Mount Ngauruhoe (Māori: Ngāuruhoe) is a volcanic cone in New Zealand. It is the youngest vent in the Tongarirostratovolcano complex on the Central Plateau of the North Island and first erupted about 2,500 years ago.[3] Although often regarded as a separate mountain, geologically, it is a secondary cone of Mount Tongariro.
The volcano lies between the active volcanoes of Mount Tongariro to the north and Mount Ruapehu to the south, to the west of the Rangipo Desert and 25 kilometres to the south of the southern shore of Lake Taupō.
The local Māori traditions state that the volcano was named by Ngātoro-i-rangi, an ancestor of the local Māori iwi, Ngāti Tūwharetoa. Ngātoro-i-rangi called volcanic fire from his homeland Hawaiki, which eventually emerged at Ngauruhoe.[4] The name given by Ngātoro-i-rangi (Ngāuruhoe) either commemorates his slave, who had died from the cold before the fire arrived,[4] or refers to the insertions (ngā uru) of Ngātoro-i-rangi's hoe (paddle-like staff) into the ground during his summoning of the volcanic fire.
Recent activity
Mount Ngauruhoe in eruption, 1909
Ngauruhoe was New Zealand's most active volcano in the 20th century with 45 eruptions, the most recent in 1977.[1][3]Fumaroles exist inside the inner crater and on the rim of the eastern, outer crater. Climbers who suffer from asthma may be affected by the strong sulphurous gases emitted from the crater.
Aerial photo of Mount Ngauruhoe's crater.
A significant increase in earthquake activity in May 2006 prompted the alert level to be raised from zero (typical background activity, no signs of significant unrest) to one (signs of volcano unrest). Over the next two years GeoNet recorded an average of 5 to 30 earthquakes a day close to Ngauruhoe, though the maximum daily number was as high as 80.
After mid-2008, the number of volcanic earthquakes close to Ngauruhoe declined to the background level. Regular measurements of volcanic gas levels and the temperature of a summit gas vent failed to record any significant changes over the subsequent two and a half years.[5] GNS Science accordingly reduced the alert level for Ngauruhoe to Level 0 on 2 December 2008. “The reduction in earthquake activity means that an eruption in the near future is unlikely without further earthquakes or other changes and the appropriate alert level is therefore zero”, said GNS Science Volcano Section Manager Gill Jolly.
An increase in seismic activity in March 2015 resulted in the alert level being raised to Level 1.[6] The anomalous activity was deemed to have subsided after three weeks, and the alert level was lowered back to Level 0.[7]
Despite these potential indicators, some geologists speculate that activity may have permanently shifted away from the mountain, as the current dormancy is by far the longest in the volcano’s relatively short history, and recent eruptions from the parent Tongariro volcanic complex have all been further north.[citation needed]
Climbing
Ngauruhoe seen from across Tongariro's South Crater. The usual route up the mountain is visible on the right.
The mountain is usually climbed from the western side, from the Mangatepopo track. In summer the climb is difficult due to the loose tephra that gives way underfoot. In the summer of 2010 a climber was seriously injured by falling rock. In winter, snow consolidates the tephra. After rain, the snow may be covered by ice which is treacherous. Ice axes, crampons and ropes are recommended in midwinter. Between March and October the mountain is subject to sudden violent wind gusts and snow storms with the temperature dropping well below freezing.
Scramblers up Mt. Ngauruhoe.
There is also a route from the northern side which cuts across the lava flows in the Mangatepopo valley from the Mangatepopo hut. This route is far longer with no flat areas. On reaching the summit, climbers can circumnavigate the crater and descend the normal eastern route.
During the closure of the central part of the Mt. Tongariro one day walk, due to volcanic activity, climbing Mt. Ngauruhoe became a popular alternative. At Easter 2013 four climbers were injured in separate incidents. Two of the accidents were due to congestion on the normal eastern route to the crater when a climber caused loose rock to hit another climber below. All the injured had to be rescued by helicopter.[8]
In 1974, as part of a promotional campaign for his sponsor Moët & Chandon, champion skier Jean-Claude Killy was filmed skiing down the previously unskied eastern slope of the mountain. The average slope on this side of the volcano is 35 degrees, and Killy was caught on radar skiing more than 100 miles per hour. As he fell on the first run, he did the descent twice. He used helicopters to access the mountain top when the last eruption had been the day before and an eruption occurred at the end of his final run[10]
The first recorded ascent by a European was by J. C. Bidwill in March 1839, the ascent being from the north-west. He reported that “The crater was the most terrific abyss I ever looked into or imagined … it was not possible to see above 10 yards into it from the quantity of steam which it was continually discharging”.
