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Beta Draconis

October 20, 2023

Beta Draconis, a name Latinized from β Draconis, is a binary star system[10] and the third-brightest star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. The two components are designated Beta Draconis A (officially named Rastaban /ˈræstəbæn/, the traditional name of the system)[11] and B respectively. With a combined apparent visual magnitude of 2.79,[2] it is bright enough to be easily seen with the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements from the Hipparcos astrometry satellite,[12][13] it lies at a distance of about 380 light-years (120 parsecs) from the Sun.[1] The system is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −21 km/s.[4]

β Draconis
Location of β Draconis (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation Draco
Right ascension 17h 30m 25.96170s[1]
Declination +52° 18′ 04.9993″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 2.79[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type G2Ib-IIa[3]
U−B color index +0.954±0.007[4]
B−V color index +0.98[5]
R−I color index +0.48[5]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−21.00±0.23[4] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −15.89[1] mas/yr
Dec.: +12.28[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)8.58 ± 0.10 mas[1]
Distance380 ± 4 ly
(117 ± 1 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)–2.457[6]
Details
Mass6.0±0.2[2] M☉
Radius40[7] R☉
Luminosity996[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)1.86±0.04[8] cgs
Temperature5,160±150[8] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]0.02±0.10[8] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)10.7[8] km/s
Age65[2] Myr
Other designations
Rastaban, Rastaben, Alwaid, Asuia, NGCA-V25, β Dra, 23 Dra, BD+52°2065, FK5 653, HD 159181, HIP 85670, HR 6536, SAO 30429, ADS 10611, WDS 17304+5218AB[9]
Database references
SIMBADdata

The binary system consists of a bright giant orbited by a dwarf companion once every four millennia or so.[14] The companion is about 11 magnitudes fainter than the primary star,[15] and the two are separated by 4.2″.[10]

The spectrum of the primary, Beta Draconis A, matches a stellar classification of G2Ib-IIa,[3] showing mixed features of a bright giant and a supergiant star, and is listed as a standard star for that spectral class.[16] It is about 65 million years old[2] and is currently undergoing its first convective dredge-up.[17] Compared to the Sun, Beta Draconis A is an enormous star with six times the mass and roughly 40 times the radius. At this size, it is emitting about 950 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 5,160 K,[2] giving it the yellow hue of a G-type star.[18] The star has a particularly strong chromospheric emission that is generating X-ray[19][20] and far-UV radiation.[21] There is a detectable magnetic field with a longitudinal field strength of −1.16±0.25 G.[22]

Beta Draconis lies on or near the cepheid instability strip,[23] yet only appears to be a microvariable with a range of about 1/100th of a magnitude.[24][25] It was confirmed as a variable star with a range of about 1/100th of a magnitude by Gabriel Cristian Neagu using data from the TESS and Hipparcos missions.[24][25] The variability was reported to the AAVSO (American Association of Variable Star Observers), in the Variable Star Index.[26]

Nomenclature Edit

β Draconis (Latinised to Beta Draconis) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as Beta Draconis A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[27]

It bore the traditional name Rastaban, which has also been used for Gamma Draconis.[14][28] This name, less commonly written Rastaben, derives from the Arabic phrase ra's ath-thu'ban "head of the serpent/dragon". It was also known as Asuia and Alwaid /ælˈweɪd/,[29] the latter from the Arabic al-ʽawāʼidh "the old mother camels".[29] In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[30] to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Rastaban for the component Beta Draconis A on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.[11]

Beta Draconis is part of the asterism of the Mother Camels (Arabic al'awa'id), along with Gamma Draconis (Eltanin), Mu Draconis (Erakis), Nu Draconis (Kuma) and Xi Draconis (Grumium), which was later known as the Quinque Dromedarii.[28]

