Yap State
Yap State (Yapese: Nam nu Wa'ab or Nam nu Waqab, lit. 'State of Yap'), is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Chuuk State.
Yap State Nam nu Wa'ab | |
|---|---|
| State of Yap | |
Flag Seal | |
| Nickname: The Island of Stone Money | |
Map of the State of Yap | |
| Coordinates: 9°31′N 138°07′E / 9.52°N 138.12°ECoordinates: 9°31′N 138°07′E / 9.52°N 138.12°E | |
| Country | Federated States of Micronesia |
| Founded by | Unknown |
| Capital | Colonia |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Jesse Salalu |
| Area | |
| • Total | 119.54 km2 (46.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 11,577 |
| • Density | 97/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Yapese |
| • Summer (DST) | Yap Time (YAPT, UTC + 10) |
| Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) | 96943 |
| ISO 3166 code | FM-YAP |
| Website | www |
Colonia is the capital of Yap State, which administers both the Yap Main Islands and the island of Satawal, as well as fourteen atolls reaching to the east and south for some 800 km (500 mi; 430 nmi). Historically, a tributary system existed between the Neighboring Islands and the Yap Main Islands. This probably related to the need for goods from the high islands, including food, as well as wood for construction of seagoing vessels.
According to the FSM Statistics Office, the population of Colonia and the municipalities of the State of Yap was 11,577 in 2020.[1] The state has a total land area of 102 km2 (39 sq mi).[2]
History
The islands are thought to have been populated from the Malay Archipelago. In approximately 950 AD it was the seat of the Yapese Empire contemporary to the Tu'i Tonga Empire. The outer islands, now part of the Yap state, were settled from Polynesia.
The island nation formerly used stone disks as currency. Since this stone money had to be made from a rock that could not be extracted on the island, its value derived from the dangers taken on expeditions to obtain it, mostly from Palau.[3]
The first Westerners to visit the island were the Portuguese in 1525 when the navigator Diego Da Rocha arrived in Ulithi and stayed there for four months.[4]
The Caroline Islands were under Spanish rule from the 16th century until the end of the 19th century, but most of the communities on the islands of the present state of Yap had little contact with Europeans and lived in complete independence. In 1885, following a conflict between Spain and Germany, the arbitration of Pope Leo XIII confirmed possession to Spain against commercial advantages for Germany. On June 30, 1899, after the Spanish–American War, Spain sold the Carolines, the Palau Islands and the majority of the Marianas to the German Empire.[3] At the start of the First World War, in 1914, the Empire of Japan occupied the area. This occupation was formally recognized within the framework of the Mandate of the Pacific Islands created in 1919 by the League of Nations.[5]
The Caroline Islands came under the control of the United States in 1944, which administered them as a Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under a UN mandate received in 1947.[6] On May 10, 1979, Yap ratified the Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia and became an integral part of this new nation with official independence on November 3, 1986.[7][3] The state was once the Yap District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.[8]
Geography
The State of Yap is the westernmost state of the Micronesian Federation. Further eastwards in order are the states of Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae. It consists of the four main islands of Rumung, Maap, Gagil-Tamil and Yap Proper (Marbaa') in addition to 134 smaller islands southwest and east of Yap. The state stretches from the Yap main islands towards the east to Chuuk for 1,200 to 1,500 kilometers (750 to 930 mi; 650 to 810 nmi).[9]
The Yapese Main Islands are located approximately 800 kilometers (500 mi; 430 nmi) southwest of Guam, 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi; 1,700 nmi) from Tokyo, 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi; 1,100 nmi) from Manila, and 8,000 kilometers (5,000 mi; 4,300 nmi) from Honolulu.
Languages
The State of Yap has five official languages: English, Ulithian, Woleaian, Satawalese and Yapese.[10]
Demographics
According to the FSM Statistics Division, the 2020 population of Yap State is 11,577. The state has the third-largest population among the states in the FSM, with Chuuk and Pohnpei leading in this order.[11] The population of the state consists mainly of the local Yapese, Ulithians, Woleaians and Satawalese people; however, the state has been seeing a rise in the number of foreign citizens from countries such as the United States, Japan, Palau and the Philippines.