Panorama of Mount Ngauruhoe and surroundings as seen from Mount Tongariro, with Mount Ruapehu in the background.
^"BIDWILL, John Carne". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. 1966. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
^ abErfurt-Cooper, Patricia; Cooper, Malcolm (2010). Volcano and Geothermal Tourism: Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Recreation. Earthscan. p. 291. ISBN9781849775182.
^ abJ. Mackintosh Bell (July 1912). "Some New Zealand Volcanoes". The Geographical Journal. 40 (1): 8–10. doi:10.2307/1778890. JSTOR 1778890.
^. GeoNet. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
Department of Conservation Tongariro National Park
March 10, 2023
mount, ngauruhoe, māori, ngāuruhoe, volcanic, cone, zealand, youngest, vent, tongariro, stratovolcano, complex, central, plateau, north, island, first, erupted, about, years, although, often, regarded, separate, mountain, geologically, secondary, cone, mount, . Mount Ngauruhoe Maori Ngauruhoe is a volcanic cone in New Zealand It is the youngest vent in the Tongariro stratovolcano complex on the Central Plateau of the North Island and first erupted about 2 500 years ago 3 Although often regarded as a separate mountain geologically it is a secondary cone of Mount Tongariro Mount NgauruhoeNgauruhoe seen from Mount TongariroHighest pointElevation2 291 m 7 516 ft Coordinates39 09 24 6 S 175 37 55 8 E 39 156833 S 175 632167 E 39 156833 175 632167 Coordinates 39 09 24 6 S 175 37 55 8 E 39 156833 S 175 632167 E 39 156833 175 632167NamingPronunciationMaori ŋaːʉɾʉhɔɛ GeographyMount NgauruhoeNew ZealandLocationNorth Island New ZealandGeologyMountain typeParasitic cone active Volcanic arc beltTaupō Volcanic ZoneLast eruption1977 1 ClimbingFirst ascentMarch 1839 by John C Bidwill an English botanist Two Maori guides came with him to within 1 kilometre of the peak 2 Easiest routeScramble summer The volcano lies between the active volcanoes of Mount Tongariro to the north and Mount Ruapehu to the south to the west of the Rangipo Desert and 25 kilometres to the south of the southern shore of Lake Taupō Contents 1 Etymology 2 Recent activity 3 Climbing 4 Film appearances 5 Climbing history 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology EditThe local Maori traditions state that the volcano was named by Ngatoro i rangi an ancestor of the local Maori iwi Ngati Tuwharetoa Ngatoro i rangi called volcanic fire from his homeland Hawaiki which eventually emerged at Ngauruhoe 4 The name given by Ngatoro i rangi Ngauruhoe either commemorates his slave who had died from the cold before the fire arrived 4 or refers to the insertions nga uru of Ngatoro i rangi s hoe paddle like staff into the ground during his summoning of the volcanic fire Recent activity Edit Mount Ngauruhoe in eruption 1909 Ngauruhoe was New Zealand s most active volcano in the 20th century with 45 eruptions the most recent in 1977 1 3 Fumaroles exist inside the inner crater and on the rim of the eastern outer crater Climbers who suffer from asthma may be affected by the strong sulphurous gases emitted from the crater Aerial photo of Mount Ngauruhoe s crater A significant increase in earthquake activity in May 2006 prompted the alert level to be raised from zero typical background activity no signs of significant unrest to one signs of volcano unrest Over the next two years GeoNet recorded an average of 5 to 30 earthquakes a day close to Ngauruhoe though the maximum daily number was as high as 80 After mid 2008 the number of volcanic earthquakes close to Ngauruhoe declined to the background level Regular measurements of volcanic gas levels and the temperature of a summit gas vent failed to record any significant changes over the subsequent two and a half years 5 GNS Science accordingly reduced the alert level for Ngauruhoe to Level 0 on 2 December 2008 The reduction in earthquake activity means that an eruption in the near future is unlikely without further earthquakes or other changes and the appropriate alert level is therefore zero said GNS Science Volcano Section Manager Gill Jolly An increase in seismic activity in March 2015 resulted in the alert level being raised to Level 1 6 The anomalous activity was deemed to have subsided after three weeks and the alert level was lowered back to Level 0 7 Despite these potential indicators some geologists speculate