In Chinese, 天棓 (Tiān Bàng), meaning Celestial Flail, refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Draconis, Xi Draconis, Nu Draconis, Gamma Draconis and Iota Herculis.[31] Consequently, the Chinese name for Beta Draconis itself is known as 天棓三 (Tiān Bàng sān, English: the Third Star of Celestial Flail).[28][32][33]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007), "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357, S2CID 18759600.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; et al. (February 2010), "Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 402 (2): 1369–1379, arXiv:0911.1335, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1369L, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x, S2CID 119096173.
  3. ^ a b Keenan, P. C.; Pitts, R. E. (1980), "Revised MK spectral types for G, K and M stars", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 42: 541, Bibcode:1980ApJS...42..541K, doi:10.1086/190662.
  4. ^ a b c Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644.
  5. ^ a b Hoffleit, D.; Warren, Jr., W. H. HR 6536, database entry. Retrieved September 17, 2008. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ID V/50.
  6. ^ Katz, D.; Soubiran, C.; Cayrel, R.; Barbuy, B.; Friel, E.; Bienaymé, O.; Perrin, M. -N. (2011), "Probing the Galactic thick disc vertical properties and interfaces", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525: A90, Bibcode:2011A&A...525A..90K, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014840.
  7. ^ a b McDonald, I.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Watson, R. A. (2017), "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho–Gaia stars", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 471 (1): 770–791, arXiv:1706.02208, Bibcode:2017MNRAS.471..770M, doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1433.
  8. ^ a b c d Marfil, E.; et al. (March 2020), "Stellar atmospheric parameters of FGK-type stars from high-resolution optical and near-infrared CARMENES spectra", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 492 (4): 5470–5507, arXiv:2001.01495, Bibcode:2020MNRAS.492.5470M, doi:10.1093/mnras/staa058.
  9. ^ "bet Dra". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2021-01-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ a b Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008), "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 389 (2): 869–879, arXiv:0806.2878, Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x, S2CID 14878976.
  11. ^ a b Naming Stars, IAU.org, retrieved 2 March 2018.
  12. ^ Perryman, M. A. C.; et al. (July 1997), "The Hipparcos Catalogue", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 323: L49–L52, Bibcode:1997A&A...323L..49P.
  13. ^ Perryman, Michael (2010), The Making of History's Greatest Star Map, Astronomers’ Universe, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, Bibcode:2010mhgs.book.....P, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11602-5, ISBN 978-3-642-11601-8.
  14. ^ a b Kaler, James B. "RASTABAN (Beta Draconis)". STARS. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
  15. ^ Mason, B. D.; et al. (2014), "The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog", The Astronomical Journal, 122 (6): 3466–3471, Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M, doi:10.1086/323920, retrieved 2015-07-22.
  16. ^ Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989), "The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars", Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 71: 245, Bibcode:1989ApJS...71..245K, doi:10.1086/191373.
  17. ^ Kovtyukh, V. V.; et al. (April 2005), "On the lithium abundance in F-, G-supergiants and its possible correlation with rotation", Kinematika I Fizika Nebesnykh Tel, 21 (2): 141–148, Bibcode:2005KFNT...21..141K.
  18. ^ , Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-18, retrieved 2012-01-16.
  19. ^ Evans, Nancy Remage; et al. (May 2010), "Chandra Observation of Polaris: Census of Low-mass Companions", The Astronomical Journal, 139 (5): 1968–1974, Bibcode:2010AJ....139.1968E, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/5/1968.
  20. ^ Skinner, S. L.; Brown, A. (1996), Pallavicini, Roberto; Dupree, Andrea K. (eds.), "ASCA X-ray spectra of late-type giants and supergiants: the active G star Beta Draconis (G2Ib - II)", Cool stars; stellar systems; and the sun; Proceedings of the 9th Cambridge workshop; held 3-6 October 1995 in Florence; Italy, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP), vol. 109, p. 291, Bibcode:1996ASPC..109..291S.
  21. ^ Brown, A.; et al. (August 1984), "High-resolution, far-ultraviolet study of beta Draconis (G2 Ib-II) : transition region structure and energy balance", Astrophysical Journal, 283: 731–744, Bibcode:1984ApJ...283..731B, doi:10.1086/162358.
  22. ^ Grunhut, J. H.; et al. (November 2010), "Systematic detection of magnetic fields in massive, late-type supergiants", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 408 (4): 2290–2297, arXiv:1006.5891, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408.2290G, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17275.x, S2CID 118564860.
  23. ^ Butler, R. Paul (February 1998), "A Precision Velocity Study of Photometrically Stable Stars in the Cepheid Instability Strip", The Astrophysical Journal, 494 (1): 342–365, Bibcode:1998ApJ...494..342B, doi:10.1086/305195.
  24. ^ a b Ricker, George R.; et al. (2014), Oschmann, Jacobus M.; Clampin, Mark; Fazio, Giovanni G.; MacEwen, Howard A. (eds.), "Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)", Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Optical, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave, 9143: 914320, arXiv:1406.0151, Bibcode:2014SPIE.9143E..20R, doi:10.1117/12.2063489, hdl:1721.1/97916, S2CID 54001919.
  25. ^ a b ESA (1997), "The HIPPARCOS and TYCHO catalogues. Astrometric and photometric star catalogues derived from the ESA HIPPARCOS Space Astrometry Mission", Esa Special Publication, ESA, 1200, Bibcode:1997ESASP1200.....E.
  26. ^ "bet Dra", The International Variable Star Index, American Association of Variable Star Observers, retrieved 2020-01-11.
  27. ^ Hessman, F. V.; et al. (December 2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR].
  28. ^ a b c Allen, R. H. (1963), Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning (Reprint ed.), New York, NY: Dover Publications Inc, pp. 207–208, ISBN 0-486-21079-0, retrieved 2010-12-12.
  29. ^ a b Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006), A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub, ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  30. ^ IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN), International Astronomical Union, retrieved 22 May 2016.
  31. ^ (in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7.
  32. ^ (in Chinese) 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 2011-01-30 at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.
  33. ^ Wright, Anne, "Alwaid", Constellations of Words, retrieved September 17, 2008.

