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Grand chancellor (China)

April 26, 2024

The grand chancellor (Chinese: 宰相; pinyin: Zǎixiàng, among other titles), also translated as counselor-in-chief, chancellor, chief councillor, chief minister, imperial chancellor, lieutenant chancellor and prime minister, was the highest-ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government. The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history, and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly, even during a particular dynasty.

Statue of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, considered the ideal example of the loyalty, integrity and Ruist shared governance between a lord and minister in Chinese history.[1]
Grand chancellor
Chinese宰相
Literal meaningoverseeing minister
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinzǎixiàng
Wade–GilesTsai3-hsiang4
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese丞相
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinChéngxiàng
Wade–GilesCh'eng2-hsiang4
Second alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese相國
Simplified Chinese相国
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXiàngguó
Wade–GilesHsiang4-kuo2
Third alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese宰輔
Simplified Chinese宰辅
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZǎifǔ
Wade–GilesTsai3-fu3
Fourth alternative Chinese name
Chinese宰衡
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZǎihéng
Wade–GilesTsai3-heng2
Fifth alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese內閣總理大臣
Simplified Chinese内阁总理大臣
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinnèigé zǒnglǐ dàchén

Professor Zhu Zongbin of Peking University outlined the role of "grand chancellor" as one with the power to oversee all jurisdictional matters, the right to decide and to draft edicts with other ministers, and the position of chief advisor to the emperor. This extended even to the ability to criticize the emperor's edicts and decisions.[2][3] Thus, the grand chancellor served as the emperor's chief of staff and main political advisor, often exercising power second only to the emperor. In practice, the grand chancellor was often a trusted executive aide to the emperor, but during political turmoil or power struggles between the two roles the grand chancellor could also be the emperor's primary political competitor and opponent.[4]

This balance of power means that the relation between grand chancellor (and the scholar-officials they represent) and emperor holds great significance in the Confucian thought of governance and the relation of "lord and subject" (君臣).[5][6]

"Grand chancellor" can denote several positions. During the Six Dynasties period, the term denoted a number of power-holders serving as chief administrators, including zhongshun jian (Inspector General of the Secretariat), zhongshu ling (President of the Secretariat), shizhong (Palace Attendant), shangshu ling and puye (president and vice-president of the Department of State Affairs).[7]

History edit

In the Spring and Autumn period, Guan Zhong was the first chancellor in China,[8] who became chancellor under the state of Qi in 685 BC. In Qin, during the Warring States period, the chancellor was officially established as "the head of all civil service officials." There were sometimes two chancellors, differentiated as being "of the left" (senior) and "of the right" (junior). After emperor Qin Shi Huang ended the Warring States period by establishing the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the chancellor, together with the imperial secretary, and the grand commandant, were the most important officials in the imperial government, generally referred as the Three Lords.[9][10]

In 1 BC, during the reign of Emperor Ai, the title was changed to da si tu (大司徒).[11] In the Eastern Han dynasty, the chancellor post was replaced by the Three Excellencies: Grand Commandant (太尉), Minister over the Masses (司徒) and Minister of Works (司空).[12] In 190, Dong Zhuo claimed the title "Chancellor of State" (相國) under the powerless Emperor Xian of Han,[13] placing himself above the Three Excellencies. After Dong Zhuo's death in 192, the post was vacant until Cao Cao restored the position as "imperial chancellor" (丞相) and abolished the Three Excellencies in 208.[14] From then until March 15, 220, the power of chancellor was greater than that of the emperor. Later this often happened when a dynasty became weak, usually some decades before the fall of a dynasty.

During the Sui dynasty, the executive officials of the three highest departments of the empire were called "chancellors" (真宰相) together.[15] In the Tang dynasty, the government was divided into three departments: the Department of State Affairs (尚書省), the Secretariat (中書省), and the Chancellery (門下省). The head of each department was generally referred to as the chancellor.[16]

In the Song dynasty, the post of chancellor was also known as the "Tongpingzhangshi" (同平章事),[17] in accordance with late-Tang terminology, while the vice-chancellor was known as the jijunsi. Some years later, the post of chancellor was changed to "prime minister" (首相 shou xiang) and the post of vice-chancellor was changed to "second minister" (次相 ci xiang).[18] In the late Southern Song dynasty, the system changed back to the Tang naming conventions.

