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Isthmus of Tehuantepec

March 16, 2023

This article is about the geographical isthmus. For the political region, see Istmo de Tehuantepec.

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Spanish pronunciation: [tewanteˈpek]) is an isthmus in Mexico. It represents the shortest distance between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Before the opening of the Panama Canal, it was a major overland transport route known simply as the Tehuantepec Route. The name is taken from the town of Santo Domingo Tehuantepec in the state of Oaxaca; this was derived from the Nahuatl term Tēcuāntepēc ("jaguar mountain").

Map showing the relief of the isthmus
1736 map. Caption at lower left: "These rivers almost meet. both of them are Navigable, and all the Cannon and Stores for Acapulco are Carryed from the North to the South Sea by them."
Map of the Straits of Florida and Gulf of Mexico. To accompany a report from the U.S. Treasury Department to the U.S. Senate by Israel D. Andrews, per the resolution of the Senate of March 8, 1851.

Geography

The isthmus includes the part of Mexico lying between the 94th and 96th meridians west longitude, or the southeastern parts of Veracruz and Oaxaca, including small areas of Chiapas and Tabasco. The states of Tabasco and Chiapas are east of the isthmus, with Veracruz and Oaxaca on the west.[1]

At its narrowest point, the isthmus is 200 km (124 mi) across from gulf to gulf,[2] or 192 km (119 mi) to the head of Laguna Superior on the Pacific coast. The Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range breaks down at this point into a broad, plateau-like ridge, whose elevation, at the highest point reached by the Ferrocarril Transistmico railway at Chivela Pass, is 224 m (735 ft). The northern side of the isthmus is swampy and densely covered with jungle, which has been a greater obstacle to railway construction than the grades in crossing the sierra.[1]

The Selva Zoque in the eastern-central region of the isthmus is an area of great ecological importance, the largest remaining area of tropical rainforest in Mexico and holding the majority of the terrestrial biodiversity in Mexico.[3]

The Sierra Madre de Oaxaca mountains flatten to form Chivela Pass before the Sierra Madre de Chiapas mountains resume to the south, so geographically the isthmus divides North America from Central America.[citation needed] The southern edge of the North American tectonic plate lies across the Motagua Fault in Guatemala, so geologically, the division between North America and Central America (on the Caribbean Plate) is much farther south than the isthmus of Tehuantepec.

History

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a region located in the south of Mexico, is the narrowest area between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the whole country. Only 220 kilometers separate the two oceans between the gulfs of Mexico and Tehuantepec. During the first half of the sixteenth century, it seemed as if nature could not withstand the strenuous effort of the Spanish conquistadores to find, within the tropics, a strait connecting the two oceans.[4] This meant that in the conquest explorations during the sixteenth century, this region was used as an interoceanic passage. The exploration of this region between the ‘North Sea’ and the ‘South Sea’ was, since the conquest of Mesoamerica, a fixed idea of the Spanish monarchy and its representatives. Carlos V made this project one of the priority missions of the explorers whose objective was to put the kingdom of New Spain in communication with that of Peru.[5] Hernán Cortés, in 1520, used this route to transport equipment and supplies across the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to his shipyard located on the Pacific coast, near the town of Santo Domingo de Tehuantepec. The advantage lay in the ability to make a good part of the journey by river.[6] Approximately two-thirds of the Isthmus is crossed by the Coatzacoalcos River, which is navigable for approximately 200 kilometers. Cortés saw this river as a means of fluvial communication across the Isthmus itself. During the last third of the sixteenth century, Spanish expeditions arrived at the port of Veracruz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and from there they moved by boat to the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos River. The material necessary to build ships (supplies and tools or provisions) in the shipyards located along the Pacific coast, together with the artillery, were loaded into shallow canoes to navigate upstream, and subsequently transported, on the backs of the indigenous people, from the sources of the Coatzacoalcos River to the Pacific coast, in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.1 Many of these expeditions later moved along the coast to the port of Acapulco, from where they sailed along the western coast of North America, and then set off westwards, seeking a passage to the Philippines and southern China. The advantages of this itinerary would lead to the proposal, as early as the sixteenth century, of an interoceanic canal. However, a series of difficulties resulted in the most feasible option, Panama, eclipsing Tehuantepec as an interoceanic passage.[7]

 
Location of the Province of Coatzacoalcos in a modern satellite image. This indicates the settlements of Coatzacoalcos and Tehuantepec, where Gali also made a map for the Relaciónes Geográficas. Image prepared by Morato-Moreno, M.