External links Edit

  • Dibon-Smith, Richard (1992), StarList 2000: A Quick Reference Star Catalog for Astronomers, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Bibcode:1992sqrs.book.....D, ISBN 0-471-55895-8.


October 20, 2023
beta, draconis, name, latinized, from, draconis, binary, star, system, third, brightest, star, northern, circumpolar, constellation, draco, components, designated, officially, named, rastaban, traditional, name, system, respectively, with, combined, apparent, . Beta Draconis a name Latinized from b Draconis is a binary star system 10 and the third brightest star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco The two components are designated Beta Draconis A officially named Rastaban ˈ r ae s t e b ae n the traditional name of the system 11 and B respectively With a combined apparent visual magnitude of 2 79 2 it is bright enough to be easily seen with the naked eye Based upon parallax measurements from the Hipparcos astrometry satellite 12 13 it lies at a distance of about 380 light years 120 parsecs from the Sun 1 The system is drifting closer with a radial velocity of 21 km s 4 b DraconisLocation of b Draconis circled Observation dataEpoch J2000 0 Equinox J2000 0 ICRS Constellation DracoRight ascension 17h 30m 25 96170s 1 Declination 52 18 04 9993 1 Apparent magnitude V 2 79 2 CharacteristicsSpectral type G2Ib IIa 3 U B color index 0 954 0 007 4 B V color index 0 98 5 R I color index 0 48 5 AstrometryRadial velocity Rv 21 00 0 23 4 km sProper motion m RA 15 89 1 mas yr Dec 12 28 1 mas yrParallax p 8 58 0 10 mas 1 Distance380 4 ly 117 1 pc Absolute magnitude MV 2 457 6 DetailsMass6 0 0 2 2 M Radius40 7 R Luminosity996 7 L Surface gravity log g 1 86 0 04 8 cgsTemperature5 160 150 8 KMetallicity Fe H 0 02 0 10 8 dexRotational velocity v sin i 10 7 8 km sAge65 2 MyrOther designationsRastaban Rastaben Alwaid Asuia NGCA V25 b Dra 23 Dra BD 52 2065 FK5 653 HD 159181 HIP 85670 HR 6536 SAO 30429 ADS 10611 WDS 17304 5218AB 9 Database referencesSIMBADdataThe binary system consists of a bright giant orbited by a dwarf companion once every four millennia or so 14 The companion is about 11 magnitudes fainter than the primary star 15 and the two are separated by 4 2 10 The spectrum of the primary Beta Draconis A matches a stellar classification of G2Ib IIa 3 showing mixed features of a bright giant and a supergiant star and is listed as a standard star for that spectral class 16 It is about 65 million years old 2 and is currently undergoing its first convective dredge up 17 Compared to the Sun Beta Draconis A is an enormous star with six times the mass and roughly 40 times the radius At this size it is emitting about 950 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 5 160 K 2 giving it the yellow hue of a G type star 18 The star has a particularly strong chromospheric emission that is generating X ray 19 20 and far UV radiation 21 There is a detectable magnetic field with a longitudinal field strength of 1 16 0 25 G 22 Beta Draconis lies on or near the cepheid instability strip 23 yet only appears to be a microvariable with a range of about 1 100th of a magnitude 24 25 It was confirmed as a variable star with a range of about 1 100th of a magnitude by Gabriel Cristian Neagu using data from the TESS and Hipparcos missions 24 25 The variability was reported to the AAVSO American Association of Variable Star Observers in the Variable Star Index 26 Nomenclature Editb Draconis Latinised to Beta Draconis is the system s Bayer designation The designations of the two components as Beta Draconis A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog WMC for multiple star systems and adopted by the International Astronomical Union IAU 27 It bore the traditional name Rastaban which has also been used for Gamma Draconis 14 28 This name less commonly written Rastaben derives from the Arabic