fbpx
Wikipedia

Yaqub Beg

January 29, 2023

Muhammad Yaqub Bek (محمد یعقوب بیگ; Uzbek: Яъқуб-бек, Ya’qub-bek; Chinese: 阿古柏; 1820 – 30 May 1877) was a Khoqandi ruler of Yettishar (Kashgaria) during his invasion of Xinjiang from 1865 to 1877.[1] He held the title of Atalik Ghazi ("Champion Father").[2][3]

Yaqub Beg
Born1820
Piskent, Khanate of Kokand (now Uzbekistan)
Died(1877-05-30)May 30, 1877
OccupationAmir of Yettishar

Spelling variants

In English-language literature, the name Yaqub Beg has also been spelt as Yakub Beg (Encyclopædia Britannica), Yakoob Beg (Boulger, 1878) or Ya`qūb Beg (Kim Hodong, 2004). Authors using Russian sources have also used the spelling Yakub-bek (Paine, 1996).[4] A few publications in English written by Chinese authors spell his name Agubo, which is the Pinyin transcription of the Chinese transcription of his name, 阿古柏 (Chinese: 阿古柏帕夏; pinyin: Āgǔbó pàxià).

The first name, Muhammad, is subject to the usual variations in spelling as well. Ya`qūb is an Arabic analogue of Jacob, and Beg is a Turkic noble title.

Background

Beg's ethnic background is uncertain. According to his biographer, D. Boulger, Beg was a Tajik and a descendant of Timur, but the claim is self-contradictory: as a Tajik, Beg would have had to have a link on his mother's side in order to be considered Timur's offspring, but Timur was actually a Turco-Mongol from the Barlas tribe. Hodong Kim suggests the claim is an unsupported fabrication intended to glorify Beg's genealogy by ascribing his descent to both Timur and Genghis Khan.[5]

According to H. Bellew, a member of the British embassy, Beg's physiognomy reflected a mixture of Mongol and Turkic features rather than Tajik ones:[5]

The face has the general outlines of the Tatar physiognomy, with its asperities softened and rounded by Uzbak blood, and presents a broad full countenance without wrinkle or a scam, and with less of commanding weight than of sensual passion in its expression.

— H. Bellew

Beg's forefathers had lived in the mountainous part of Karategin before moving to Dehbid, near Samarkand. Beg's father, Pur Muhhammad,[a] was born in Samarkand and completed his education in Khojent, later working as a qadi (a judge) at Piskent. He married a local qadi as his second wife. She bore his son Ya'qüb Beg in 1820.[5]

Life

Early life

Yakub Beg was born in the town of Pskente, in the Khanate of Kokand (now in Uzbekistan).[6]

Career

Beg's lax lifestyle worried his uncle who sent him to Tashkent to become a weaver. However, Beg quickly became bored and returned to Piskent where he obtained a minor job under the general Ghadai Bai.[5]: 78 

He later worked under the governor of Khojent, Muhhammad Karim Khaska. When Aziz Bacha was appointed as the governor of Tashkent, Muhhammad Karim Khaska was transferred to the Khanate of Kokand along with Beg, but Kashka was soon assassinated by Musulman Quli. This juncture caused Beg to seek service in cavalry under Bacha. Kilauchi's governor Nar Muhhammad married Beg's sister around this time. In 1847, Nar Muhhammad succeeded Kashka as governor of Tashkent, and Beg was appointed as Beg of Chinaz. Around 1849, he was transferred and appointed as commander of Ak-Mechet, primarily owing to his brother-in-law's influence.[5]: 79 Beg soon amassed a large fortune. He was involved in the complex factional shifts of the Khanate of Kokand. The internal rivalry between Musalman Quli who was the Mingbashi at the time and Nar Muhhammad led to a clash in 1852 where Quli fled, and one of Nar's allies Utambai became Mingbashi. Beg was subsequently recalled back to Tashkent where he was promoted to the rank of military officer with the title of Baturbashi.[5]: 80 

Qipchaq massacre

In late 1852, Muhammad Khudayar Khan, taking advantage of the disunity between the nomadic Qipchaqs and wishing to end their interference in the politics of the Khanate, attempted a coup. The rival Qipchaqs, Nar Muhhammad and Quli were both captured and executed. According to Vladimir Nalivkin, Beg conspired against the Nar and allied himself with Khudayar, however the veracity of this claim is doubtful. Many Qipchaqs were massacred, and this led to an end of the domination of the Qipchaqs over Khokand. There is some uncertainty as to the whereabouts of Beg between 1852 and 1864. In 1864, however, he helped defend Tashkent during the first Russian attack.[5]: 78–80 

Invasion of Xinjiang

Main article: Xinjiang
 
Yakub Beg

Initial attacks (1865)

