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Wikipedia

.us

January 01, 1970

.us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States. It was established in early 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be U.S. citizens, residents, or organizations – or foreign entities with a presence in the United States or any territory of the United States.[2] Most registrants in the U.S. have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments, even though private entities may also register .us domains.[3] The domain is managed by Registry Services, LLC, a domain name registry, on behalf of the United States Department of Commerce.[4]

.us
IntroducedFebruary 15, 1985; 39 years ago (1985-02-15)
TLD typeCountry code top-level domain
StatusActive
RegistryRegistry Services, LLC
SponsorNational Telecommunications and Information Administration
Intended useEntities connected with the United States
Actual useUsed in the United States but not as widely as gTLDs
Registered domains1,799,026 (October 2021)[1]
Registration restrictionsConnection with the U.S. requirement can be enforced by challenge but rarely is
Structure2nd-level registrations allowed; originally only 3rd- or 4th-level registrations in a complex hierarchy
DocumentsRFC 1480; USDoC agreements with Neustar; Other policies
Dispute policiesusTLD Dispute Resolution Policy (usDRP)
DNSSECyes
Registry websiteabout.us

The .us domain is less commonly used by American businesses and enterprises than the more international .com.[5]

History edit

On February 15, 1985, .us was created as the Internet's first ccTLD.[6][7] Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California (USC). He administered .us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense) and later Network Solutions (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation).

Postel and his colleague Ann Westine Cooper[8] codified the .us ccTLD's policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386[9] and revised them the following June in RFC 1480. Registrants could only register third-level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy. From June 1993 to June 1997, Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under .us to various public and private entities. .us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in, but not directly with the .us administrator. In July 1997, Postel instituted a "50/500 rule" that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum, 50 in a given state.[10]

In June 1998, Postel raised the possibility of covering IANA operating costs by charging locality name registrars, who would pass the costs along to individual registrants. In September 1998, the United States Postal Service proposed funding the operations in order to assume control of .us, as part of a plan to diversify away from postage revenue.[11] On October 1, 1998, the NSF transferred oversight of the .us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce.[12] Postel died that month, leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI. In December 2000, these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions, which had recently been acquired by Verisign.[10][13][14]

On October 26, 2001, Neustar was awarded the contract to administer .us. On April 24, 2002, second-level domains under .us became available for registration. One of the first .us domain hacks, icio.us, was registered on May 3, 2002, for the creation of the subdomain del.icio.us.[15][16] A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality-based namespaces, and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities.[17] Neustar's contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in 2007 and most recently in 2014.[10][18]

On March 31, 2019, the .us registry made it clear that under its Acceptable Use Policy it would not allow the sale of opioids through the .us top level domain.[19]

In Q2 2020, GoDaddy acquired Neustar's registry business.[20]

Locality namespace edit

The .us ccTLD is historically organized under a complex locality namespace hierarchy. Until second-level registrations were introduced in 2002, .us permitted only fourth-level domain registrations of the form organization-name.locality.state.us, with some exceptions for government entities. Registrants of locality-based domains must meet the same criteria as in the rest of the .us ccTLD. Though the locality namespace is most commonly used for government entities, it is also open to registrations by private businesses and individuals. Since 2002, second-level domain registrations have eclipsed those in the locality namespace, and many local governments have transitioned to .org and other TLDs.[10] In the 2010s, the first top-level domains for U.S. cities became available as paid alternatives to third-level locality domains, including .nyc as an alternative to .new-york.ny.us.

Many locality-based zones of .us are delegated to various public and private entities known as delegated managers. Domains in these zones are registered through the delegated manager, rather than through GoDaddy. As the delegated managers are expected to receive requests directly from registrants, few if any domain name registrars serve this space, possibly contributing to its lower visibility and utilization. RFC 1480 describes the rationale for the locality namespace's deep hierarchy and local delegation:[10]

One concern is that things will continue to grow dramatically, and this will require more subdivision of the domain name management. Maybe the plan for the US Domain is overkill on growth planning, but there has never been overplanning for growth yet.

This hierarchical system has proven unappealing to companies that operate nationally or globally.[21]

As of October 31, 2013, 12,979 domains were registered under the locality namespace, of which 3,653 were managed by about 1,300 delegated managers while 9,326 were managed by Neustar as the de facto manager.[22] According to a 2013 survey of 539 delegated managers, 282 were state or local government agencies, while 98 were private individuals and 85 were commercial Internet service providers. Nearly 90% of the respondents offer domain registrations for free.[10]

The .au and .ca ccTLDs have also established third- and fourth-level locality namespaces, though the .ca locality namespace is no longer open to registrations. The .cn ccTLD maintains a third-level locality namespace in general use.

