edward Sorin founder of University of Notre Dame had commissioned from the workshop of Desire Froc Robert amp Sons in Paris After the exposition the altar was installed at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart on Notre Dame s campus where it remains to this day For Mexico which was emerging from a long period of internal disorder and foreign invasions the exposition was an opportunity for the Liberal regime of President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada to garner international recognition of his regime and to counter anti Mexican public opinion in the United States Prominent Mexican painters including Jose Maria Velasco Jose Obregon and Santiago Rebull exhibited there Velasco s work was greatly admired gaining him international recognition and enhancing his standing in Mexico 36 The Swedish Cottage representing a rural Swedish schoolhouse of traditional style was re erected in Central Park in New York City after the exposition closed It is now the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre The Japan exhibit included a pavilion house and garden with one of the first dwarfed trees to be displayed outside of Japan 37 The official state pavilion of New Jersey was a reconstruction of the Ford Mansion in Morristown New Jersey which served as General George Washington s headquarters during the winter of 1779 80 Featuring costumed presenters and a colonial kitchen complete with a spinning wheel the reconstructed mansion was accompanied by a polemical narrative about old fashioned domesticity This quaint hearth and home interpretation of the colonial past was counterposed to the theme of progress with the overarching theme of the exposition serving to reinforce a view of American progress as evolving from a small hardy colonial stock rather than from a continual influx of multi ethnic waves of immigration It sparked an era of Colonial Revival in American architecture and house furnishings Beaver Falls Cutlery Company exhibited the largest knife and fork in the world made by Chinese immigrant workers among others 38 See also editArts and Industries Building the Smithsonian in Washington D C built in 1879 1881 to house exhibits from the Centennial Exposition Centennial Arboretum Centennial comfort stations Sesquicentennial Exposition the 150th anniversary of the United States 1926 United States Bicentennial the 200th anniversary 1976 United States Semiquincentennial the 250th anniversary 2026 List of world expositions List of world s fairsReferences edit a b c Gross Linda P Theresa R Snyder 2005 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition Arcadia Publishing p 7 ISBN 0 7385 3888 4 a b Wainwright Nicholas Weigley Russell Wolf Edwin 1982 Philadelphia A 300 Year History W W Norton amp Company p 460 ISBN 0 393 01610 2 1634 1699 McCusker J J 1997 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States Addenda et Corrigenda PDF American Antiquarian Society 1700 1799 McCusker J J 1992 How Much Is That in Real Money A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States PDF American Antiquarian Society 1800 present Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Consumer Price Index estimate 1800 Retrieved February 29 2024 a b Philadelphia A 300 Year History p 461 a b c Philadelphia A 300 Year History p 462 a b Philadelphia A 300 Year History pp 467 468 Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers 1878 Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877 8 Pennsylvania Gillan amp Nagle pp 97 99 Crighton JD 2017 Detective in the White City The Real Story of Frank Geyer Murrieta CA RW Publishing House pp 28 29 ISBN 9781946100023 Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers 1878 Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877 8 Pennsylvania Gillan amp Nagle p 98 Crighton JD 2017 Detective in the White City The Real Story of Frank Geyer Murrieta CA RW Publishing House p 29 ISBN 978 1 946100 02 3 Burr Samuel 1877 Memorial of the International Exhibition Hartford CT L Stebbins pp 757 59 McCabe James D 1876 The Illustrated History of the Centennial Exposition Held in Commemoration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Independence Philadelphia PA The National Publishing Company p 620 Crighton JD 2017 Detective in the White City The Real Story of Frank Geyer Murrieta CA RW Publishing House pp 29 30 ISBN 978 1 946100 02 3 Centennial National Bank Archived from the original on June 6 2010 Retrieved September 23 2010 Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers 1878 Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exposition Comprising the Preliminary and Final Reports of the Pennsylvania Board of Centennial Managers Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1877 8 Pennsylvania Gillan amp Nagle pp 93 244 Crighton JD 2017 Detective in the White City The Real Story of Frank Geyer Murrieta CA RW Publishing House p 30 ISBN 978 1 946100 02 3 a b Philadelphia A 300 Year History p 464 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition pp 29 30 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition pp 85 86 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition p 95 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition p 67 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition pp 101 103 Filler Martin Makers of Modern Architecture Volume 1 New York The New York Review of Books 2007 ISBN 978 1 59017 227 8 p 226 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition p 105 Resinger Kelly Memorial Hall Update Please Touch Museum Archived from the original on February 6 2007 Retrieved January 17 2007 Mauricio Tenorio Trillo Mexico at the World s Fairs Crafting a Nation Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1996 p 25 International Exhibition of 1876 PDF Archived PDF from the original on September 27 2021 Retrieved March 9 2021 Ohio House Philadelphia Parks amp Recreation Fairmount Park Archived from the original on January 26 2012 Retrieved January 19 2012 The Maryland Building Archived from the original on November 30 2020 Retrieved March 9 2021 Frank J Prial July 15 1976 Buildings From 1876 Centennial Live On in Spring Lake N J Archived March 30 2018 at the Wayback Machine nytimes com The New York Times Retrieved March 10 2019 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition p 109 