Brewster Kahle

Brewster Lurton Kahle (/keɪl/ KAYL;^[4] born October 21, 1960)^[2] is an American digital librarian,^[5] a computer engineer, Internet entrepreneur, and advocate of universal access to all knowledge. Kahle founded the Internet Archive and Alexa Internet. In 2012, he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.^[6]

Brewster Kahle
Kahle in 2009
Born	Brewster Lurton Kahle^[1] (1960-10-21) October 21, 1960 (age 62)^[2] New York City, New York, U.S.
Alma mater	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)
Occupation(s)	Digital librarian Computer engineer Internet entrepreneur
Employer(s)	Internet Archive, Electronic Frontier Foundation
Known for	Development of WAIS Co-founder of Alexa Internet Founder of Internet Archive
Spouse	Mary Austin
Children	Caslon and Logan^[3]
Brewster Kahle introducing himself recorded April 2015
Website	brewster.kahle.org

Life and career

Kahle was born in New York City and raised in Scarsdale, New York, the son of Margaret Mary (Lurton) and Robert Vinton Kahle, a mechanical engineer.^[7][8] He went to Scarsdale High School. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science in computer science and engineering, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.^[9][10] The emphasis of his studies was artificial intelligence; he studied under Marvin Minsky and W. Daniel Hillis.^[9]

After graduation, he joined Thinking Machines team, where he was the lead engineer on the company's main product, the Connection Machine, for six years (1983–1989).^[11] There, he and others developed the WAIS system, the first Internet distributed search and document retrieval system, a precursor to the World Wide Web.^[11][12] In 1992, he co-founded, with Bruce Gilliat, WAIS, Inc. (sold to AOL in 1995 for $15 million), and, in 1996, Alexa Internet^[12][13] (sold to Amazon.com in 1999^[14]). At the same time as he started Alexa, he founded the Internet Archive, which he continues to direct. In 2001, he implemented the Wayback Machine, which allows public access to the World Wide Web archive that the Internet Archive has been gathering since 1996.^[11][12] Kahle was inspired to create the Wayback Machine after visiting the offices of Alta Vista, where he was struck by the immensity of the task being undertaken and achieved: to store and index everything that was on the Web. Kahle states: "I was standing there, looking at this machine that was the size of five or six Coke machines, and there was an 'aha moment' that said, 'You can do everything.'"^[15]

Kahle was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (2010) for archiving, and making available, all forms of digital information. He is also a member of the Internet Hall of Fame, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and serves on the boards of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Knowledge, the European Archive (now Internet memory) and the Television Archive. He is a member of the advisory board of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program of the Library of Congress, and is a member of the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for Cyberinfrastructure. In 2010 he was given an honorary doctorate in computer science from Simmons College, where he studied library science in the 1980s.

Kahle and his wife, Mary Austin, run the Kahle/Austin Foundation. The Foundation supports the Free Software Foundation for its GNU project,^[16] among other projects, with a total giving of about 4.5 million dollars in 2011.^[17]

In 2012, Kahle and banking veteran Jordan Modell established Internet Archive Federal Credit Union to serve people in New Brunswick, N.J. and Highland Park, New Jersey, as well as participants in programs that alleviate poverty in those areas.^[18] The credit union voluntarily liquidated in 2015.^[19]

Digitization advocacy

Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations

Kahle has been critical of Google's book digitization, especially of Google's exclusivity in restricting other search engines' digital access to the books they archive. In a 2011 talk Kahle described Google's 'snippet' feature as a means of tiptoeing around copyright issues, and expressed his frustration with the lack of a decent loaning system for digital materials. He said the digital transition has moved from local control to central control, non-profit to for-profit, diverse to homogeneous, and from "ruled by law" to "ruled by contract". Kahle stated that even public-domain material published before 1923, and not bound by copyright law, is still bound by Google's contracts and requires permission to be distributed or copied. Kahle reasoned that this trend has emerged for a number of reasons: distribution of information favoring centralization, the economic cost of digitizing books, the issue of library staff without the technical knowledge to build these services, and the decision of the administrators to outsource information services.^[20]

Kahle advocated in 2009:

