The Yukaghir languages (/ˈjuːkəɡɪər/YOO-kə-geer or /juːkəˈɡɪər/yoo-kə-GEER; also Yukagir, Jukagir) are a small family of two closely related languages—Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir—spoken by the Yukaghir in the Russian Far East living in the basin of the Kolyma River. At the 2002 Russian census, both Yukaghir languages taken together had 604 speakers.[1] More recent reports from the field reveal that this number is far too high: Southern Yukaghir had maximum 60 fluent speakers in 2009, while the Tundra Yukaghir language had around 60–70. The entire family is thus to be regarded as moribund.[2] The Yukaghir have experienced a politically imposed language shift in recent times, and a majority also speak Russian and Yakut.
The relationship of the Yukaghir languages with other language families is uncertain, though it has been suggested that they are distantly related to the Uralic languages, thus forming the putative Uralic–Yukaghir language family.[4]
Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir are the only two remnants of what used to be one of the dominant languages/language families of northeastern Siberia, spreading from the River Anadyr in the east to the River Lena in the west.[6] On the basis of the evidence of early sources, it can be assumed that there existed a Yukaghir dialect continuum, with what is today Tundra Yukaghir and Kolyma Yukaghir at the extremes.[7]
These two languages share only a relatively small part of the vocabulary and are not mutually intelligible. The basic grammatical structures, however, are very similar. Both languages have residual vowel harmony and a complex phonotactics of consonants. Both have rich agglutinative morphology and are strictly head-final. There is practically no finite subordination and very few coordinate structures. The most spectacular feature of TY and KY grammar is the split intransitive alignment system based on discourse-pragmatic features. In absence of narrow focus, the system is organised on the nominative–accusative basis; when focused, direct objects and subjects of intransitive verbs are co-aligned (special focus case, special focus agreement).
Membersedit
The two extant varieties of Yukaghir are:
Tundra Yukaghir (Northern Yukaghir, also known as Wadul): 30 to 150 speakers in 1989. Last spoken in the tundra belt extending between the lower Indigirka to the lower Kolyma basin (69°N154°E / 69°N 154°E / 69; 154). Formerly spoken in a much wider area extending to the Lena basin in the west.
Ködeng ten – n'idite band'e parawaan'ereng tude chungden n'ild'ilek ennulngin'-med'uolnuni. Ködeng enmun chunde me l'ey, taatl'er lukund'ii n'inemd'iyilpe dite ennuyuol-morawn'engi.
English translation:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
^. www.perepis2002.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-01-26. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
^"Endangered languages in Northeast Asia: report". www.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
^"Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020". rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
^Collinder, Björn (1940) Jukagirisch und Uralisch. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
^Fortescue, Michael (2017). "Correlating Palaeo-Siberian languages and populations: recent advances in the Uralo-Siberian hypothesis". Man in India.
^Dolgikh, Boris O. (1960) Rodovoj i plemennoj sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII v. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR
^Nikoleava, Irina (2008) Chuvan and Omok languages? In: A. Lubotsky et al. (Eds.) Evidence and Counter-Evidence. Festschrift Frederik Kortland. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 313–336.
^Georg, Stefan (2017). "Other isolated languages of Asia". In Campbell, Lyle (ed.). Language Isolates. Routledge Language Family Series. Oxford/New York: Routledge. pp. 139–161. ISBN978-1-138-82105-7.
Further readingedit
Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (Ante Aikio): The Uralic-Yukaghir lexical correspondences: genetic inheritance, language contact or chance resemblance? – Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 62, pp. 7–76. Online article
Häkkinen, Jaakko: Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia − Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 264, pp. 91–101. Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, 2012. Online article (pdf)
Jochel'son Vladimir I. 1900. Materialy po izucheniju jukagirskogo jazyka i fol’klora. ('Materials for the Study of Yukaghir Language and Folklore'). Sankt-Peterburg: Akademija nauk.
Jochelson, Waldemar. 1926. The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 9, 13. Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Leiden: Brill.
Krejnovich, Erukhim A. 1958. Jukagirskij jazyk. ('The Yukaghir Language') Moscow and Leningrad: Nauka.
Krejnovich, Erukhim A. 1982. Issledovanija i materialy po jukagirskomu jazyku. ('Investigations and Materials on the Yukaghir Language') Leningrad: Nauka.
Kurilov, Gavril N. 2001. Jukagirsko-russkij slovar'. ('Yukaghir-Russian Dictionary') Novosibirsk: Nauka.