Orr N Lee 2008 Dudley Buck Urbana University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 03279 0 OCLC 177069162 Archived from the original on January 25 2022 Retrieved November 7 2022 Philadelphia A 300 Year History p 466 Berg A Scott 2013 Wilson New York NY G P Putnam s Sons p 62 ISBN 978 0 399 15921 3 Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Retrieved November 18 2013 Forney M N August 1888 American Locomotives and Cars Scribner s Magazine IV 2 177 Mauricio Tenorio Trillo Mexico at the World s Fairs Crafting a Modern Nation Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Perss 1996 39 41 55 Del Tredici Peter June 8 2017 The Introduction of Japanese Plants Into North America The Botanical Review 83 3 215 252 Bibcode 2017BotRv 83 215D doi 10 1007 s12229 017 9184 3 ISSN 0006 8101 S2CID 255561128 Archived from the original on February 2 2024 Retrieved June 6 2023 Anon 1993 Gone but not forgotten the Beaver Falls Cutlery Company Industrious Beaver Falls Darlington Pennsylvania Beaver County Industrial Museum This is based on Anon 1992 The history and lore of Beaver Co the Chinese in Beaver Falls 1872 The Beaver Countian Vol III no 1 Beaver Falls Pennsylvania pp 1 3 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Further reading editGross Linda P Theresa R Snyder 2005 Philadelphia s 1876 Centennial Exhibition Arcadia Publishing ISBN 0 7385 3888 4 Harrington Kate 1876 Centennial and Other Poems Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978 0 548 43372 0 Ingram J S 1876 The Centennial Exposition Philadelphia Hubbard Bros OCLC 1186046 OL 23285381M Wainwright Nicholas Russell Weigley Edwin Wolf 1982 Philadelphia A 300 Year History W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0 393 01610 2 Strahan Edward ed A Century After Picturesque Glimpses of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Philadelphia Allen Lane amp Scott and J W Lauderbach 1875 Centennial Exhibition Exhibition Facts Centennial Exhibition Exhibition Facts N p 2001 Web 06 Dec 2015 https web archive org web 20151116042008 http libwww library phila gov CenCol exhibitionfax htm Weber Austin Then amp Now The 1876 Centennial Exposition Assembly Design CMS Hosting amp Web Development 1 Sept 2001 http www assemblymag com articles 83790 then now the 1876 centennial exposition Cordato Mary F January 1 1983 Toward A New Century Women and The Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition 1876 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol 107 no 1 pp 113 135 Retrieved October 15 2017 Centennial Exhibition Tours Centennial Exhibition Tours Free Library of Philadelphia 2001 Web 06 Dec 2015 https libwww freelibrary org CenCol tours htm Calney Mark The Centennial Exhibition The State Buildings Sci Am Scientific American 34 21 1876 322 24 The International Centennial Exhibition of 1876 or Why the British Started a World War Mark Calney 2010 7 May 2006 Web https web archive org web 20160304064854 http larouchejapan com japanese drupal 6 14 sites default files text 1876 Centennial Exhibition pdf Allen Scott August 16 2010 Party Like It s 1876 12 Items From the Centennial Exposition Mental Floss Mental Floss Inc Retrieved October 15 2017 The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 The Internet 1996 World Exposition Retrieved October 15 2017 Lawson Dennis T 1969 Centennial Exhibition of 1876 Harrisburg Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Retrieved October 15 2017 Hunt John Dixon A World of Gardens London Reaktion Books 2012 Bruno Giberti Designing the Centennial A History of the 1876 International Exhibition in Philadelphia University Press of Kentucky 2002 International Exhibition 1876 Official Catalogue John R Nagle and company Tenorio Trillo Mauricio Mexico at the World s Fairs Crafting a Nation Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press 1996 Crighton JD 2017 Detective in the White City The Real Story of Frank Geyer RW Publishing House ISBN 978 1 946100 02 3 Frank Geyer was hired to work as a centennial guard for the Centennial Exposition He later became famous for his investigation of H H Holmes one of America s first serial killers External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centennial Exposition Expo 1876 Philadelphia at the Bureau International des Expositions United States Centennial Exhibition at the Free Library of Philadelphia Centennial Exposition Described and Illustrated by J S Ingram published by Hubbard Bros Philadelphia 1876 Internet Archive Centennial International Exhibition collection at Winterthur Library Centennial Exhibition Collection at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Exhibition 1876 Report to the Federal High Council horological report by Ed Favre Perret at Richard Watkins Horological Books American and Swiss Watchmaking in 1876 by Jacques David at Richard Watkins Horological Books Historic American Buildings Survey HABS documentation filed under Philadelphia Philadelphia County PA HABS No PA 1080 International Exhibition of 1876 St George s House States Drive 7 photos 4 data pages supplemental material HABS No PA 1480 Sons of Temperance Fountain Independence Square moved from Centennial Exhibition grounds at Belmont and Fountain Avenues 2 photos 1 data page 1 photo caption page HABS No PA 1652 Centennial Guard Box Traffic Triangle Benjamin Franklin Parkway vicinity 1 photo 1 photo caption page supplemental material HABS No PA 1659 International Exposition of 1876 Memorial Hall Belmont Avenue 35 photos 4 color transparencies 3 data pages 6 photo caption pages HABS No PA 1660 International Exhibition of 1876 Ohio Building 5 photos 2 color transparencies 3 photo caption pages HABS No PA 6183 Fairmount Park Along Schuylkill River 16 measured drawings 44 data pages Centennial Exhibition Photograph and Ephemera Collection Archived August 14 2020 at the Wayback Machine at the Hagley Museum and Library Historical Society of Pennsylvania s collection of paintings Internet Archive by David J Kennedy A collection of stereoviews Internet Archive 1876 Philadelphia approximately 160 links General LeRoy Stone s Centennial Monorail at The Self Site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Centennial Exposition amp oldid 1219787135, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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