States and territories edit

A two-letter second-level domain is formally reserved for each U.S. state, federal territory, and the District of Columbia. Each domain corresponds to a USPS abbreviation. For example, .ny.us is reserved for websites affiliated with New York, while .va.us is for those affiliated with Virginia. Second-level domains are also reserved for five U.S. territories: .as.us for American Samoa, .gu.us for Guam, .mp.us for the Northern Mariana Islands, .pr.us for Puerto Rico, and .vi.us for the U.S. Virgin Islands. However, these domains go unused because each territory has its own ccTLD per ISO 3166-1 alpha-2: respectively, .as, .gu, .mp, .pr, and .vi.

A state's main government portal is usually found at the third-level domain state.state.us, which is reserved for this purpose. However, some state administrations prefer .gov domains: for example, California's government portal is located at www.ca.gov, while www.state.ma.us redirects to Massachusetts's portal at www.mass.gov. Fully spelled-out names of states are also reserved under .us,[10] so the State of Ohio's website was at one point available at www.ohio.us[23] in addition to the usual www.ohio.gov, with the former www.state.oh.us remaining as a redirect. Other than for state governments, no third-level domain registrations are permitted under state or territory second-level domains.

A few additional names are reserved at the second level for government agencies that are not subordinate to a state government:

Locality domains edit

A large number of third-level domains are reserved for localities within states. Each fourth-level domain registration under this namespace follows the format organization-name.locality.state.us, where state is a state's two-letter postal abbreviation and locality is a hyphenated name that corresponds to a ZIP code or appears in a well-known atlas.[10]

Two values of organization-name are formally reserved across the entire locality namespace for city and county governments:[10]

  • ci.locality.state.us for city governments
  • co.locality.state.us for county governments

Delegated managers often reserve additional names for different kinds of local governments:[10]

In some cases, a local government that serves as the delegated manager for its own locality may locate its website directly under the locality, omitting the organization-name. For example, the website of the City of Brunswick, Ohio, is located at www.brunswick.oh.us rather than www.ci.brunswick.oh.us, and the website of Delhi Township, Ohio, is located at delhi.oh.us instead of www.twp.delhi.oh.us. Many large cities use .gov extensions, for example New York City: www.nyc.gov; Chicago: www.chicago.gov, Rochester, New York: cityofrochester.gov; and Atlanta: www.atlantaga.gov.

Private organizations and individuals may register fourth-level domains parallel to these government domains, for example:

Affinity namespaces edit

Directly beneath the state.us zone, several affinity namespaces are reserved for specific purposes:

  • state: state government agencies (organization-name.state.state.us)
  • dst: government agencies in administrative districts (organization-name.dst.state.us)
    • Example: www.mcwd.dst.ca.us (a water district in California)
  • cog: councils of governments, that is, federations of cities or counties (organization-name.cog.state.us)
    • Example: www.texoma.cog.tx.us (Texoma Council of Governments)
  • k12: public elementary and/or secondary unified school districts (district-name.k12.state.us), or individual schools (school-name.k12.state.us)
  • cc: community colleges (school-name.cc.state.us)
  • tec: technical and vocational schools (school-name.tec.state.us)
  • lib: public libraries (library-name.lib.state.us)
  • mus: museums (museum-name.mus.state.us)
    • Example: www.tcha.mus.in.us (a local historical museum)
  • gen: general independent entities (clubs or other groups not fitting into the above categories) (organization-name.gen.state.us)
    • Examples: www.mrc.gen.mn.us (an amateur radio association in Minnesota), www.ns.gen.tx.us (Texas Regional Hostmaster, the .tx.us delegated manager)

Some of these affinity namespaces have been supplanted by more convenient sponsored top-level domains. The first sTLD, .museum, became available in October 2001 as an alternative to the .mus namespace. Since April 2003, the .edu top-level domain has been available as an alternative for community colleges, technical and vocational schools, and other tertiary educational institutions that might have previously used the .cc or .tec affinity namespaces.[24]

Although the Kentucky Department of Education operates the .k12.ky.us namespace for Kentucky school districts, most districts instead use subdomains of the less formal domain kyschools.us, which the department operates in a similar manner. For example, Gallatin county schools have a website at www.gallatin.k12.ky.us, while Paducah Public Schools are located at paducah.kyschools.us and the McCracken County Public Schools use mccracken.kyschools.us as a redirect to www.mccrackencountyschools.net.