Maslova, Elena. 2003. A Grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Maslova, Elena. 2003. Tundra Yukaghir. LINCOM Europa. Languages of the World/Materials 372.
Nikolaeva, Irina. 2006. A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Vakhtin, Nikolaj B. 1991. The Yukagir language in sociolinguistic perspective. Steszew, Poland: International Institute of Ethnolinguistic and Oriental Studies.
Willerslev, Rane 2007. Soul Hunters: Hunting, Animism, and Personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Willerslev, Rane 2012. On the Run in Siberia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
External linksedit
Online Documentation of Kolyma Yukaghir
Wikimedia in Tundra Yukaghir
Siberian languages
Yukaghir stories
February 18, 2024
yukaghir, languages, ɪər, geer, ɪər, geer, also, yukagir, jukagir, small, family, closely, related, languages, tundra, kolyma, yukaghir, spoken, yukaghir, russian, east, living, basin, kolyma, river, 2002, russian, census, both, taken, together, speakers, more. The Yukaghir languages ˈ j uː k e ɡ ɪer YOO ke geer or j uː k e ˈ ɡ ɪer yoo ke GEER also Yukagir Jukagir are a small family of two closely related languages Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir spoken by the Yukaghir in the Russian Far East living in the basin of the Kolyma River At the 2002 Russian census both Yukaghir languages taken together had 604 speakers 1 More recent reports from the field reveal that this number is far too high Southern Yukaghir had maximum 60 fluent speakers in 2009 while the Tundra Yukaghir language had around 60 70 The entire family is thus to be regarded as moribund 2 The Yukaghir have experienced a politically imposed language shift in recent times and a majority also speak Russian and Yakut YukaghirEthnicityYukaghirs Chuvans AnaulsGeographicdistributionRussian Far EastLinguistic classification Uralic Yukaghir Otherwise one of the world s primary language familiesProto languageProto YukaghirSubdivisionsNorthern Omok Chuvan SouthernGlottologyuka1259Extent of Yukaghir languages in the 17th hatched and 20th solid centuriesIn the Russian 2020 2021 census 516 people reported speaking a Yukaghir language as their native language 3 Distribution of the Yukaghir languages and internal tribal divisions in the 17th century Contents 1 Classification and grammatical features 2 Members 2 1 Lexical differences 3 Text sample Northern Yukaghir 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksClassification and grammatical features editThe relationship of the Yukaghir languages with other language families is uncertain though it has been suggested that they are distantly related to the Uralic languages thus forming the putative Uralic Yukaghir language family 4 Michael Fortescue argued that Yukaghir is related to the Eskimo Aleut languages along with Uralic languages forming the Uralo Siberian language family 5 Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir are the only two remnants of what used to be one of the dominant languages language families of northeastern Siberia spreading from the River Anadyr in the east to the River Lena in the west 6 On the basis of the evidence of early sources it can be assumed that there existed a Yukaghir dialect continuum with what is today Tundra Yukaghir and Kolyma Yukaghir at the extremes 7 These two languages share only a relatively small part of the vocabulary and are not mutually intelligible The basic grammatical structures however are very similar Both languages have residual vowel harmony and a complex phonotactics of consonants Both have rich agglutinative morphology and are strictly head final There is practically no finite subordination and very few coordinate structures The most spectacular feature of TY and KY grammar is the split intransitive alignment system based on discourse pragmatic features In absence of narrow focus the system is organised on the nominative accusative basis when focused direct objects and subjects of intransitive verbs are co aligned special focus case special focus agreement Members editThe two extant varieties of Yukaghir are Tundra Yukaghir Northern Yukaghir also known as Wadul 30 to 150 speakers in 1989 Last spoken in the tundra belt extending between the lower Indigirka to the lower Kolyma basin 69 N 154 E 69 N 154 E 69 154 Formerly spoken in a much wider area extending to the Lena basin in the west Kolyma Yukaghir Forest Yukaghir Southern Yukaghir also known as Odul 5 to 10 speakers in 2009 Last spoken in the forest zone near the sources of the Kolyma divided between the Sakha Republic and the Magadan Oblast around 65 N 153 E 65 N 153 E 65 153 previously in the wider area of the upper