phrase ra s ath thu ban head of the serpent dragon It was also known as Asuia and Alwaid ae l ˈ w eɪ d 29 the latter from the Arabic al ʽawaʼidh the old mother camels 29 In 2016 the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names WGSN 30 to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars The WGSN approved the name Rastaban for the component Beta Draconis A on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU approved Star Names 11 Beta Draconis is part of the asterism of the Mother Camels Arabic al awa id along with Gamma Draconis Eltanin Mu Draconis Erakis Nu Draconis Kuma and Xi Draconis Grumium which was later known as the Quinque Dromedarii 28 In Chinese 天棓 Tian Bang meaning Celestial Flail refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Draconis Xi Draconis Nu Draconis Gamma Draconis and Iota Herculis 31 Consequently the Chinese name for Beta Draconis itself is known as 天棓三 Tian Bang san English the Third Star of Celestial Flail 28 32 33 References Edit a b c d e f van Leeuwen F November 2007 Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 2 653 664 arXiv 0708 1752 Bibcode 2007A amp A 474 653V doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20078357 S2CID 18759600 a b c d e f Lyubimkov Leonid S et al February 2010 Accurate fundamental parameters for A F and G type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 402 2 1369 1379 arXiv 0911 1335 Bibcode 2010MNRAS 402 1369L doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2009 15979 x S2CID 119096173 a b Keenan P C Pitts R E 1980 Revised MK spectral types for G K and M stars The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 42 541 Bibcode 1980ApJS 42 541K doi 10 1086 190662 a b c Anderson E Francis Ch 2012 XHIP An extended hipparcos compilation Astronomy Letters 38 5 331 arXiv 1108 4971 Bibcode 2012AstL 38 331A doi 10 1134 S1063773712050015 S2CID 119257644 a b Hoffleit D Warren Jr W H HR 6536 database entry Retrieved September 17 2008 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help ID V 50 Katz D Soubiran C Cayrel R Barbuy B Friel E Bienayme O Perrin M N 2011 Probing the Galactic thick disc vertical properties and interfaces Astronomy and Astrophysics 525 A90 Bibcode 2011A amp A 525A 90K doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201014840 a b McDonald I Zijlstra A A Watson R A 2017 Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho Gaia stars Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 1 770 791 arXiv 1706 02208 Bibcode 2017MNRAS 471 770M doi 10 1093 mnras stx1433 a b c d Marfil E et al March 2020 Stellar atmospheric parameters of FGK type stars from high resolution optical and near infrared CARMENES spectra Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492 4 5470 5507 arXiv 2001 01495 Bibcode 2020MNRAS 492 5470M doi 10 1093 mnras staa058 bet Dra SIMBAD Centre de donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg Retrieved 2021 01 11 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint postscript link a b Eggleton P P Tokovinin A A September 2008 A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 389 2 869 879 arXiv 0806 2878 Bibcode 2008MNRAS 389 869E doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2008 13596 x S2CID 14878976 a b Naming Stars IAU org retrieved 2 March 2018 Perryman M A C et al July 1997 The Hipparcos Catalogue Astronomy and Astrophysics 323 L49 L52 Bibcode 1997A amp A 323L 49P Perryman Michael 2010 The Making of History s Greatest Star Map Astronomers Universe Heidelberg Springer Verlag Bibcode 2010mhgs book P doi 10 1007 978 3 642 11602 5 ISBN 978 3 642 11601 8 a b Kaler James B RASTABAN Beta Draconis STARS Retrieved 2021 01 11 Mason B D et al 2014 The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog The Astronomical Journal 122 6 3466 3471 Bibcode 2001AJ 122 3466M doi 10 1086 323920 retrieved 2015 07 22 Keenan Philip