Biogeography

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a valley otherwise surrounded by montane habitats, has also been noted as an important biogeographical barrier among montane taxa, such as Mexican birds.[8][9] Population diversification has been observed among not only avian fauna, but other organisms as well, including toads[10] and the Central American river turtle.[11] As a result, the Isthmus presents a case of allopatric speciation wherein a geographic divide gives rise to population divergence and a significant decrease in gene flow.

Climate

The predominant climates in the region are tropical savanna (primarily in the south) and tropical monsoon (primarily in the north). There are also small central areas with a temperate climate due to elevation. The annual rainfall on the Atlantic or northern slope is 3,960 mm (156 in) and the maximum temperature about 35 °C (95 °F) in the shade. The Pacific slope has a light rainfall and dryer climate.[1]

External image
  Oaxaca Wind Resource Map

The narrowness of the isthmus, and the gap in the Sierra Madre, allow the trade winds from the Gulf of Mexico to blow through to the Pacific. Normally, these winds are not particularly strong, but periodically, a surge of denser air originating from the North American continent will send strong winds through the Chivela Pass and out over the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific coast. This wind is known as the Tehuano. The region has one of the best wind resources in Mexico, with several wind farms.[12][13]

People and culture

In the Oaxaca half of Tehuantepec, the population is composed mostly of indigenous Zapotec peoples. The women are the traders in the Oaxacan Tehuantepec area and do little menial work. Known as "Tehuanas", these women are known throughout Mexico for their colorful dresses, assertive personalities, and relatively equal relations with men, leading some to characterize them as "matriarchal."[14]

Cuisine

The cuisine of the region is based upon traditional foods and ingredients. Dishes may range from simple to elaborate; most dishes incorporate maize and moles. Common items include tamales made with iguana, chicken, beef or armadillo; guetabingui (fried balls of rice and shrimp); garnachas topped with dried queso Oaxaca; and pozol, a maize-based drink.[15][16]

Tehuantepec route

 
19th Century illustration of the proposed "Interoceanic Ship Railway"
See also: Panama Canal and Nicaragua Canal

Since the days of Hernán Cortés, the Tehuantepec isthmus has been considered a favorable route, first for an interoceanic canal, and since the 19th century for an interoceanic railway.[17] Its proximity to the axis of international trade gives it some advantage over the Panama route.[1] The Isthmus of Panama, however, is significantly narrower, making for a shorter traversal, even if the canal is farther from trade routes.

The 1854 Gadsden Purchase treaty[18] included a provision allowing the U.S. to transport mail and trade goods across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec via a plank road and railroad.[19] The 1859 McLane–Ocampo Treaty, which Benito Juárez signed but was never ratified by the United States Congress,[20] would have given the U.S. extensive transit rights along the same route.

When the great cost of a canal across the isthmus compelled engineers and capitalists, James B. Eads proposed to construct a quadruple track ship-railway, and the scheme received serious attention for some time.[21] Then came projects for an ordinary railway, and several concessions were granted by the Mexican government for this purpose from 1857 to 1882. In the latter year the Mexican government resolved to undertake the railroad construction on its own account, and entered into contracts with a prominent Mexican contractor for the work. In 1888 this contract was rescinded, after 108 km (67 mi) of road had been completed.[1][22]

The next contract was fruitless because of the death of the contractor, and the third failed to complete the work within the sum specified (£2,700,000).[1] This was in 1893, and 60 km (37 mi) remained to be built. A fourth contract resulted in the completion of the 130-mile line from coast to coast in 1894.[23] But, it was found that the terminal ports were deficient in facilities[24] and the railroad was too light for heavy traffic.[1][24][25]

The government then entered into a contract with the London firm of contractors of S. Pearson & Son, Ltd., who had constructed the drainage works of the valley of Mexico and the new port works of Veracruz, to rebuild the line and construct terminal ports at Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf coast, and at Salina Cruz on the Pacific side. The work was done for account of the Mexican government. Work began on 10 December 1899, and was finished to a point where its formal opening for traffic was possible in January 1907.[1][25]