Kids.us edit

The Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 107–317 (text) (PDF)) established a .kids.us second-level domain. The general public could register third-level domains under .kids.us for educational content that met strict requirements, including conformance to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and adherence to Children's Advertising Review Unit standards. Webpages were prohibited from linking outside the .kids.us namespace. On July 27, 2012, in response to declining usage and a petition by Neustar the previous year, the NTIA suspended .kids.us registrations. By that time, 651 domains were registered under .kids.us, and only five registrants (Nickelodeon, Nick Jr., PBS Kids, the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies, and Super-Fun Sports Inc operating trampoline.kids.us and trampolines.kids.us) were operating active websites.[25]

Restrictions on use edit

Under .us nexus requirements, .us domains may be registered only by the following qualified entities:

  • Any United States citizen or resident,
  • Any United States entity, such as organizations or corporations,
  • Any foreign entity or organization with a bona fide presence in the United States

To ensure that these requirements are met, GoDaddy frequently conducts "spot checks" on registrant information.

To prevent anonymous registrations that do not meet these requirements, in 2005 the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ruled that registrants of .us domains may not secure private domain name registration via anonymizing proxies, and that their contact information must be made public.[26] Registrants are required to provide complete contact information without omissions.[27]

Under the locality namespace, delegated managers may impose additional requirements.[10] For example, the Texas Regional Hostmaster restricts each of its delegated localities to organizations that have a mailing address in that locality.[28]

Other top-level domains related to the United States edit

Country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) for territories of the United States edit

New generic top-level domains for areas in the United States edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ ".US Top-Level Domain Stats and Trends". .US Domains - About.US. Scottsdale, Arizona: Registry Services. 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  3. ^ "zoom.us (video call app)". Zoom Video. from the original on June 6, 2002. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  4. ^ "About the .US Top-Level Domain - Overview | .US Domains - About.US". www.about.us. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  5. ^ "The Most Popular Domain Extensions | Top 10 TLDs". Ionos. October 17, 2022. from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  6. ^ Portenueve, Elisabeth (October 23, 2003). . AFNIC. Archived from the original on October 12, 2001. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  7. ^ "IANA — .us Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  8. ^ Carl Malamud (1992). "Exploring the Internet: Round Three, Marina del Rey". public.resource.org. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  9. ^ Jon, Postel; Ann Westine, Cooper (December 1992). "The US Domain". tools.ietf.org. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "..US Compliance Report" (PDF). Neustar. n.d. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  11. ^ Wass 2003, p. 127.
  12. ^ Requesting comments on draft statement of work regarding .us
  13. ^ Amendment 21 to the NSI Cooperative Agreement
  14. ^ THE GLOBALISATION OF REGULATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM : DOMAIN NAMES AND A NEW REGULATORY ECONOMY by ELIZABETH A WILLIAMS
  15. ^ Whois query for the domain names "DELICIO.US" and "ICIO.US". Whois database last updated March 29, 2015. Accessed March 29, 2015.
  16. ^ Lopp, Michael (December 3, 2004). "A Del.icio.us Interview". Rands in Repose. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  17. ^ Manheim, Karl M. and Solum, Lawrence B., "An Economic Analysis of Domain Name Policy" (2004). University of San Diego Law and Economics Research Paper Series. 1. http://digital.sandiego.edu/lwps_econ/art1
  18. ^ ".us Domain Space". National Telecommunications and Information Administration. February 17, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  19. ^ "Tackling the Opioid Crisis by Cutting off Online Sales in the usTLD - About.US".
  20. ^ "GoDaddy Acquires Neustar's Registry Business". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved October 26, 2023.
  21. ^ Wass 2003, pp. 127–129.
  22. ^ . Neustar. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  23. ^ . State of Ohio. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017.
  24. ^ (Press release). Educause. February 11, 2003. Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  25. ^ (PDF). Neustar. October 28, 2014. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  26. ^ "Ruling on '.us' Domain Raises Privacy Issues". washingtonpost.com. March 4, 2005. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  27. ^ . neustar.us. June 20, 2014. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  28. ^ . Texas Regional Hostmaster. May 4, 2000. Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.