It's not that expensive. For the cost of 60 miles of highway, we can have a 10 million-book digital library available to a generation that is growing up reading on-screen. Our job is to put the best works of humankind within reach of that generation. Through a simple Web search, a student researching the life of John F. Kennedy should be able to find books from many libraries, and many booksellers—and not be limited to one private library whose titles are available for a fee, controlled by a corporation that can dictate what we are allowed to read.^[21]

Other benefits of digitization

In 1997, Kahle explained that apart from the value for historians' use of these digital archives, they might also help resolve some common infrastructure complaints about the Internet, such as adding reliability to "404 Document not found" errors, contextualizing information to make it more trustworthy, and maintaining navigation to aid in finding related content. Kahle also explained the importance of packaging enough meta-data (information about the information) into the archive, since it is unknown what future researchers will be interested in, and that it might be more problematic to find data than to preserve it.^[22]

Physical media

"Knowledge lives in lots of different forms over time," Kahle said in 2011. "First it was in people's memories, then it was in manuscripts, then printed books, then microfilm, CD-ROMs, now on the digital internet. Each one of these generations is very important." Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle envisioned collecting one physical copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal," he said. "We want to see books live forever." Pointing out that even digital books have a physical home on a hard drive somewhere, he sees saving the physical artifacts of information storage as a way to hedge against the uncertainty of the future. (Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.) He began by having conventional shipping containers modified as climate-controlled storage units. Each container can hold about 40,000 volumes, the size of a branch library. As of 2011, Kahle had gathered about 500,000 books. He thinks the warehouse is large enough to hold about a million titles, with each one given a barcode that identifies the cardboard box, pallet and shipping container in which it resides. A given book may be retrieved in about an hour, not to be loaned out but to be used to verify contents recorded in another medium. Book preservation experts commented he'll have to contend with vermin and about a century's worth of books printed on wood pulp paper that disintegrates over time because of its own acidity. Peter Hanff, deputy director of UC Berkeley's Bancroft Library, said that just keeping the books on the west coast of the US will save them from the climate fluctuations that are the norm in other parts of the country.^[23]

Awards and appointments

• 2004 Paul Evan Peters Award from the Coalition of Networked Information (CNI).^[24]
• 2005 American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• Library of Congress NDIIP advisory board
• NSF Cyber Infrastructure advisory board
• 2007 Knowledge Trust Honors award recipient
• 2008 from the University of Illinois
• Public Knowledge, IP3 award recipient
• 2009 "50 Visionaries Changing Your World", Utne Reader^[25]
• 2010 National Academy of Engineering
• 2010 Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Alberta,^[26]
• 2010 Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award^[27][28]
• 2012 Software and Information Industry of America Peter Jackson Award SIIA Peter Jackson Award
• 2012 Inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.^[6]
• 2013 LITA/Library Hi Tech Award for Outstanding Communication in Library and Information Technology^[29]

Publications

Articles

• Responsible Party: "Brewster Kahle: A Library of the Web on the Web", The New York Times, 8 September 2002
• , O'Reilly Network, 21 January 2002
• "Brewster Kahle on the Internet Archive and People's Technology", O'Reilly Network, interview by Lisa Rein, 22 January 2004
• , June 2004
• , Slate, 7 April 2005
• "A Man's vision: World Library Online", San Francisco Chronicle, 22 November 2005
• Kahle Keynote at Wikimania 2006
• "Grant Funds Open-Source Challenge to Google Library" Cnet, 21 December 2006
• 2007 mention in San Francisco Chronicle
• "The Internet's Librarian", The Economist, 5 March 2009
• "A Book Grab by Google" by Brewster Kahle, Washington Post Op-Ed, 19 May 2009
• "Lend Ho! Brewster Kahle Is a Thorn in Google's Side", Forbes, 16 November 2009
• Brewster Kahle named one of the "50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World", Utne Reader, November–December 2009
• "Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book", The Guardian, 1 August 2011
• Cobweb: "Can the Internet Be Archived?", The New Yorker, 26 January 2015
• "The Creator of the Internet Archive Should Be the Next Librarian of Congress", Slate, 10 September 2015

