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Gauss (unit)

January 10, 2023

The gauss, symbol G (sometimes Gs), is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction, also known as magnetic flux density. The unit is part of the Gaussian system of units, which inherited it from the older CGS-EMU system. It was named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1936. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimetre.

gauss
Unit systemGaussian and emu-cgs
Unit ofmagnetic flux density (also known as magnetic induction, or the B-field, or magnetic field)
SymbolG or Gs
Named afterCarl Friedrich Gauss
Conversions
1 G or Gs in ...... is equal to ...
   SI derived units   10−4 tesla[a]
   Gaussian base units   1 cm−1/2⋅g1/2⋅s−1
   esu-cgs   1/ccgs esu[b]

As the cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), the use of the gauss has been deprecated by the standards bodies, but is still regularly used in various subfields of science. The SI unit for magnetic flux density is the tesla (symbol T),[1] which corresponds to 10,000gauss.

Name, symbol, and metric prefixes

Albeit not a component of the International System of Units, the usage of the gauss generally follows the rules for SI units. Since the name is derived from a person's name, its symbol is the uppercase letter G. When the unit is spelled out, it is written in lowercase ("gauss"), unless it begins a sentence.[2]: 147–148  The gauss may be combined with metric prefixes,[3]: 128  such as in milligauss, mG (or mGs), or kilogauss, kGauss or kG.

Unit conversions

 

The gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density B in the system of Gaussian units and is equal to Mx/cm2 or g/Bi/s2, while the oersted is the unit of H-field. One tesla (T) corresponds to 104 gauss, and one ampere (A) per metre corresponds to 4π × 10−3 oersted.

The units for magnetic flux Φ, which is the integral of magnetic B-field over an area, are the weber (Wb) in the SI and the maxwell (Mx) in the CGS-Gaussian system. The conversion factor is 108 maxwell per weber, since flux is the integral of field over an area, area having the units of the square of distance, thus 104 G/T (magnetic field conversion factor) times the square of 102 cm/m (linear distance conversion factor). 108 Mx/Wb = 104 G/T × (102 cm/m)2.

Typical values

Main article: Orders of magnitude (magnetic field)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The electromagnetic Gaussian and SI quantities correspond (symbol '≘') rather than being equal (symbol '=').
  2. ^ ccgs = 2.99792458×1010 is the numeric part of the speed of light when expressed in cgs units.

References

  1. ^ NIST Special Publication 1038, Section 4.3.1
  2. ^ Le Système international d’unités [The International System of Units] (PDF) (in French and English) (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 2019, ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0
  3. ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6, (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-04, retrieved 2021-12-16
  4. ^ Buffett, Bruce A. (2010), "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field", Nature, volume 468, pages 952–954, doi:10.1038/nature09643
  5. ^ Hoadley, Rick. "How strong are magnets?". www.coolmagnetman.com. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  6. ^ Pyrhönen, Juha; Jokinen, Tapani; Hrabovcová, Valéria (2009). Design of Rotating Electrical Machines. John Wiley and Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-470-69516-6.
  7. ^ Laughton, Michael A.; Warne, Douglas F., eds. (2003). "8". Electrical Engineer's Reference Book (Sixteenth ed.). Newnes. ISBN 0-7506-4637-3.
  8. ^ "How strong are magnets?". Experiments with magnets and our surroundings. Magcraft. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  9. ^ a b Duncan, Robert C. (March 2003). . University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2007-05-23.