Religion
According to the 2018 International Religious Freedom Report compiled by the United States Department of State, an estimated 80% of the state population is Catholic and the remainder is Protestant. Religious affiliation tend to follow clan lines. A majority of foreign citizens in the FSM and the state is made up of Filipino Catholics.[12]
Municipalities
The State of Yap is divided into 21 municipalities with each municipality having a number of village units incorporated through customs and historically set boundary lines.[13] Each municipality can be placed in one of five main island groupings: Rumung, Maap, Gagil-Tamil, Marbaa' and the Neighboring Islands. The first four groupings are part of Yap Proper.
These municipalities are listed with their populations at the 2010 Census:[14]
| Yap Main Islands (7,371) | Neighboring Islands (4,006) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rumung | Maap | Gagil-Tamil | Marbaa' | |
| Rumung (58) | Maap (621) | Gagil (863) | Fanif (509) | Eauripik (114) |
| Tamil (1,231) | Weloy (1,031) | Elato (105)[15] | ||
| Dalipebinaw (397) | Fais (294) | |||
| Kanifay (314) | Faraulep (193)[16] | |||
| Rull (2,095) | Ifalik (578) | |||
| Gilman (252) | Lamotrek (329) | |||
| Ngulu (6) | ||||
| Satawal (501)[17] | ||||
| Sorol (0) | ||||
| Ulithi (847) | ||||
| Woleai (1,039) | ||||
Not included: Pikelot.
Politics and government
The State of Yap is one of the four federal states of the Federated States of Micronesia. As a democratic federation, each state has the ability to retain large number of power within the state as well as a certain level of sovereignty typical of federal states. As such, the State adheres to both the FSM National Constitution as well as the Yap State Constitution to develop policies and regulations.
The State Government is unique due to the fact that it consists of four government branches each serving a specific function for policymaking. The Executive Branch consists of the Governor as well as the Lieutenant Governor along with the members of the government departments affiliated with the branch. The Executive Branch is responsible for executing laws and administering government services. The Yap State Legislature makes up the Legislative Branch, which is responsible for creating, debating and passing bills for the Executive Branch to approve into law and enforce. The Yap State Court makes up the Judicial Branch, which is responsible for making sure laws passed do not violate the state and national constitutions. The unique traditional branch vests its power into two groups of Yapese chiefs. The group of Yap Main Island chiefs is known as Council of Pilung, and the group for Yapese outer island chiefs is known as the Council of Tamol. The two councils make sure whether proposed bills do not violate local traditional customs and regulate cultural issues.[9]
Information about some of the state government leaders and administrative staff are included below.
| Roles/Responsibilities | Individual |
|---|---|
| Speaker of the Legislature | Hon. Vincent A Figir |
| Vice Speaker | Hon. John J Masiwemai |
| Floor Leader | Hon. Jerry G. Fagolimul |
| Chairman, Committee on Finance | Hon. Nicholas Figirlaarwon |
| Vice Chairman, Committee on Finance | Hon. Kensley Ikosia |
| Chairman, Committee on Health and Welfare | Hon. Theodore "Ted" Rutun |
| Vice Chairman, Committee on Health and Welfare | Hon. Jesse Raglmar-Subolmar |
| Chairman, Committee on Resources, Education and Development | Hon. Joseph Giliko' |
| Vice Chairman, Committee on Resources, Education and Development | Hon. John Mafel |
| Other Members | Hon. Joseph B. Tiuchemal |
| Chief Clerk | Dee N. Libian |
| Assistant Chief Clerk | Ben Chosmal |
| Budget Officer | Elaine T. Chugen |
| Administrative Secretary | Elizabeth Laayow |
| Legislative Counsel | Leelkan Dabchuren, Esq. |
| Assistant Legislative Counsel | Genevieve M. Mangefel |
| Roles/Responsibilities | Individual |
|---|---|
| Governor | Hon. Jesse J. Salalu |
| Lieutenant Governor | [VACANT] |
| Attorney General | [VACANT] |
| Chief, Division of Public Safety | Daniel G. Ramngen |