Further reading edit

  • Wass, Erica Schlesinger (2003). Addressing the World: National Identity and Internet Country Code Domains. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742528109 – via Google Books.

External links edit

  • .us Domain Registry
  • .US Locality Domains February 18, 2017, at the Wayback Machine - A wiki page showing instructions for registering a fourth-level .us locality domain name.
  • IANA .us whois information
  • Domain Names: Management of Internet Names and Addresses .us Domain Space October 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  • usTLD Nexus Requirements October 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine - Requirements for registrants of .us domains
  • RFC 1480: The US Domain (June 1993)
  • March 2, 2000, at the Wayback Machine

January 01, 1970
internet, country, code, level, domain, cctld, united, states, established, early, 1985, registrants, domains, must, citizens, residents, organizations, foreign, entities, with, presence, united, states, territory, united, states, most, registrants, have, regi. us is the Internet country code top level domain ccTLD for the United States It was established in early 1985 Registrants of us domains must be U S citizens residents or organizations or foreign entities with a presence in the United States or any territory of the United States 2 Most registrants in the U S have registered for com net org and other gTLDs instead of us which has primarily been used by state and local governments even though private entities may also register us domains 3 The domain is managed by Registry Services LLC a domain name registry on behalf of the United States Department of Commerce 4 usIntroducedFebruary 15 1985 39 years ago 1985 02 15 TLD typeCountry code top level domainStatusActiveRegistryRegistry Services LLCSponsorNational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationIntended useEntities connected with the United StatesActual useUsed in the United States but not as widely as gTLDs U S state and local governments declining in favor of gov Some American businesses as alternative to comDomain hacks e g del icio us Registered domains1 799 026 October 2021 1 Registration restrictionsConnection with the U S requirement can be enforced by challenge but rarely isStructure2nd level registrations allowed originally only 3rd or 4th level registrations in a complex hierarchyDocumentsRFC 1480 USDoC agreements with Neustar Other policiesDispute policiesusTLD Dispute Resolution Policy usDRP DNSSECyesRegistry websiteabout us The us domain is less commonly used by American businesses and enterprises than the more international com 5 Contents 1 History 2 Locality namespace 2 1 States and territories 2 2 Locality domains 2 3 Affinity namespaces 3 Kids us 4 Restrictions on use 5 Other top level domains related to the United States 5 1 Country code top level domains ccTLDs for territories of the United States 5 2 New generic top level domains for areas in the United States 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory editOn February 15 1985 us was created as the Internet s first ccTLD 6 7 Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute ISI at the University of Southern California USC He administered us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International which held the us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense and later Network Solutions which held the us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation Postel and his colleague Ann Westine Cooper 8 codified the us ccTLD s policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386 9 and revised them the following June in RFC 1480 Registrants could only register third level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy From June 1993 to June 1997 Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under us to various public and private entities us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in but not directly with the us administrator In July 1997 Postel instituted a 50 500 rule that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum 50 in a given state 10 In June 1998 Postel raised the possibility of covering IANA operating costs by charging locality name registrars who would pass the costs along to individual registrants In September 1998 the United States Postal Service proposed funding the operations in order to assume control of us as part of a plan to diversify away from postage revenue 11 On October 1 1998 the NSF transferred oversight of the us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIA of the United States Department of Commerce 12 Postel died that month leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI In December 2000 these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions which had recently been acquired by Verisign 10 13 14 On October 26 2001 Neustar was awarded the contract to administer us On April 24 2002 second level domains under us became available for registration One of the first us domain hacks icio us was registered on May 3 2002 for the creation of the subdomain del icio us 15 16 A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality based namespaces and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities 17 Neustar s contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIA in 2007 and most recently in 2014 10 18 On March 31 2019 the us registry made it clear that under its Acceptable Use Policy it would not allow the sale of opioids through the us top level domain 19 In Q2 2020 GoDaddy acquired Neustar s registry