During the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty, the chancellor was not the head of the Secretariat, but the Crown Prince (皇太子) was. After the establishment of the Ming dynasty, the post became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng again. The post was abolished after the execution of Hu Weiyong, who was accused of treason (though his conviction is still strongly disputed in present times because of a lack of evidence to prove his guilt).[19] Still, appointments of the people who held the highest post in the government were called "appointment of prime minister" (拜相) until 1644.

Influence edit

During and after the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, the Mongols continued the use of a title Chingsang, from Chengxiang (丞相) for various high leaders, such as Pulad, the Yuan ambassador to the Ilkhan[20] and for the deputy of the Western Mongol leader, the taishi.[21] The title was also used in the Ilkhanate, for the vizier Buqa.[22]

List of chancellors of China edit

Further information (in Chinese): List of Chinese grand chancellors [zh]

List of chancellors of Shang dynasty edit

Name
Pinyin (romanization) Chinese characters
Yi Yin 伊尹
Zhong Hui 仲虺
Yi Zhi 伊陟
Wu Xian 巫咸
Wu Xian 巫賢
Gan Xuan 甘盤
Fu Yue 傅說
Ji Zi 箕子

Zhou dynasty edit

Qin dynasty edit

Han dynasty edit

 
Cao Cao, who controlled the Late Han dynasty, is one of the most famous Chinese chancellors.

Three Kingdoms edit

Eastern Wu edit

Shu Han edit

Cao Wei edit

Sui dynasty edit

Tang dynasty edit

Main article: Chancellor of the Tang dynasty

Song dynasty edit

Northern Song edit

  • Fan Zhi (960–964 in office)
  • Zhao Pu (964–973, 981–983, 988–992 in office)
  • Kou Zhun (1004–1006, 1017–1021 in office)
  • Fan Zhongyan (1040–1045 in office)
  • Wang Anshi (1067-1075, 1076–1077 in office)
  • Sima Guang (1085–1086 in office)
  • Fan Chunren (1086– in office)
  • Fan Chunli (– in office)
  • Zhang Dun (1094–1100 in office)
  • Cai Jing (1101–1125 in office)

Southern Song edit

Ming dynasty edit

Note: after the death of Hu Weiyong, the title of grand chancellor was abolished. The office of the Grand Secretariat assumed the de facto powers of the chancellery after the reign of the Hongwu Emperor.


Qing dynasty edit

See also: Grand Council (Qing dynasty)

The Qing dynasty bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position. Instead, the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions, the most prominent of which was the Grand Council. Occasionally, one minister may held enough power in the government that he comes to be identified, figuratively, as the "chancellor".

In 1911, the Qing court adopted reforms which, amongst other changes, established the position of prime minister. This position existed for less than a year before the Qing government was overthrown.


Premiers after 1911 edit

For a more comprehensive list, see List of premiers of China.

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "魚水君臣 ("Fish (and) water lord (and) subject") refers to the term "君臣魚水" from Records of the Three Kingdoms, where Liu Bei refers to gaining Zhuge Liang's service as if "a fish gaining water"
  2. ^ 祝总斌 (1990). 两汉魏晋南北朝宰相制度研究. 北京市: 中国社会科学出版社. pp. 1–14. ISBN 7-5004-0700-9.
  3. ^ Theobald, Ulrich. "chengxiang 丞相, Counsellor-in-chief". chinaknowledge.de.
  4. ^ 陈克礼. "中国古代宰相制度的演变". guoxue.com. 温州大学人文学院2002级汉语言文学专业. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  5. ^ Yü, Ying-shih (2021). "Confucian Culture vs. Dynastic Power in Chinese History". Asia Major. 34 (1–2).
  6. ^ Gardner, Daniel K. (26 June 2014). Confucianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–44, 54–58, 98–100. ISBN 9780190236809.
  7. ^ Cunrui Xiong, Victor (2017). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 100. ISBN 9781442276161.
  8. ^ (in Chinese) Guan Zhong Memorial Opened in Linzi 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Xinhuanet, September 19, 2004.
  9. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1876). Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. SHANGHAI: The Branch. p. 85. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  10. ^ Li (2007), 75.
  11. ^ Wang (1949), 144.
  12. ^ (in Chinese) Chancellor of China, Sina.com.
  13. ^ Book of the Later Han Vol.72; Records of Three Kingdoms Vol. 6.
  14. ^ Records of Three Kingdoms Vol. 1.
  15. ^ (in Chinese) The History of the Chancellor System in China.
  16. ^ (in Chinese) Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi[permanent dead link], Encyclopedia of China.
  17. ^ (in Chinese) "Chancellor in the Song Dynasty"
  18. ^ (in Chinese) The Change of Central Administration in Tang and Song Dynasties 2005-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ^ (in Chinese) The History of Chancellor of China Archived 2007-08-11 at archive.today, QQ.com.
  20. ^ Paul D. Buell; Francesca Fiaschetti (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131. ISBN 9781538111376.
  21. ^ Charles Bawden (2013). Mongolian English Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN 9781136155956.
  22. ^ Michael Hope (2016). Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780198768593.