Tehuantepec Railway Line

Main article: Ferrocarril Transístmico

The Tehuantepec railway (now the Ferrocarril Transístmico ("Trans-Isthmic Railroad")), is 308 km (191 mi) long, running from the port of Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf of Mexico to Salina Cruz in Oaxaca on the Pacific coast, with a branch of 29 km (18 mi) between Juile and San Juan Evangelista. The minimum depth at low water in both ports is 10 m (33 ft). An extensive system of quays and railway tracks at both terminals affords ample facilities for the expeditious handling of heavy cargoes. The general offices and repair shops of the original Tehuantepec Railway were located at Rincón Antonio, at the entrance to the Chivela Pass.[1] At Santa Lucrecia, 175 km (109 mi) from Salina Cruz, connection was made with the Veracruz & Pacific Railway, 343 km (213 mi) to Córdoba, Veracruz, and 500 km (310 mi) to Mexico City. Those connecting lines are now owned and operated by Ferrosur, a company that also operates along the Ferroistmo-owned Tuehantepec line.

Several proposals have been made for modernizing the inter-ocean rail connection.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tehuantepec". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 507.
  2. ^ Hovey, Edmond Otis (1907). "The Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Thehuantepec National Railway". Bulletin of the American Geological Society. 39 (1): 78–91. from the original on 2022-07-10. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  3. ^ . EEF Mexico. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  4. ^ Church, G.E. (1902) “Interoceanic Communication on the Western Continent. A Study in Commercial Geography” The Geographical Journal 19 (3) pp.313–354
  5. ^ Velázquez, E., Léonard, E., Hoffmann, O. and Prévôt-Schapira, M.F. (2009) El Istmo mexicano: una región inasequible: Estado, poderes locales y dinámicas espaciales (siglos XVI–XXI) Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Paris: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
  6. ^ López Guzmán, R. (2007) Territorio, poblamiento y arquitectura: México en las Relaciones Geográficas de Felipe II Granada: Universidad de Granada
  7. ^ : Manuel Morato-Moreno & José-María Gentil-Baldrich (2022): The Map of the Coatzacoalcos River (1580): The First Cartography of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, The Cartographic Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1995126
  8. ^ Barber, B. R.; Klicka, J. (2010-09-07). "Two pulses of diversification across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in a montane Mexican bird fauna". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1694): 2675–2681. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0343. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2982039. PMID 20410037.
  9. ^ Sandoval, Luis; Epperly, Kevin L.; Klicka, John; Mennill, Daniel J. (2017-03-07). "The biogeographic and evolutionary history of an endemic clade of Middle American sparrows: Melozone and Aimophila (Aves: Passerellidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 110: 50–59. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.008. ISSN 1095-9513. PMID 28286101. from the original on 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  10. ^ Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Morrill, Benson H.; Mendelson, Joseph R. (2006). "Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (Bufo) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec". Journal of Biogeography. 33 (11): 1889–1904. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01546.x. ISSN 1365-2699. S2CID 84605743. from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  11. ^ González-Porter, Gracia P.; Maldonado, Jesús E.; Flores-Villela, Oscar; Vogt, Richard C.; Janke, Axel; Fleischer, Robert C.; Hailer, Frank (2013-09-25). "Cryptic Population Structuring and the Role of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec as a Gene Flow Barrier in the Critically Endangered Central American River Turtle". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e71668. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871668G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071668. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3783458. PMID 24086253.
  12. ^ Toledo, César; Chávez-Arroyo, Roberto; Loera, Leonel; Probst, Oliver (18 May 2015). "A surface wind speed map for Mexico based on NARR and observational data". Meteorological Applications. 22 (3): 3.4. Bibcode:2015MeApp..22..666T. doi:10.1002/met.1500. the highest wind speeds are observed in the Southern region of Oaxaca at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec bridging the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. This region has long been known to be Mexico's windiest region and has been the object of a strong wind power development
  13. ^ Duncan Wood, Samantha Lozano, Omar Romero & Sergio Romero. "Wind energy on the border — a model for maximum benefit 2017-07-06 at the Wayback Machine" Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, May 2012. Quote: "wind energy projects that have been developed in the southern state of Oaxaca. There, the wind currents that cross the Isthmus of Tehuantepec"
  14. ^ Theroux, Paul. The Old Patagonian Express, pg. 89. Cape Cod Scriveners Co., 1979. "These Indians, the Zapotecs, were a matriarchal people: the women owned land, fished, traded, farmed, and ran the local government; the men, with that look of silliness that comes of being bone-idle, lounged around."
  15. ^ "Garnachas Istmeña". Autorneto. from the original on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
  16. ^ "What to Eat in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec". Secretary of Tourism and Economic Development of the State of Oaxaca. Retrieved 2011-06-26.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ Powell, Fred Wilbur (1921). The Railroads of Mexico. Boston, Mass.: The Stratford Co. p. 149.
  18. ^ "Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30, 1853" August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Avalon Project
  19. ^ See "Tehuantepec Railroad--Sloo's Grant 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine"; The New York Times, May 5, 1853, p. 4.
  20. ^ a b Howard LaFranchi, "Mexico Wants Its Own 'Panama Canal' - Without US" 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine, The Christian Science Monitor. Sept. 4, 1996. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
  21. ^ John H. Lienhard, "An Un-Panama Canal 2004-10-15 at the Wayback Machine", Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 1777, citing J. E. Vollmar, Jr., "The Most Gigantic Railroad". Invention and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 4, Spring 2003, pg. 64.
  22. ^ U.K. Foreign Office, Mexico; Report on the Mexican Isthmus (Tehuantepec) Railway No. 658, Miscellaneous Series, Diplomatic and Consular Reports; April, 1907.
  23. ^ "The Tehuantepec Railroad; An Important Mexican Enterprise Completed 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine"; The New York Times, November 22, 1894, p. 12.
  24. ^ a b Edward B. Glick, "The Tehuantepec Railroad: Mexico's White Elephant", Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 4 (1953), pp. 373–382; published by: University of California Press. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
  25. ^ a b Report on the Mexican Isthmus (Tehuantepec) Railway, p. 5.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
  • The Tehuantepec Ship-Railway
  • The Mexican Railways, with information on the current owners (concessions) of Mexican railways.
  • Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Tehuantepec" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.