January 10, 2023
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The gauss symbol G sometimes Gs is a unit of measurement of magnetic induction also known as magnetic flux density The unit is part of the Gaussian system of units which inherited it from the older CGS EMU system It was named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1936 One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimetre gaussUnit systemGaussian and emu cgsUnit ofmagnetic flux density also known as magnetic induction or the B field or magnetic field SymbolG or GsNamed afterCarl Friedrich GaussConversions1 G or Gs in is equal to SI derived units 10 4 tesla a Gaussian base units 1 cm 1 2 wbr g1 2 wbr s 1 esu cgs 1 c cgs esu b As the cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units SI the use of the gauss has been deprecated by the standards bodies but is still regularly used in various subfields of science The SI unit for magnetic flux density is the tesla symbol T 1 which corresponds to 10 000gauss Contents 1 Name symbol and metric prefixes 2 Unit conversions 3 Typical values 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesName symbol and metric prefixes EditAlbeit not a component of the International System of Units the usage of the gauss generally follows the rules for SI units Since the name is derived from a person s name its symbol is the uppercase letter G When the unit is spelled out it is written in lowercase gauss unless it begins a sentence 2 147 148 The gauss may be combined with metric prefixes 3 128 such as in milligauss mG or mGs or kilogauss kGauss or kG Unit conversions Edit1 G M x c m 2 g B i s 2 10 4 T 10 4 k g A s 2 displaystyle begin aligned 1 rm G amp rm Mx cdot rm cm 2 frac rm g rm Bi cdot rm s 2 amp text 10 4 rm T 10 4 frac rm kg rm A cdot rm s 2 end aligned The gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density B in the system of Gaussian units and is equal to Mx cm2 or g Bi s2 while the oersted is the unit of H field One tesla T corresponds to 104 gauss and one ampere A per metre corresponds to 4p 10 3 oersted The units for magnetic flux F which is the integral of magnetic B field over an area are the weber Wb in the SI and the maxwell Mx in the CGS Gaussian system The conversion factor is 108 maxwell per weber since flux is the integral of field over an area area having the units of the square of distance thus 104 G T magnetic field conversion factor times the square of 102 cm m linear distance conversion factor 108 Mx Wb 104 G T 102 cm m 2 Typical values EditMain article Orders of magnitude magnetic field 10 9 10 8 G the magnetic field of the human brain 10 6 10 3 G the magnetic field of Galactic molecular clouds Typical magnetic field strengths within the interstellar medium of the Milky Way are 5 mG 0 25 0 60 G the Earth s magnetic field at its surface 4 G near Jupiter s equator 25 G the Earth s magnetic field in its core 4 50 G a typical refrigerator magnet 100 G an iron magnet 1500 G within a sun spot 5 10000 to 13000 G remanence of a neodymium iron boron NIB magnet 6 16000 to 22000 G saturation of high permeability iron alloys used in transformers 7 3000 70000 G a medical magnetic resonance imaging machine 1012 1013 G the surface of a neutron star 8 4 1013 G the Schwinger limit 1014 G the magnetic field of SGR J1745 2900 orbiting the supermassive black hole Sgr A in the center of the Milky Way 1015 G the magnetic field of some newly created magnetars 9 1017 G the upper limit to neutron star magnetism 9 See also EditTesla unit Centimetre gram second system of units Gaussian unitsNotes Edit The electromagnetic Gaussian and SI quantities correspond symbol rather than being equal symbol c cgs 2 997924 58 1010 is the numeric part of the speed of light when expressed in cgs units References Edit NIST Special Publication 1038 Section 4 3 1 Le Systeme international d unites The International System of Units PDF in French and English 9th ed International Bureau of Weights and Measures 2019 ISBN 978 92 822 2272 0 International Bureau of Weights and Measures 2006 The International System of Units SI PDF 8th ed ISBN 92 822 2213 6 archived PDF from the original on 2021 06 04 retrieved 2021 12 16 Buffett Bruce A 2010 Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth s internal magnetic field Nature volume 468 pages 952 954 doi 10 1038 nature09643 Hoadley Rick How strong are magnets www coolmagnetman com Retrieved 2017 01 26 Pyrhonen Juha Jokinen Tapani Hrabovcova Valeria 2009 Design of Rotating Electrical Machines John Wiley and Sons p 232 ISBN 978 0 470 69516 6 Laughton Michael A Warne Douglas F eds 2003 8 Electrical Engineer s Reference Book Sixteenth ed Newnes ISBN 0 7506 4637 3 How strong are magnets Experiments with magnets and our surroundings Magcraft Retrieved 2007 12 14 a b Duncan Robert C March 2003 Magnetars Soft Gamma Repeaters and Very Strong Magnetic Fields University of Texas at Austin Archived from the original on 2007 06 11 Retrieved 2007 05 23 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gauss unit amp oldid 1118427987, 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