Sources edit

  •   This article incorporates text from Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch, a publication from 1876, now in the public domain in the United States.
  • Li, Konghuai (2007). History of Administrative Systems in Ancient China (in Chinese). Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-962-04-2654-4.
  • Wang, Yü-Ch'üan (June 1949). "An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 12 (1/2): 134–187. doi:10.2307/2718206. JSTOR 2718206.

April 26, 2024
grand, chancellor, china, grand, chancellor, chinese, 宰相, pinyin, zǎixiàng, among, other, titles, also, translated, counselor, chief, chancellor, chief, councillor, chief, minister, imperial, chancellor, lieutenant, chancellor, prime, minister, highest, rankin. The grand chancellor Chinese 宰相 pinyin Zǎixiang among other titles also translated as counselor in chief chancellor chief councillor chief minister imperial chancellor lieutenant chancellor and prime minister was the highest ranking executive official in the imperial Chinese government The term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly even during a particular dynasty Statue of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang considered the ideal example of the loyalty integrity and Ruist shared governance between a lord and minister in Chinese history 1 Grand chancellorChinese宰相Literal meaningoverseeing ministerTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinzǎixiangWade GilesTsai3 hsiang4Alternative Chinese nameChinese丞相TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChengxiangWade GilesCh eng2 hsiang4Second alternative Chinese nameTraditional Chinese相國Simplified Chinese相国TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiangguoWade GilesHsiang4 kuo2Third alternative Chinese nameTraditional Chinese宰輔Simplified Chinese宰辅TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZǎifǔWade GilesTsai3 fu3Fourth alternative Chinese nameChinese宰衡TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZǎihengWade GilesTsai3 heng2Fifth alternative Chinese nameTraditional Chinese內閣總理大臣Simplified Chinese内阁总理大臣TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyinneige zǒnglǐ dachen Professor Zhu Zongbin of Peking University outlined the role of grand chancellor as one with the power to oversee all jurisdictional matters the right to decide and to draft edicts with other ministers and the position of chief advisor to the emperor This extended even to the ability to criticize the emperor s edicts and decisions 2 3 Thus the grand chancellor served as the emperor s chief of staff and main political advisor often exercising power second only to the emperor In practice the grand chancellor was often a trusted executive aide to the emperor but during political turmoil or power struggles between the two roles the grand chancellor could also be the emperor s primary political competitor and opponent 4 This balance of power means that the relation between grand chancellor and the scholar officials they represent and emperor holds great significance in the Confucian thought of governance and the relation of lord and subject 君臣 5 6 Grand chancellor can denote several positions During the Six Dynasties period the term denoted a number of power holders serving as chief administrators including zhongshun jian Inspector General of the Secretariat zhongshu ling President of the Secretariat shizhong Palace Attendant shangshu ling and puye president and vice president of the Department of State Affairs 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Influence 2 List of chancellors of China 2 1 List of chancellors of Shang dynasty 2 2 Zhou dynasty 2 3 Qin dynasty 2 4 Han dynasty 2 5 Three Kingdoms 2 5 1 Eastern Wu 2 5 2 Shu Han 2 5 3 Cao Wei 2 6 Sui dynasty 2 7 Tang dynasty 2 8 Song dynasty 2 8 1 Northern Song 2 8 2 Southern Song 2 9 Ming dynasty 2 10 Qing dynasty 2 11 Premiers after 1911 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 SourcesHistory editIn the Spring and Autumn period Guan Zhong was the first chancellor in China 8 who became chancellor under the state