Coordinates: 17°12′N 94°42′W / 17.2°N 94.7°W / 17.2; -94.7

March 16, 2023
isthmus, tehuantepec, this, article, about, geographical, isthmus, political, region, istmo, tehuantepec, spanish, pronunciation, tewanteˈpek, isthmus, mexico, represents, shortest, distance, between, gulf, mexico, pacific, ocean, before, opening, panama, cana. This article is about the geographical isthmus For the political region see Istmo de Tehuantepec The Isthmus of Tehuantepec Spanish pronunciation tewanteˈpek is an isthmus in Mexico It represents the shortest distance between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean Before the opening of the Panama Canal it was a major overland transport route known simply as the Tehuantepec Route The name is taken from the town of Santo Domingo Tehuantepec in the state of Oaxaca this was derived from the Nahuatl term Tecuantepec jaguar mountain Map showing the relief of the isthmus 1736 map Caption at lower left These rivers almost meet both of them are Navigable and all the Cannon and Stores for Acapulco are Carryed from the North to the South Sea by them Map of the Straits of Florida and Gulf of Mexico To accompany a report from the U S Treasury Department to the U S Senate by Israel D Andrews per the resolution of the Senate of March 8 1851 Contents 1 Geography 1 1 History 1 2 Biogeography 1 3 Climate 2 People and culture 2 1 Cuisine 3 Tehuantepec route 3 1 Tehuantepec Railway Line 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksGeography EditThe isthmus includes the part of Mexico lying between the 94th and 96th meridians west longitude or the southeastern parts of Veracruz and Oaxaca including small areas of Chiapas and Tabasco The states of Tabasco and Chiapas are east of the isthmus with Veracruz and Oaxaca on the west 1 At its narrowest point the isthmus is 200 km 124 mi across from gulf to gulf 2 or 192 km 119 mi to the head of Laguna Superior on the Pacific coast The Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range breaks down at this point into a broad plateau like ridge whose elevation at the highest point reached by the Ferrocarril Transistmico railway at Chivela Pass is 224 m 735 ft The northern side of the isthmus is swampy and densely covered with jungle which has been a greater obstacle to railway construction than the grades in crossing the sierra 1 The Selva Zoque in the eastern central region of the isthmus is an area of great ecological importance the largest remaining area of tropical rainforest in Mexico and holding the majority of the terrestrial biodiversity in Mexico 3 The Sierra Madre de Oaxaca mountains flatten to form Chivela Pass before the Sierra Madre de Chiapas mountains resume to the south so geographically the isthmus divides North America from Central America citation needed The southern edge of the North American tectonic plate lies across the Motagua Fault in Guatemala so geologically the division between North America and Central America on the Caribbean Plate is much farther south than the isthmus of Tehuantepec History Edit The Isthmus of Tehuantepec a region located in the south of Mexico is the narrowest area between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the whole country Only 220 kilometers separate the two oceans between the gulfs of Mexico and Tehuantepec During the first half of the sixteenth century it seemed as if nature could not withstand the strenuous effort of the Spanish conquistadores to find within the tropics a strait connecting the two oceans 4 This meant that in the conquest explorations during the sixteenth century this region was used as an interoceanic passage The exploration of this region between the North Sea and the South Sea was since the conquest of Mesoamerica a fixed idea of the Spanish monarchy and its representatives Carlos V made this project one of the priority missions of the explorers whose objective was to put the kingdom of New Spain in communication with that of Peru 5 Hernan Cortes in 1520 used this route to transport equipment and supplies across the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to his shipyard located on the Pacific coast near the town of Santo Domingo de Tehuantepec The advantage lay in the ability to make a good part of the journey by river 6 Approximately two thirds of the Isthmus is crossed by the Coatzacoalcos River which is navigable for approximately 200 kilometers Cortes saw this river as a means of fluvial communication across the Isthmus itself During the last third of the sixteenth century