business 20 Locality namespace editThe us ccTLD is historically organized under a complex locality namespace hierarchy Until second level registrations were introduced in 2002 us permitted only fourth level domain registrations of the form organization name locality state us with some exceptions for government entities Registrants of locality based domains must meet the same criteria as in the rest of the us ccTLD Though the locality namespace is most commonly used for government entities it is also open to registrations by private businesses and individuals Since 2002 second level domain registrations have eclipsed those in the locality namespace and many local governments have transitioned to org and other TLDs 10 In the 2010s the first top level domains for U S cities became available as paid alternatives to third level locality domains including nyc as an alternative to new york ny us Many locality based zones of us are delegated to various public and private entities known as delegated managers Domains in these zones are registered through the delegated manager rather than through GoDaddy As the delegated managers are expected to receive requests directly from registrants few if any domain name registrars serve this space possibly contributing to its lower visibility and utilization RFC 1480 describes the rationale for the locality namespace s deep hierarchy and local delegation 10 One concern is that things will continue to grow dramatically and this will require more subdivision of the domain name management Maybe the plan for the US Domain is overkill on growth planning but there has never been overplanning for growth yet This hierarchical system has proven unappealing to companies that operate nationally or globally 21 As of October 31 2013 12 979 domains were registered under the locality namespace of which 3 653 were managed by about 1 300 delegated managers while 9 326 were managed by Neustar as the de facto manager 22 According to a 2013 survey of 539 delegated managers 282 were state or local government agencies while 98 were private individuals and 85 were commercial Internet service providers Nearly 90 of the respondents offer domain registrations for free 10 The au and ca ccTLDs have also established third and fourth level locality namespaces though the ca locality namespace is no longer open to registrations The cn ccTLD maintains a third level locality namespace in general use States and territories edit This section s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information The reason given is Some of the referenced links are no longer in use Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information July 2021 A two letter second level domain is formally reserved for each U S state federal territory and the District of Columbia Each domain corresponds to a USPS abbreviation For example ny us is reserved for websites affiliated with New York while va us is for those affiliated with Virginia Second level domains are also reserved for five U S territories as us for American Samoa gu us for Guam mp us for the Northern Mariana Islands pr us for Puerto Rico and vi us for the U S Virgin Islands However these domains go unused because each territory has its own ccTLD per ISO 3166 1 alpha 2 respectively as gu mp pr and vi A state s main government portal is usually found at the third level domain state state us which is reserved for this purpose However some state administrations prefer gov domains for example California s government portal is located at www wbr ca wbr gov while www wbr state wbr ma wbr us redirects to Massachusetts s portal at www wbr mass wbr gov Fully spelled out names of states are also reserved under us 10 so the State of Ohio s website was at one point available at www wbr ohio wbr us 23 in addition to the usual www wbr ohio wbr gov with the former www wbr state wbr oh wbr us remaining as a redirect Other than for state governments no third level domain registrations are permitted under state or territory second level domains A few additional names are reserved at the second level for government agencies that are not subordinate to a state government fed us for agencies of the U S federal government which in practice generally use gov Example www wbr fs wbr fed wbr us United States Forest Service isa us for interstate authorities created by interstate compacts Example www wbr imcc wbr isa wbr us Interstate Mining Compact Commission nsn us for Native Sovereign Nations which may also use nsn gov Example www wbr mohegan wbr nsn wbr us Mohegan Tribe dni us for distributed national institutes Example ccj wbr ncsc wbr dni wbr us Conference of Chief Justices part of the National Center for State Courts Locality domains edit A large number of third level domains are reserved for localities within states Each fourth level domain registration under this namespace follows the format organization name locality state us where state is a state s two letter postal abbreviation and locality is a hyphenated name that corresponds to a ZIP code or appears in a well known atlas 10 Two values of organization name are formally reserved across the entire locality namespace for city and county governments 10 ci locality state us for city governments Example www wbr ci wbr davenport wbr ia wbr us Davenport Iowa co locality state us for county governments Example co wbr adams wbr id wbr us Adams County Idaho Delegated managers often reserve additional names for different kinds of local governments 10 borough locality state us for borough governments Example www wbr borough wbr