of Qi in 685 BC In Qin during the Warring States period the chancellor was officially established as the head of all civil service officials There were sometimes two chancellors differentiated as being of the left senior and of the right junior After emperor Qin Shi Huang ended the Warring States period by establishing the Qin dynasty 221 206 BC the chancellor together with the imperial secretary and the grand commandant were the most important officials in the imperial government generally referred as the Three Lords 9 10 In 1 BC during the reign of Emperor Ai the title was changed to da si tu 大司徒 11 In the Eastern Han dynasty the chancellor post was replaced by the Three Excellencies Grand Commandant 太尉 Minister over the Masses 司徒 and Minister of Works 司空 12 In 190 Dong Zhuo claimed the title Chancellor of State 相國 under the powerless Emperor Xian of Han 13 placing himself above the Three Excellencies After Dong Zhuo s death in 192 the post was vacant until Cao Cao restored the position as imperial chancellor 丞相 and abolished the Three Excellencies in 208 14 From then until March 15 220 the power of chancellor was greater than that of the emperor Later this often happened when a dynasty became weak usually some decades before the fall of a dynasty During the Sui dynasty the executive officials of the three highest departments of the empire were called chancellors 真宰相 together 15 In the Tang dynasty the government was divided into three departments the Department of State Affairs 尚書省 the Secretariat 中書省 and the Chancellery 門下省 The head of each department was generally referred to as the chancellor 16 In the Song dynasty the post of chancellor was also known as the Tongpingzhangshi 同平章事 17 in accordance with late Tang terminology while the vice chancellor was known as the jijunsi Some years later the post of chancellor was changed to prime minister 首相 shou xiang and the post of vice chancellor was changed to second minister 次相 ci xiang 18 In the late Southern Song dynasty the system changed back to the Tang naming conventions During the Mongol founded Yuan dynasty the chancellor was not the head of the Secretariat but the Crown Prince 皇太子 was After the establishment of the Ming dynasty the post became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng again The post was abolished after the execution of Hu Weiyong who was accused of treason though his conviction is still strongly disputed in present times because of a lack of evidence to prove his guilt 19 Still appointments of the people who held the highest post in the government were called appointment of prime minister 拜相 until 1644 Influence edit During and after the Mongol led Yuan dynasty the Mongols continued the use of a title Chingsang from Chengxiang 丞相 for various high leaders such as Pulad the Yuan ambassador to the Ilkhan 20 and for the deputy of the Western Mongol leader the taishi 21 The title was also used in the Ilkhanate for the vizier Buqa 22 List of chancellors of China editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items August 2008 Further information in Chinese List of Chinese grand chancellors zh List of chancellors of Shang dynasty edit Name Pinyin romanization Chinese characters Yi Yin 伊尹 Zhong Hui 仲虺 Yi Zhi 伊陟 Wu Xian 巫咸 Wu Xian 巫賢 Gan Xuan 甘盤 Fu Yue 傅說 Ji Zi 箕子 Zhou dynasty edit Jiang Ziya Duke of Zhou Duke Huan of Zheng Duke Zhuang of Zheng Guan Zhong of Qi state died in 645 BC Bao Shuya of Qi state Yan Ying of Qi state Fan Li of Qi State and Yue state Wu Zixu of Wu state Bo Pi of Wu state Cheng Dechen of Chu state Sunshu Ao of Chu state Wu Qi of Chu state Lord Chunshen of Chu state Lord Mengchang of Qi state Tian Dan of Qi state Li Kui of Wei state Hui Shi of Wei State Lin Xiangru of Zhao state Li Mu of Zhao state Su Qin of Yan state Yue Yi of Yan state Baili Xi of Qin state Shang Yang of Qin State Zhang Yi of Qin State Qin dynasty edit Fan Ju Lu Buwei 251 238 BCE in office Lord Changping Kui Zhuang Wang Guan Li Si 208 BCE in office Feng Quji Zhao Gao 208 207 BCE in office Han dynasty edit nbsp Cao Cao who controlled the Late Han dynasty