Spanish expeditions arrived at the port of Veracruz in the Gulf of Mexico and from there they moved by boat to the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos River The material necessary to build ships supplies and tools or provisions in the shipyards located along the Pacific coast together with the artillery were loaded into shallow canoes to navigate upstream and subsequently transported on the backs of the indigenous people from the sources of the Coatzacoalcos River to the Pacific coast in the Gulf of Tehuantepec 1 Many of these expeditions later moved along the coast to the port of Acapulco from where they sailed along the western coast of North America and then set off westwards seeking a passage to the Philippines and southern China The advantages of this itinerary would lead to the proposal as early as the sixteenth century of an interoceanic canal However a series of difficulties resulted in the most feasible option Panama eclipsing Tehuantepec as an interoceanic passage 7 Location of the Province of Coatzacoalcos in a modern satellite image This indicates the settlements of Coatzacoalcos and Tehuantepec where Gali also made a map for the Relaciones Geograficas Image prepared by Morato Moreno M Biogeography Edit The Isthmus of Tehuantepec a valley otherwise surrounded by montane habitats has also been noted as an important biogeographical barrier among montane taxa such as Mexican birds 8 9 Population diversification has been observed among not only avian fauna but other organisms as well including toads 10 and the Central American river turtle 11 As a result the Isthmus presents a case of allopatric speciation wherein a geographic divide gives rise to population divergence and a significant decrease in gene flow Climate Edit The predominant climates in the region are tropical savanna primarily in the south and tropical monsoon primarily in the north There are also small central areas with a temperate climate due to elevation The annual rainfall on the Atlantic or northern slope is 3 960 mm 156 in and the maximum temperature about 35 C 95 F in the shade The Pacific slope has a light rainfall and dryer climate 1 External image Oaxaca Wind Resource MapThe narrowness of the isthmus and the gap in the Sierra Madre allow the trade winds from the Gulf of Mexico to blow through to the Pacific Normally these winds are not particularly strong but periodically a surge of denser air originating from the North American continent will send strong winds through the Chivela Pass and out over the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific coast This wind is known as the Tehuano The region has one of the best wind resources in Mexico with several wind farms 12 13 People and culture Edit Garnachas In the Oaxaca half of Tehuantepec the population is composed mostly of indigenous Zapotec peoples The women are the traders in the Oaxacan Tehuantepec area and do little menial work Known as Tehuanas these women are known throughout Mexico for their colorful dresses assertive personalities and relatively equal relations with men leading some to characterize them as matriarchal 14 Cuisine Edit The cuisine of the region is based upon traditional foods and ingredients Dishes may range from simple to elaborate most dishes incorporate maize and moles Common items include tamales made with iguana chicken beef or armadillo guetabingui fried balls of rice and shrimp garnachas topped with dried queso Oaxaca and pozol a maize based drink 15 16 Tehuantepec route Edit 19th Century illustration of the proposed Interoceanic Ship Railway See also Panama Canal and Nicaragua Canal Since the days of Hernan Cortes the Tehuantepec isthmus has been considered a favorable route first for an interoceanic canal and since the 19th century for an interoceanic railway 17 Its proximity to the axis of international trade gives it some advantage over the Panama route 1 The Isthmus of Panama however is significantly narrower making for a shorter traversal even if the canal is farther from trade routes The 1854 Gadsden Purchase treaty 18 included a provision allowing the U S to transport mail and trade goods across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec via a plank road and railroad 19 The 1859 McLane Ocampo Treaty which Benito Juarez signed but was never ratified by the United States Congress 20 would have given the U S extensive transit rights along the same route When the great cost of a canal across the isthmus compelled engineers and capitalists James B