C McNeil Raymond C 1989 The Perkins catalog of revised MK types for the cooler stars Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 71 245 Bibcode 1989ApJS 71 245K doi 10 1086 191373 Kovtyukh V V et al April 2005 On the lithium abundance in F G supergiants and its possible correlation with rotation Kinematika I Fizika Nebesnykh Tel 21 2 141 148 Bibcode 2005KFNT 21 141K The Colour of Stars Australia Telescope Outreach and Education Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation December 21 2004 archived from the original on 2012 03 18 retrieved 2012 01 16 Evans Nancy Remage et al May 2010 Chandra Observation of Polaris Census of Low mass Companions The Astronomical Journal 139 5 1968 1974 Bibcode 2010AJ 139 1968E doi 10 1088 0004 6256 139 5 1968 Skinner S L Brown A 1996 Pallavicini Roberto Dupree Andrea K eds ASCA X ray spectra of late type giants and supergiants the active G star Beta Draconis G2Ib II Cool stars stellar systems and the sun Proceedings of the 9th Cambridge workshop held 3 6 October 1995 in Florence Italy Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series San Francisco Astronomical Society of the Pacific ASP vol 109 p 291 Bibcode 1996ASPC 109 291S Brown A et al August 1984 High resolution far ultraviolet study of beta Draconis G2 Ib II transition region structure and energy balance Astrophysical Journal 283 731 744 Bibcode 1984ApJ 283 731B doi 10 1086 162358 Grunhut J H et al November 2010 Systematic detection of magnetic fields in massive late type supergiants Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 408 4 2290 2297 arXiv 1006 5891 Bibcode 2010MNRAS 408 2290G doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2010 17275 x S2CID 118564860 Butler R Paul February 1998 A Precision Velocity Study of Photometrically Stable Stars in the Cepheid Instability Strip The Astrophysical Journal 494 1 342 365 Bibcode 1998ApJ 494 342B doi 10 1086 305195 a b Ricker George R et al 2014 Oschmann Jacobus M Clampin Mark Fazio Giovanni G MacEwen Howard A eds Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite TESS Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014 Optical Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014 Optical Infrared and Millimeter Wave 9143 914320 arXiv 1406 0151 Bibcode 2014SPIE 9143E 20R doi 10 1117 12 2063489 hdl 1721 1 97916 S2CID 54001919 a b ESA 1997 The HIPPARCOS and TYCHO catalogues Astrometric and photometric star catalogues derived from the ESA HIPPARCOS Space Astrometry Mission Esa Special Publication ESA 1200 Bibcode 1997ESASP1200 E bet Dra The International Variable Star Index American Association of Variable Star Observers retrieved 2020 01 11 Hessman F V et al December 2010 On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets arXiv 1012 0707 astro ph SR a b c Allen R H 1963 Star Names Their Lore and Meaning Reprint ed New York NY Dover Publications Inc pp 207 208 ISBN 0 486 21079 0 retrieved 2010 12 12 a b Kunitzsch Paul Smart Tim 2006 A Dictionary of Modern star Names A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations 2nd rev ed Cambridge Massachusetts Sky Pub ISBN 978 1 931559 44 7 IAU Working Group on Star Names WGSN International Astronomical Union retrieved 22 May 2016 in Chinese 中國星座神話 written by 陳久金 Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司 2005 ISBN 978 986 7332 25 7 in Chinese 香港太空館 研究資源 亮星中英對照表 Archived 2011 01 30 at the Wayback Machine Hong Kong Space Museum Accessed on line November 23 2010 Wright Anne Alwaid Constellations of Words retrieved September 17 2008 External links EditDibon Smith Richard 1992 StarList 2000 A Quick Reference Star Catalog for Astronomers New York John Wiley amp Sons Bibcode 1992sqrs book D ISBN 0 471 55895 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Beta Draconis amp oldid 1170000869, wikipedia, wiki, 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