is one of the most famous Chinese chancellors Xiao He 206 193 BCE in office Chen Xi 197 BCE over Zhao Cao Shen 193 190 BCE in office Chen Ping 190 179 BCE in office Zhou Bo Guan Ying Zhou Yafu Huo Guang Shi Dan 史丹 see Emperor Yuan of Han Wang Mang Liu Yan Bosheng Deng Yu 25 27 in office Wu Han Yuan An Dou Xian Li Gu Liang Ji Dou Wu Chen Fan Qiao Xuan Cao Song Zhang Wen Liu Yu Dong Zhuo He Jin Wang Yun Ma Midi Xun Shuang Huangfu Song Zhu Jun Cao Cao 196 220 in office Cao Pi Three Kingdoms edit Eastern Wu edit Sun Shao 221 225 Gu Yong 225 243 Lu Xun 244 245 Bu Zhi 246 247 Zhu Ju 249 250 Sun Jun 253 256 Sun Chen 258 Puyang Xing 262 264 Zhang Ti 279 280 Shu Han edit Zhuge Liang 221 234 Jiang Wan Fei Yi Dong Yun Jiang Wei Dong Jue Fan Jian Zhuge Zhan Cao Wei edit Jia Xu Hua Xin Zhong Yao Wang Lang Chen Qun Dong Zhao Cui Lin Man Chong Jiang Ji Cao Shuang Sima Yi Gao Rou Wang Ling Zhuge Dan Sun Li Sima Shi Sima Zhao Sima Fu Wang Chang Wang Guan Deng Ai Zhong Hui Sima Yan Wang Xiang Sima Wang Sui dynasty edit Gao Jiong Li Delin Su Wei Yang Su Yang Guang Yang Xiu Yang Zhao Yang Jian Xiao Cong Yuwen Shu Yu Shiji Li Yuan Yuwen Huaji Wang Shichong Li Mi Tang dynasty edit Main article Chancellor of the Tang dynasty Li Shimin 618 626 in office later Emperor Taizong of Tang Fang Xuanling 626 648 in office Wei Zheng 629 643 in office Cen Wenben unknown under Emperor Taizong of Tang Cen Changqian unknown under Emperor Gaozong of Tang Cen Xi unknown under Emperor Shang of Tang Emperor Ruizong of Tang and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Fan Lubing 686 688 in office Di Renjie 691 693 697 700 in office Yao Chong 698 705 710 711 713 716 in office Zhang Jiuling 733 736 in office Li Linfu 734 752 in office Yang Guozhong 752 756 in office Wang Wei 758 759 in office Li Deyu 833 835 840 846 in office Song dynasty edit Northern Song edit Fan Zhi 960 964 in office Zhao Pu 964 973 981 983 988 992 in office Kou Zhun 1004 1006 1017 1021 in office Fan Zhongyan 1040 1045 in office Wang Anshi 1067 1075 1076 1077 in office Sima Guang 1085 1086 in office Fan Chunren 1086 in office Fan Chunli in office Zhang Dun 1094 1100 in office Cai Jing 1101 1125 in office Southern Song edit Li Gang 1127 in office Zhang Jun 1135 1137 in office Qin Hui 1131 1132 1137 1155 in office Han Tuozhou 1194 1207 in office Shi Miyuan Shih Mi yuan 1207 1233 in office Jia Sidao 1259 1275 in office Chen Yizhong 1275 1276 in office Wen Tianxiang 1275 1278 in office Lu Xiufu 1278 1279 in office Ming dynasty edit Note after the death of Hu Weiyong the title of grand chancellor was abolished The office of the Grand Secretariat assumed the de facto powers of the chancellery after the reign of the Hongwu Emperor Li Shanchang 1368 1376 Hu Weiyong 1376 1380 The last chancellor of China Yang Siqi Yan Song in office 1544 1545 Xia Yan in office 1546 1547 Yan Song 2nd time in office 1548 1562 Xu Jie Gao Gong Zhang Juzheng in office 1572 1582 Zhang Siwei Shen Shixing Wang Jiabing Zhao Zhigao Wang Xijue Zhao Zhigao Qing dynasty edit See also Grand Council Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty bureaucratic hierarchy did not contain a chancellor position Instead the duties normally assumed by a chancellor were entrusted to a series of formal and informal institutions the most prominent of which was the Grand Council Occasionally one minister may held enough power in the government that he comes to be identified figuratively as the chancellor In 1911 the Qing court adopted reforms which amongst other changes established the position of prime minister This position existed for less than a year before the Qing government was overthrown Premiers after 1911 edit For a more comprehensive list see List of premiers of China Gallery edit nbsp Xiao He chancellor of the Han dynasty nbsp Cao Shen chancellor of the Han dynasty nbsp Chen Ping chancellor of the Han dynasty nbsp Huo Guang chancellor of the Han dynasty nbsp Zhuge Liang 181 234 chancellor of the Shu Han 221 234 nbsp Sima Yi 179 251 chancellor of the Cao Wei 221 251 nbsp Yang Su chancellor of the Sui dynasty nbsp Zhangsun Wuji