Eads proposed to construct a quadruple track ship railway and the scheme received serious attention for some time 21 Then came projects for an ordinary railway and several concessions were granted by the Mexican government for this purpose from 1857 to 1882 In the latter year the Mexican government resolved to undertake the railroad construction on its own account and entered into contracts with a prominent Mexican contractor for the work In 1888 this contract was rescinded after 108 km 67 mi of road had been completed 1 22 The next contract was fruitless because of the death of the contractor and the third failed to complete the work within the sum specified 2 700 000 1 This was in 1893 and 60 km 37 mi remained to be built A fourth contract resulted in the completion of the 130 mile line from coast to coast in 1894 23 But it was found that the terminal ports were deficient in facilities 24 and the railroad was too light for heavy traffic 1 24 25 The government then entered into a contract with the London firm of contractors of S Pearson amp Son Ltd who had constructed the drainage works of the valley of Mexico and the new port works of Veracruz to rebuild the line and construct terminal ports at Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf coast and at Salina Cruz on the Pacific side The work was done for account of the Mexican government Work began on 10 December 1899 and was finished to a point where its formal opening for traffic was possible in January 1907 1 25 Tehuantepec Railway Line Edit Main article Ferrocarril Transistmico The Tehuantepec railway now the Ferrocarril Transistmico Trans Isthmic Railroad is 308 km 191 mi long running from the port of Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf of Mexico to Salina Cruz in Oaxaca on the Pacific coast with a branch of 29 km 18 mi between Juile and San Juan Evangelista The minimum depth at low water in both ports is 10 m 33 ft An extensive system of quays and railway tracks at both terminals affords ample facilities for the expeditious handling of heavy cargoes The general offices and repair shops of the original Tehuantepec Railway were located at Rincon Antonio at the entrance to the Chivela Pass 1 At Santa Lucrecia 175 km 109 mi from Salina Cruz connection was made with the Veracruz amp Pacific Railway 343 km 213 mi to Cordoba Veracruz and 500 km 310 mi to Mexico City Those connecting lines are now owned and operated by Ferrosur a company that also operates along the Ferroistmo owned Tuehantepec line Several proposals have been made for modernizing the inter ocean rail connection 20 See also Edit Mexico portal Central America portal North America portalAmerican Hawaiian Steamship Company Ferrocarril de Veracruz al Istmo Istmo de Tehuantepec Oaxaca Isthmus of Panama is the site of the Panama Canal Mexican Federal Highway 185 Nicaragua CanalReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Tehuantepec Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 26 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 507 Hovey Edmond Otis 1907 The Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Thehuantepec National Railway Bulletin of the American Geological Society 39 1 78 91 Archived from the original on 2022 07 10 Retrieved 2020 10 26 Selva Zoque EEF Mexico Archived from the original on 2010 05 27 Retrieved 2010 06 28 Church G E 1902 Interoceanic Communication on the Western Continent A Study in Commercial Geography The Geographical Journal 19 3 pp 313 354 Velazquez E Leonard E Hoffmann O and Prevot Schapira M F 2009 El Istmo mexicano una region inasequible Estado poderes locales y dinamicas espaciales siglos XVI XXI Mexico City Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social Paris Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement Lopez Guzman R 2007 Territorio poblamiento y arquitectura Mexico en las Relaciones Geograficas de Felipe II Granada Universidad de Granada Manuel Morato Moreno amp Jose Maria Gentil Baldrich 2022 The Map of the Coatzacoalcos River 1580 The First Cartography of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec The Cartographic Journal DOI 10 1080 00087041 2021 1995126 Barber B R Klicka J 2010 09 07 Two pulses of diversification across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in a montane Mexican bird fauna Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 277 1694 2675 2681 doi 10 1098 rspb 2010 0343 ISSN 0962 8452 PMC 2982039 PMID 20410037 Sandoval Luis Epperly Kevin L Klicka John Mennill Daniel J 2017 03 07 The biogeographic