that activity may have permanently shifted away from the mountain as the current dormancy is by far the longest in the volcano s relatively short history and recent eruptions from the parent Tongariro volcanic complex have all been further north citation needed Climbing Edit Ngauruhoe seen from across Tongariro s South Crater The usual route up the mountain is visible on the right The mountain is usually climbed from the western side from the Mangatepopo track In summer the climb is difficult due to the loose tephra that gives way underfoot In the summer of 2010 a climber was seriously injured by falling rock In winter snow consolidates the tephra After rain the snow may be covered by ice which is treacherous Ice axes crampons and ropes are recommended in midwinter Between March and October the mountain is subject to sudden violent wind gusts and snow storms with the temperature dropping well below freezing Scramblers up Mt Ngauruhoe There is also a route from the northern side which cuts across the lava flows in the Mangatepopo valley from the Mangatepopo hut This route is far longer with no flat areas On reaching the summit climbers can circumnavigate the crater and descend the normal eastern route During the closure of the central part of the Mt Tongariro one day walk due to volcanic activity climbing Mt Ngauruhoe became a popular alternative At Easter 2013 four climbers were injured in separate incidents Two of the accidents were due to congestion on the normal eastern route to the crater when a climber caused loose rock to hit another climber below All the injured had to be rescued by helicopter 8 The Department of Conservation has asked trampers not to climb the mountain out of respect for its tapu sacred nature 9 Film appearances EditIn 1974 as part of a promotional campaign for his sponsor Moet amp Chandon champion skier Jean Claude Killy was filmed skiing down the previously unskied eastern slope of the mountain The average slope on this side of the volcano is 35 degrees and Killy was caught on radar skiing more than 100 miles per hour As he fell on the first run he did the descent twice He used helicopters to access the mountain top when the last eruption had been the day before and an eruption occurred at the end of his final run 10 Mount Ngauruhoe was used as a stand in for the fictional Mount Doom in Peter Jackson s The Lord of the Rings film trilogy achieving worldwide exposure 11 12 Climbing history EditThe first recorded ascent by a European was by J C Bidwill in March 1839 the ascent being from the north west He reported that The crater was the most terrific abyss I ever looked into or imagined it was not possible to see above 10 yards into it from the quantity of steam which it was continually discharging Panorama of Mount Ngauruhoe and surroundings as seen from Mount Tongariro with Mount Ruapehu in the background See also EditList of volcanoes in New Zealand List of mountains of New Zealand by height Volcanism in New ZealandReferences Edit a b Tongariro Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 6 April 2018 BIDWILL John Carne An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga 1966 Retrieved 19 February 2014 a b Erfurt Cooper Patricia Cooper Malcolm 2010 Volcano and Geothermal Tourism Sustainable Geo Resources for Leisure and Recreation Earthscan p 291 ISBN 9781849775182 a b J Mackintosh Bell July 1912 Some New Zealand Volcanoes The Geographical Journal 40 1 8 10 doi 10 2307 1778890 JSTOR 1778890 GNS Alert Bulletin GeoNet Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 Retrieved 24 December 2013 Volcanic Alert Bulletin NGA 2015 01 Ngauruhoe Volcano GeoNet Volcanic Alert Bulletin NGA 2015 03 Ngauruhoe Volcano GeoNet Waikato Times 1 April 2013 Trampers told not to climb Tongariro Crossing s Mount Doom 16 October 2017 Retrieved 16 February 2022 Outskiing a Volcano Skitheworld com 26 November 2010 Retrieved 5 June 2022 Sibley Brian The Making of the Movie Trilogy The Lord of the Rings Houghton Mifflin 2002 GNS Science 25 March 2015 Ngauruhoe External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Ngauruhoe category Official NZ Reports Volcano camera Department of Conservation Tongariro National Park New Zealand Topo Online Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mount Ngauruhoe amp oldid 1143832780, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