chancellor of the Tang dynasty nbsp Fang Xuanling 579 648 chancellor of the Tang dynasty 626 648 nbsp Du Ruhui chancellor of the Tang dynasty 628 629 nbsp Wei Zheng chancellor of the Tang dynasty 629 643 nbsp Di Renjie chancellor of the Tang dynasty 691 693 697 700 nbsp Han Huang 723 787 Song dynasty painting nbsp Li Deyu chancellor of the Tang dynasty 833 835 840 846 nbsp Zhao Pu chancellor of the Song dynasty 964 973 981 983 988 992 nbsp Kou Zhun chancellor of the Song dynasty 1004 1006 1017 1021 nbsp Wang Anshi chancellor of the Song dynasty 1067 1075 1076 1077 nbsp Sima Guang chancellor of the Song dynasty 1085 1086 nbsp Qin Hui chancellor of the Song dynasty 1131 1132 1137 1155 nbsp Shi Miyuan chancellor of the Song dynasty 1207 1233 nbsp Wen Tianxiang chancellor of the Song dynasty 1275 1278 nbsp Lu Xiufu chancellor of the Song dynasty 1278 1279 nbsp Yan Song Grand Secretary of the Ming dynasty nbsp Gao Gong Grand Secretary of the Ming dynasty nbsp Zhang Juzheng Grand Secretary of the Ming dynasty 1572 1582 See also edit nbsp China portal nbsp History portal nbsp Politics portal Chancellor of the Tang dynasty Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet Menxia Sheng List of premiers of China Imperial examination Chinese law ShumishiReferences editCitations edit 魚水君臣 Fish and water lord and subject refers to the term 君臣魚水 from Records of the Three Kingdoms where Liu Bei refers to gaining Zhuge Liang s service as if a fish gaining water 祝总斌 1990 两汉魏晋南北朝宰相制度研究 北京市 中国社会科学出版社 pp 1 14 ISBN 7 5004 0700 9 Theobald Ulrich chengxiang 丞相 Counsellor in chief chinaknowledge de 陈克礼 中国古代宰相制度的演变 guoxue com 温州大学人文学院2002级汉语言文学专业 Retrieved 13 October 2023 Yu Ying shih 2021 Confucian Culture vs Dynastic Power in Chinese History Asia Major 34 1 2 Gardner Daniel K 26 June 2014 Confucianism A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press pp 33 44 54 58 98 100 ISBN 9780190236809 Cunrui Xiong Victor 2017 Historical Dictionary of Medieval China Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 100 ISBN 9781442276161 in Chinese Guan Zhong Memorial Opened in Linzi Archived 2016 03 03 at the Wayback Machine Xinhuanet September 19 2004 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland North China Branch 1876 Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 10 SHANGHAI The Branch p 85 Retrieved June 28 2011 Li 2007 75 Wang 1949 144 in Chinese Chancellor of China Sina com Book of the Later Han Vol 72 Records of Three Kingdoms Vol 6 Records of Three Kingdoms Vol 1 in Chinese The History of the Chancellor System in China in Chinese Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi permanent dead link Encyclopedia of China in Chinese Chancellor in the Song Dynasty in Chinese The Change of Central Administration in Tang and Song Dynasties Archived 2005 04 25 at the Wayback Machine in Chinese The History of Chancellor of China Archived 2007 08 11 at archive today QQ com Paul D Buell Francesca Fiaschetti 2018 Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire Rowman amp Littlefield p 131 ISBN 9781538111376 Charles Bawden 2013 Mongolian English Dictionary Routledge ISBN 9781136155956 Michael Hope 2016 Power Politics and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the ilkhanate of Iran Oxford University Press p 136 ISBN 9780198768593 Sources edit nbsp This article incorporates text fromJournal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Volume 10 by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland North China Branch a publication from 1876 now in the public domain in the United States Li Konghuai 2007 History of Administrative Systems in Ancient China in Chinese Joint Publishing H K Co Ltd ISBN 978 962 04 2654 4 Wang Yu Ch uan June 1949 An Outline of The Central Government of The Former Han Dynasty Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12 1 2 134 187 doi 10 2307 2718206 JSTOR 2718206 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Grand chancellor China amp oldid 1218674555, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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