Audio/Video

• , Science Friday, 1993, Brewster Kahle, then President of WAIS, participant.
• "Public Access to Digital Materials", Library of Congress, RealVideo and slides, 20 November 2002
• Digital Futures: "Universal Access to All Knowledge", CSPAN video of Brewster Kahle, 13 December 2004
• IT Conversations: "Universal Access to All Knowledge", audio, with Brewster Kahle, 16 December 2004
• PBS NerdTV: Episode #4 "An Interview with Brewster Kahle", by Robert X. Cringely, video, audio, and transcript, 18 August 2005 player link, 27 September 2005
• IT Conversations: Tech Nation interview with Dr. Moira Gunn, 7 February 2006
• Los Angeles Times: Commentary by Patt Morrison, 28 January 2012

See also

• List of archivists

References

1. "Paid Notice: Deaths KAHLE, MARGARET LURTON". The New York Times. 6 March 1998. from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
2. Alexa Internet profile 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, via juggle.com. accessed November 24, 2010
3. "Archiving the Internet / Brewster Kahle makes digital snapshots of Web". SFGate. 1999-05-07. from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
4. Schwartz, John, "Page by Page History of the Web" 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, October 29, 2001
5. Benny Evangelista (October 13, 2012). "Brewster Kahle's Internet Archive". San Francisco Chronicle. from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
6. 2012 Inductees 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed September 26, 2017
7. "Paid Notice: Deaths KAHLE, ROBERT VINTON". The New York Times. 2001-05-02. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 2020-02-05. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
8. , Retrieved October 25, 2019.
9. About 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine Brewster Kahle's Blog. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
10. Internet Nostalgia | MIT Admissions 2019-11-21 at the Wayback Machine MIT Admissions. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
11. Benton, Joshua (March 24, 2022). . Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
12. . New York Public Library. April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
13. Kellogg, Carolyn (August 5, 2011). "Archiving every book ever published". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
14. "Agreement and Plan of Merger - Amazon.com Inc. and Alexa Internet". Findlaw. from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
15. TONG, JUDY (September 8, 2002). "RESPONSIBLE PARTY – BREWSTER KAHLE; A Library Of the Web, On the Web". New York Times. from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
16. "Thank GNUs 2011". Free Software Foundation. from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
17. "Kahle/Austin Foundation | Find Grantmakers & Nonprofit Funders | Foundation Directory Online". fconline.foundationcenter.org. from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2020-03-22.
18. Morrison, David (September 5, 2012). "Internet Pioneer, Former Banker Behind Newest CU". Credit Union Times. p. 3. from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
19. Strozniak, Peter (December 18, 2015). "Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates". Credit Union Times. from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
20. Brewster Kahle. (Videotape). Ann Arbor, MI at the John Seely Brown Symposium: si.umich.edu. Archived from the original (SWF FLV FLASH OGG MPEG4 WMA WindowsMedia) on August 18, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
21. Singel, Ryan (May 19, 2009). "Stop the Google Library, Net's Librarian Says". Wired. from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
22. Kahle, Brewster. "Archiving the Internet". Scientific American – March 1997 issue. from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
23. . culture. The Guardian. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original (news) on 2012-06-19. Retrieved 22 August 2012. Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book
24. , EduCause.edu
25. "50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World" 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, Utne Reader, November–December 2009
26. "Current Honorary Degree Recipients: Spring 2010 Convocation" 2011-11-28 at the Wayback Machine, University of Alberta
27. . Archived from the original on November 20, 2010.
28. Kaplan, Jeff (4 January 2011). "Brewster Kahle receives the Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award | Internet Archive Blogs".
29. JCARMICHAEL (14 May 2013). "Brewster Kahle to be Honored with 2013 LITA/Library Hi Tech Award". from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brewster Kahle.

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to Brewster Kahle.

• Personal Blog
• Works by or about Brewster Kahle at Internet Archive
  • Biography at The Internet Archive
  • Talks and Writings of Brewster Kahle at the Internet Archive
• Works by Brewster Kahle at Open Library  
• Works by Brewster Kahle at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Brewster Kahle at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  
• Brewster Kahle at TED  
• Appearances on C-SPAN, alternate link
• Brewster Kahle interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network