shippensburg wbr pa wbr us Shippensburg Pennsylvania city locality state us for city governments Example www wbr city wbr cleveland wbr oh wbr us Cleveland Ohio county locality state us for county governments parish locality state us for parish governments unused town locality state us for town governments Example town wbr windermere wbr fl wbr us Windermere Florida twp locality state us or township locality state us for township governments Examples twp wbr russell wbr oh wbr us Russell Township Geauga County Ohio www wbr township wbr stroud wbr pa wbr us Stroud Township Pennsylvania vil locality state us or village locality state us for village governments Examples vil wbr stockbridge wbr mi wbr us Stockbridge Michigan www wbr village wbr fairport wbr ny wbr us Fairport New York In some cases a local government that serves as the delegated manager for its own locality may locate its website directly under the locality omitting the organization name For example the website of the City of Brunswick Ohio is located at www wbr brunswick wbr oh wbr us rather than www ci brunswick oh us and the website of Delhi Township Ohio is located at delhi wbr oh wbr us instead of www twp delhi oh us Many large cities use gov extensions for example New York City www wbr nyc wbr gov Chicago www wbr chicago wbr gov Rochester New York cityofrochester wbr gov and Atlanta www wbr atlantaga wbr gov Private organizations and individuals may register fourth level domains parallel to these government domains for example owen wbr sj wbr ca wbr us a family in San Jose California Affinity namespaces edit Directly beneath the state us zone several affinity namespaces are reserved for specific purposes state state government agencies organization name state state us Example www wbr gov wbr state wbr ak wbr us Governor of Alaska dst government agencies in administrative districts organization name dst state us Example www wbr mcwd wbr dst wbr ca wbr us a water district in California cog councils of governments that is federations of cities or counties organization name cog state us Example www wbr texoma wbr cog wbr tx wbr us Texoma Council of Governments k12 public elementary and or secondary unified school districts district name k12 state us or individual schools school name k12 state us Examples sfusd wbr k12 wbr ca wbr us San Francisco Unified School District www wbr pctc wbr k12 wbr oh wbr us Pioneer Career and Technology Center pvt k12 private elementary or secondary schools school name pvt k12 state us or school name diocese name pvt k12 state us Examples www wbr hfma wbr pvt wbr k12 wbr oh wbr us Firelands Montessori Academy www wbr stmary wooster wbr cld wbr pvt wbr k12 wbr oh wbr us a private K 12 school in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland in Ohio cc community colleges school name cc state us Example www wbr clackamas wbr cc wbr or wbr us Clackamas Community College tec technical and vocational schools school name tec state us Example www wbr atc wbr tec wbr mn wbr us Alexandria Technical and Community College lib public libraries library name lib state us Example www wbr monroecounty wbr lib wbr oh wbr us Monroe County District Library mus museums museum name mus state us Example www wbr tcha wbr mus wbr in wbr us a local historical museum gen general independent entities clubs or other groups not fitting into the above categories organization name gen state us Examples www wbr mrc wbr gen wbr mn wbr us an amateur radio association in Minnesota www wbr ns wbr gen wbr tx wbr us Texas Regional Hostmaster the tx us delegated manager Some of these affinity namespaces have been supplanted by more convenient sponsored top level domains The first sTLD museum became available in October 2001 as an alternative to the mus namespace Since April 2003 the edu top level domain has been available as an alternative for community colleges technical and vocational schools and other tertiary educational institutions that might have previously used the cc or tec affinity namespaces 24 Although the Kentucky Department of Education operates the k12 ky us namespace for Kentucky school districts most districts instead use subdomains of the less formal domain kyschools us which the department operates in a similar manner For example Gallatin county schools have a website at www wbr gallatin wbr k12 wbr ky wbr us while Paducah Public Schools are located at paducah wbr kyschools wbr us and the McCracken County Public Schools use mccracken wbr kyschools wbr us as a redirect to www wbr mccrackencountyschools wbr net Kids us editThe Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002 Pub L Tooltip Public Law United States 107 317 text PDF established a kids us second level domain The general public could register third level domains under kids us for educational content that met strict requirements including conformance to the Children s Online Privacy Protection Act and adherence to Children s Advertising Review Unit standards Webpages were prohibited from linking outside the kids us namespace On July 27 2012 in response to declining usage and a petition by Neustar the previous year the NTIA suspended kids us registrations By that time 651 domains were registered under kids us and only five registrants Nickelodeon Nick Jr PBS Kids the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies and Super Fun Sports Inc operating trampoline kids us and trampolines kids us were operating active websites 25 Restrictions on use editUnder us nexus requirements us domains may be registered only by the following qualified entities