| Director, Administrative Services | Gabriel Ramoloilug |
| Director, Planning and Budget | Francis Itimai |
| Director, Youth and Civic Affairs | Constantine Yowblaw |
| Director, Department of Resources & Development | Arlene S. Chugen |
| Director, Department of Public Works & Transportation | Jonathan Marmar |
| Director, Department of Health Services | Dr. Aileen Tareg |
| Director, Department of Education | Pamela Legdesog |
| Roles/Responsibilities | Individual |
|---|---|
| Chief Justice | Hon. Cyprian Manmaw |
| Associate Justice | Hon. Jesse Torwan |
| Hon. Jonathan M. Tun | |
| Yap State Court Counsel | Seema Shaw, Esq. |
| Clerk of Court | Julianne Giley |
| Court Administrator | Libuw Pongliyab |
| Roles/Responsibilities | Individual |
|---|---|
| Chairman, Council of Pilung | Hon. Bruno Tharngan |
| Chairman, Council of Tamol | Hon. Ramon Peyal |
| Roles/Responsibilities | Individual |
|---|---|
| Public Defender | [VACANT] |
| MLSC, Dir. Attorney | John T. Mootmag, Esq. |
| Director, Yap Environmental Protection Agency | Christina Fillmed |
| Director, Yap Community Action Program | Sabino Sauchomal |
| Director, Yap Investment Trust | Patricia D. Moonfel |
| Director, Yap Fishing Authority | Paul Ayin |
| Director, Yap State Public Service Corporation | Faustino Yangmog |
| Director, Yap State Public Library | Erica Ruepin |
| Director, Yap Visitors Authority | Don Evans |
| Director, Yap Sports Council Office | Lawrence Uwelur |
Climate
| Climate data for Yap | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33 (91) | 34 (93) | 34 (93) | 35 (95) | 35 (95) | 34 (94) | 34 (93) | 36 (96) | 34 (94) | 34 (94) | 34 (94) | 36 (96) | 36 (96) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) | 30.2 (86.4) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.7 (87.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.8 (87.4) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.7 (87.3) | 30.7 (87.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.6 (81.7) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.2 (81.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.1 (75.4) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.7 (74.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 19 (67) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 19 (67) | 18 (65) | 19 (66) | 18 (65) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 17 (63) | 18 (65) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 186 (7.33) | 152 (5.98) | 151 (5.96) | 146 (5.76) | 230 (9.06) | 322 (12.69) | 369 (14.54) | 386 (15.20) | 343 (13.51) | 304 (11.97) | 230 (9.07) | 228 (8.99) | 3,050 (120.06) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16.8 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 17.1 | 20.2 | 21.2 | 20.9 | 19.3 | 20.1 | 18.7 | 17.6 | 211.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 81 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 210.8 | 211.9 | 251.1 | 255.0 | 244.9 | 201.0 | 189.1 | 176.7 | 180.0 | 170.5 | 192.0 | 198.4 | 2,481.4 |
| Source 1: Weatherbase[18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun, precipitation 1961–1990)[19] | |||||||||||||
Economy
The GDP per capita in 2018 was US$4,510 while total the GDP in 2018 was US$52 million.[20] According to the 2010 Labor Market Statistics data compiled by the FSM Statistics Office, 67% of the total state population is in the labor force, the highest percentage of people in the labor force in the entire nation. The majority of those in the labor force are in formal work while the rest are in home production, which includes subsistence.[21]
Yap has a relatively small tourism industry, with the Yap Visitors Bureau reporting only 4,000 annual visitors from 2010 to 2017.[22] China's Exhibition & Travel Group has announced plans to develop a 4,000-unit resort on the island.[22] Business that contribute to the state's tourism share of state GDP are Manta Ray Resort and Spa, ESA, and Yap Pacific Dive Resort.
The largest retail businesses in the State are Yap Cooperative Association (YCA) General Store, Guang Mao Enterprises and EMI Enterprises. These businesses contribute largely to the State's retail and wholesale sector.