Kolyma region Extinct varieties include Omok and Chuvan which survived until perhaps the 18th century Lexical differences edit Some lexical differences between Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir 8 150 gloss Kolyma Yukaghir Tundra Yukaghirone irkej mōrqōntwo ataqlōj kijōnfive inhanbōj imd ald anmany niŋel pojōlall t umu jawneday pod erqe t ajleŋsun jelōd e jerpejeŋwater ōd i lawjeŋfish anil al heŋreindeer at e il eŋdog pubel lameŋperson sorome kodeŋpeople omni t iŋeye aŋd e jȫd iŋtooth todi sal heriŋnight emil t iŋit elfoot nojl t ohulname nu kirijeŋto sit modo sahanetokill kulede punitodie amde jabetoknow leidi kurilitodrink oze law Text sample Northern Yukaghir editArticle 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Cyrillic Kodeҥ ten nidite bande parawaanereҥ tude chuҥden nildilek ennulҥin meduolnuni Kodeҥ enmun chunde me lej taatler lukundii ninemdijilpe dite ennujuol morawneҥi Latin Kodeng ten n idite band e parawaan ereng tude chungden n ild ilek ennulngin med uolnuni Kodeng enmun chunde me l ey taatl er lukund ii n inemd iyilpe dite ennuyuol morawn engi English translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood See also edit nbsp language portal nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Yukaghir reconstructions Paleosiberian languages Indigenous peoples of Siberia Uralic languages Uralic Yukaghir languages YukaghirsReferences edit Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2002 goda www perepis2002 ru Archived from the original on 2012 01 26 Retrieved 2017 11 02 Endangered languages in Northeast Asia report www helsinki fi Retrieved 2017 11 02 Rosstat Vserossijskaya perepis naseleniya 2020 rosstat gov ru Retrieved 2023 01 03 Collinder Bjorn 1940 Jukagirisch und Uralisch Uppsala Almqvist amp Wiksell Fortescue Michael 2017 Correlating Palaeo Siberian languages and populations recent advances in the Uralo Siberian hypothesis Man in India Dolgikh Boris O 1960 Rodovoj i plemennoj sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII v Moskva Izdatel stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR Nikoleava Irina 2008 Chuvan and Omok languages In A Lubotsky et al Eds Evidence and Counter Evidence Festschrift Frederik Kortland Amsterdam Rodopi pp 313 336 Georg Stefan 2017 Other isolated languages of Asia In Campbell Lyle ed Language Isolates Routledge Language Family Series Oxford New York Routledge pp 139 161 ISBN 978 1 138 82105 7 Further reading editLuobbal Sammol Sammol Ante Ante Aikio The Uralic Yukaghir lexical correspondences genetic inheritance language contact or chance resemblance Finnisch Ugrische Forschungen 62 pp 7 76 Online article Hakkinen Jaakko Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir Suomalais Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia Memoires de la Societe Finno Ougrienne 264 pp 91 101 Helsinki Suomalais ugrilainen seura 2012 Online article pdf Jochel son Vladimir I 1900 Materialy po izucheniju jukagirskogo jazyka i fol klora Materials for the Study of Yukaghir Language and Folklore Sankt Peterburg Akademija nauk Jochelson Waldemar 1926 The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9 13 Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition Leiden Brill Krejnovich Erukhim A 1958 Jukagirskij jazyk The Yukaghir Language Moscow and Leningrad Nauka Krejnovich Erukhim A 1982 Issledovanija i materialy po jukagirskomu jazyku Investigations and Materials on the Yukaghir Language Leningrad Nauka Kurilov Gavril N 2001 Jukagirsko russkij slovar Yukaghir Russian Dictionary Novosibirsk Nauka Maslova Elena 2001 Yukaghir Texts Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Maslova Elena 2003 A Grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter Maslova Elena 2003 Tundra Yukaghir LINCOM Europa Languages of the World Materials 372 Nikolaeva Irina 2006 A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter Vakhtin Nikolaj B 1991 The Yukagir language in sociolinguistic perspective Steszew Poland International Institute of Ethnolinguistic and Oriental Studies Willerslev Rane 2007 Soul Hunters Hunting Animism and Personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs Berkeley University of California Press Willerslev Rane 2012 On the Run in Siberia Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press External links editThe Yukaghir Languages Online Documentation of Kolyma Yukaghir Project on Documentation of Tundra Yukaghir Tundra Yukaghir text sample Declaration of Human Rights Wikimedia in Tundra Yukaghir Siberian languages Yukaghir stories Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yukaghir languages amp oldid 1204897008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