and evolutionary history of an endemic clade of Middle American sparrows Melozone and Aimophila Aves Passerellidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 110 50 59 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2017 03 008 ISSN 1095 9513 PMID 28286101 Archived from the original on 2020 10 18 Retrieved 2020 10 15 Mulcahy Daniel G Morrill Benson H Mendelson Joseph R 2006 Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads Bufo across the Trans Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Journal of Biogeography 33 11 1889 1904 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2006 01546 x ISSN 1365 2699 S2CID 84605743 Archived from the original on 2021 03 08 Retrieved 2020 10 15 Gonzalez Porter Gracia P Maldonado Jesus E Flores Villela Oscar Vogt Richard C Janke Axel Fleischer Robert C Hailer Frank 2013 09 25 Cryptic Population Structuring and the Role of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec as a Gene Flow Barrier in the Critically Endangered Central American River Turtle PLOS ONE 8 9 e71668 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 871668G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0071668 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3783458 PMID 24086253 Toledo Cesar Chavez Arroyo Roberto Loera Leonel Probst Oliver 18 May 2015 A surface wind speed map for Mexico based on NARR and observational data Meteorological Applications 22 3 3 4 Bibcode 2015MeApp 22 666T doi 10 1002 met 1500 the highest wind speeds are observed in the Southern region of Oaxaca at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec bridging the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico This region has long been known to be Mexico s windiest region and has been the object of a strong wind power development Duncan Wood Samantha Lozano Omar Romero amp Sergio Romero Wind energy on the border a model for maximum benefit Archived 2017 07 06 at the Wayback Machine Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars May 2012 Quote wind energy projects that have been developed in the southern state of Oaxaca There the wind currents that cross the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Theroux Paul The Old Patagonian Express pg 89 Cape Cod Scriveners Co 1979 These Indians the Zapotecs were a matriarchal people the women owned land fished traded farmed and ran the local government the men with that look of silliness that comes of being bone idle lounged around Garnachas Istmena Autorneto Archived from the original on 2011 01 23 Retrieved 2011 06 26 What to Eat in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Secretary of Tourism and Economic Development of the State of Oaxaca Retrieved 2011 06 26 permanent dead link Powell Fred Wilbur 1921 The Railroads of Mexico Boston Mass The Stratford Co p 149 Gadsden Purchase Treaty December 30 1853 Archived August 19 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Avalon Project See Tehuantepec Railroad Sloo s Grant Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times May 5 1853 p 4 a b Howard LaFranchi Mexico Wants Its Own Panama Canal Without US Archived 2018 01 26 at the Wayback Machine The Christian Science Monitor Sept 4 1996 Retrieved 2018 01 25 John H Lienhard An Un Panama Canal Archived 2004 10 15 at the Wayback Machine Engines of Our Ingenuity No 1777 citing J E Vollmar Jr The Most Gigantic Railroad Invention and Technology Vol 18 No 4 Spring 2003 pg 64 U K Foreign Office Mexico Report on the Mexican Isthmus Tehuantepec Railway No 658 Miscellaneous Series Diplomatic and Consular Reports April 1907 The Tehuantepec Railroad An Important Mexican Enterprise Completed Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times November 22 1894 p 12 a b Edward B Glick The Tehuantepec Railroad Mexico s White Elephant Pacific Historical Review Vol 22 No 4 1953 pp 373 382 published by University of California Press Retrieved 2018 01 25 a b Report on the Mexican Isthmus Tehuantepec Railway p 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isthmus of Tehuantepec The Tehuantepec Ship Railway The Mexican Railways with information on the current owners concessions of Mexican railways Beach Chandler B ed 1914 Tehuantepec The New Student s Reference Work Chicago F E Compton and Co Coordinates 17 12 N 94 42 W 17 2 N 94 7 W 17 2 94 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Isthmus of Tehuantepec amp oldid 1140176419, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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