Any United States citizen or resident Any United States entity such as organizations or corporations Any foreign entity or organization with a bona fide presence in the United States To ensure that these requirements are met GoDaddy frequently conducts spot checks on registrant information To prevent anonymous registrations that do not meet these requirements in 2005 the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ruled that registrants of us domains may not secure private domain name registration via anonymizing proxies and that their contact information must be made public 26 Registrants are required to provide complete contact information without omissions 27 Under the locality namespace delegated managers may impose additional requirements 10 For example the Texas Regional Hostmaster restricts each of its delegated localities to organizations that have a mailing address in that locality 28 Other top level domains related to the United States editCountry code top level domains ccTLDs for territories of the United States edit as ccTLD for American Samoa gu ccTLD for Guam mp ccTLD for Northern Mariana Islands pr ccTLD for Puerto Rico um Deprecated ccTLD for United States Minor Outlying Islands vi ccTLD for United States Virgin Islands New generic top level domains for areas in the United States edit boston New gTLD for Boston Massachusetts miami New gTLD for Miami Florida nyc New gTLD for New York City New York State vegas New gTLD for Las Vegas NevadaSee also editInternet in the United States List of Internet top level domains North AmericaReferences edit US Top Level Domain Stats and Trends US Domains About US Scottsdale Arizona Registry Services 2021 Retrieved January 23 2023 UsTLD Nexus Requirements Policy for Registrants About US About US Archived from the original on April 15 2021 Retrieved December 3 2020 zoom us video call app Zoom Video Archived from the original on June 6 2002 Retrieved January 7 2021 About the US Top Level Domain Overview US Domains About US www about us Retrieved December 5 2023 The Most Popular Domain Extensions Top 10 TLDs Ionos October 17 2022 Archived from the original on May 10 2023 Retrieved May 10 2023 Portenueve Elisabeth October 23 2003 History of the Internet ccTLDs in chronological order of Top Level Domain creation at the Internic AFNIC Archived from the original on October 12 2001 Retrieved March 29 2015 IANA us Domain Delegation Data www iana org Retrieved February 1 2020 Carl Malamud 1992 Exploring the Internet Round Three Marina del Rey public resource org Retrieved October 19 2018 Jon Postel Ann Westine Cooper December 1992 The US Domain tools ietf org Retrieved October 19 2018 a b c d e f g h i j k US Compliance Report PDF Neustar n d Retrieved November 21 2017 Wass 2003 p 127 Requesting comments on draft statement of work regarding us Amendment 21 to the NSI Cooperative Agreement THE GLOBALISATION OF REGULATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM DOMAIN NAMES AND A NEW REGULATORY ECONOMY by ELIZABETH A WILLIAMS Whois query for the domain names DELICIO US and ICIO US Whois database last updated March 29 2015 Accessed March 29 2015 Lopp Michael December 3 2004 A Del icio us Interview Rands in Repose Retrieved March 29 2015 Manheim Karl M and Solum Lawrence B An Economic Analysis of Domain Name Policy 2004 University of San Diego Law and Economics Research Paper Series 1 http digital sandiego edu lwps econ art1 us Domain Space National Telecommunications and Information Administration February 17 2015 Retrieved March 28 2015 Tackling the Opioid Crisis by Cutting off Online Sales in the usTLD About US GoDaddy Acquires Neustar s Registry Business www prnewswire com Press release Retrieved October 26 2023 Wass 2003 pp 127 129 Structure and History Neustar Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved March 28 2015 Ohio gov State of Ohio Archived from the original on September 17 2017 EDUCAUSE Announces Expansion of Eligibility for edu Internet Names to Nationally Accredited Institutions Press release Educause February 11 2003 Archived from the original on December 4 2011 Retrieved August 28 2016 Kids us Education Advisory Committee Report PDF Neustar October 28 2014 p 2 Archived from the original PDF on April 2 2015 Retrieved March 28 2015 Ruling on us Domain Raises Privacy Issues washingtonpost com March 4 2005 Retrieved March 31 2015 The usTLD Nexus Requirements Policy neustar us June 20 2014 Archived from the original on October 31 2012 Retrieved May 14 2016 Locality Domain Names in TX US Administered by the Texas Regional Hostmaster Texas Regional Hostmaster May 4 2000 Archived from the original on March 8 2015 Retrieved March 29 2015 Further reading editWass Erica Schlesinger 2003 Addressing the World National Identity and Internet Country Code Domains Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 9780742528109 via Google Books External links edit us Domain Registry US Locality Domains Archived February 18 2017 at the Wayback Machine A wiki page showing instructions for registering a fourth level us locality domain name IANA us whois information Domain Names Management of Internet Names and Addresses us Domain Space Archived October 3 2014 at the Wayback Machine usTLD Nexus Requirements Archived October 31 2012 at the Wayback Machine Requirements for registrants of us domains RFC 1480 The US Domain June 1993 Archived March 2 2000 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title us amp oldid 1219799611, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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