The State also has a small but important financial sector that support the investment and capital needs of the population, local small- and medium-enterprises (SMEs), the government and state institutions, and academic sector. It has five financial services institutions: the Bank of Guam (BOG),[23] the Bank of the Federated States of Micronesia (BFSM), Community Ayuw Services Credit Union, Western Union, and the FSM Development Bank.[24]
The State is now expected to be one of the fastest growing economies in the country as technological innovation is highly encouraged. Although the FSM communications industry is largely monopolized by the state-operated FSM Telecommunications Corporation based in Pohnpei, Yap saw the rise of the tech startup company iBoom when the company is expected to utilise the National Government's Digital FSM Project 2017 grant funding from the World Bank to connect each home, work office, etc.[25] iBoom is expected to challenge previous monopoly of the FSM Telecom Corporation through competitive pricing and services.
Transportation
Yap International Airport receives service from United Airlines as well as Pacific Mission Aviation. The state also has a small dockyard, colloquially known as Gampek, in Colonia just south of Tamil Harbor that services maritime vessels for inter-state and cross-border transport and freight.
Education
Post-secondary institutions:
- College of Micronesia-FSM Yap Campus in Rull
- FSM Fisheries and Maritime Institute in Gagil
State secondary schools:[26]
- Yap High School in Colonia
- Woleai High School in Woleai
- Outer Islands High School in Ulithi
Private Secondary and Elementary Schools:
Notable people
- John Mangefel: FSM Founding Father; First State Governor
- Petrus Tun: FSM Founding Father; first FSM Vice President; Second State Governor
- Jennifer Chieng: Boxer and mixed martial artist (MMA)
- Larry Raigetal: Master navigator
- Lubuw Falanruw: Founder of tech startup iBoom; technology entrepreneur
- Bartola Garrido: Chamorrita interpreter during the Spanish colonial period
- Anna Falgog: founder Yap Women's Association
See also
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Habele, a South Carolina–based charitable organization providing private economic educational assistance in Yap
- History of the Federated States of Micronesia.
References
- ^ "Population Statistics – FSM Statistics". from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
- ^ . Fsmgov.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
- ^ a b c "Yap Islands | archipelago, Micronesia | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ "The History of Yap Island from 1500 B.C. to Present". www.visityap.com. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ PacificWrecks.com. "Pacific Wrecks". pacificwrecks.com. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ "Yap Island". www.u-s-history.com. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ "Micronesia's constitution - 1975" (PDF).
- ^ Kleiber, Eleanor. "Research Guides: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Archives: Introduction". guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ a b "Yap - Legal Information System of the Federated States of Micronesia". fsmlaw.org. from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
- ^ . Pacific Resources for Education and Learning. Archived from the original on 2006-10-14. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- ^ "Population Statistics – FSM Statistics". from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2018" (PDF). US Department of State. US Department of State. (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Census 1987 with village population figures" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^ "2010 Census Basic Table - Yap". from the original on 2021-09-12. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ Includes Olimarao Atoll.
- ^ Includes Gaferut Atoll/Fayo.
- ^ Includes Piagailoe Atoll/West Fayu.
- ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Yap, Federated States of Micronesia". Weatherbase. from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ . Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ McKinlay, Glenn (August 2019). "Federated States of Micronesia Fiscal Year 2018 Statistical Appendices" (PDF). The Pacific Islands Training Initiative (PITI-VITI). (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-04. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
- ^ "Labour Market Statistics detailed". FSM Statistics Office. from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ a b Lin, Daniel (15 August 2017). "This Pacific Island Is Caught in a Global Power Struggle (And It's Not Guam)". 'National Geographic'. from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ "Bank of Guam". from the original on 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ "FSM Development Bank". from the original on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ McClure, Joyce (2021-03-10). "The little island that could: Yap takes the lead in digital communications for FSM". pactimes. from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
- ^ "Higher Education in the Federated States of Micronesia 2017-10-14 at the Wayback Machine." Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia Washington DC. Retrieved on 23 February 2018.
- ^ "ABOUT YCHS 2018-06-20 at the Wayback Machine." Yap Catholic High School. Retrieved on 22 February 2018.
External links
- The Official Government Website for the Island of Yap
- BBC
- Statistics on buildings, population; Source: Statistics Section, Office of Planning and Budget, Yap State
- United States of America and Japan – Treaty concerning the Yap Island and the other islands under mandate, situated in the Pacific North of the Equator and exchange of Notes relating thereto. Washington, 11 February 1922
- NOAA's National Weather Service – Yap, FSM