As a result of the Dungan Revolt (1862–77), by 1864, the Chinese held only the citadels of Kashgar and a few other places. The Kyrgyz, or Kazakh Sadic Beg, entered Kashgar but were unable to take the citadel and were sent to Tashkent as a Khoja to become ruler. Burzug Khan, the only surviving son of Jahangir Khoja, left Tashkent with six men. He joined by Yakub Beg, left Kokand with 68 men, and crossed the border of China in January 1865. Sadic Beg, defeated by Yakub Beg, was driven beyond the mountains. Yakub went southeast to Yarkand, the largest town in the region, and was driven out by an army from Kucha. He next besieged the Chinese at Yangi Hissar for 40 days and massacred the garrison. Sadic Beg reappeared, was defeated, and talked into becoming an ally. Invaders from Badakshan were also talked into an alliance. A Dungan force from Kucha and eastward arrived at Maralbeshi and was defeated with 1,000 of the Dungans joining Yakub Beg. Yarkand had decided to submit to Burzug Khan and his great vizier. In September 1865, the second in command and 3,000 men surrendered, converted to Islam, and joined Yakub Beg. The commander refused and blew himself up along with his family; the commanders of Yarkand and Kulja had done the same. An army of rebels from Kokand arrived and joined Yakub. Later in the year, Burzug Khan and Yakub went to Yarkand to deal with a disturbance. The Dungan faction suborned Yakub's Dungans and he was reduced to a few hundred men. Burzug drew off to a separate camp, Yakub defeated the Dungans, Burzug Khan fled to Kashgar and declared Yakub a traitor. The religious leaders supported Yakub, and Burzug was seized in his palace. He was confined for 18 months, exiled to Tibet, and later found his way to Kokand. In little more than a year, Yakub had become master of Kashgar, Yarkand, and Maralbashi, areas stretching roughly from the western end of the Tarim Basin to as far as the Yarkand River.

The Tarim Basin was conquered by Beg acting as a Khoqandi foreigner and not as a local.[7]

 
 
Kashgar
 
Maralbashi
 
Uqturpan
 
Aksu
 
Kucha
 
Lontai
 
Korla
 
Karashar
 
Toksun
 
Turfan
 
Hami
 
Jade Gate
 
Yangi Hissar
 
Yarkand
 
Khotan
 
Tacheng
 
Kulja
 
Manas
 
Urumchi
 
Gucheng
 
Jade Gate
 
Kokand
class=notpageimage|
Map of places of Yakub Beg, about 800 miles wide.

Later reign

The Khan of Kokand had some claim over Barzug Khan as a subject, but did nothing in practice. Yaqub entered into relations and signed treaties with the Russian Empire and Great Britain, but failed in trying to get their support for his invasion.[8]

Yaqub Beg was given the title of "Athalik Ghazi, Champion Father of the Faithful" by the Amir of Bokhara in 1866. The Ottoman Sultan also granted him the title of Amir.[9]

Popularity

Yaqub Beg's rule was unpopular among the natives, with one of the local Kashgaris, a warrior and a chieftain's son, commenting: "During the Chinese rule there was everything; there is nothing now." Trade also declined.[10] Yakub was disliked by his Turkic Muslim subjects, burdening them with heavy taxes and subjecting them to a harsh interpretation of Islamic Sharia law.[11][12]

Korean historian Kim Hodong points out the fact that his disastrous and inexact commands failed the locals and they, in turn, welcomed the return of Chinese troops.[13] Qing dynasty general Zuo Zongtang wrote that "The Andijanis are tyrannical to their people; government troops should comfort them with benevolence. The Andijanis are greedy in extorting from the people; government troops should rectify this by being generous."[14]

Death

 
Qing dynasty's campaign against Yaqub Beg and his allies

His precise manner of death is unclear. The Times of London and the Russian Turkestan Gazette both reported that he had died after a short illness.[15] Historian Musa Sayrami stated that he was poisoned on May 30, 1877, in Korla by the former hakim (local city ruler) of Yarkand, Niyaz Hakim Beg, as part of a conspiracy with Qing Dynasty forces in Jungaria.[15] However, in a letter to the Qing authorities, Niyaz denied any involvement in the death of Yakub, claiming that the Kashgarian ruler had committed suicide.[15] Other sources also state that he was killed in battle with the Chinese.[16]

While contemporaneous Muslim writers usually explained Yakub Beg's death by poisoning, and the suicide theory was the accepted truth among the Qing generals of the time, modern historians, according to Kim Hodong, think that natural death (of a stroke) is the most plausible explanation.[15][17][18][19]

The exact date of Yakub's death is uncertain. Although Sayrami claimed that he died on April 28, 1877, modern historians think that this is impossible, as Przewalski met him on May 9. Chinese sources usually give May 22 as the date of his death, while Aleksey Kuropatkin thought it to be May 29. Late May, 1877 is therefore thought to be the most likely time period.[15][20][21][22][23] Official sources from the US State Department and activists involved in the incident state that Yaqub's sons and grandson had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment with a fund provided for their support.[24][25][26]

Legacy

 
Night interview with Yakub Beg, King of Kashgaria, 1868

Rebiya Kadeer praised Yakub Beg.[27]

Tributes

A son of general and politician Yulbars Khan was named after Yaqub Beg.[28][29][30]

In media

Yaqub makes an appearance in the second half of George Macdonald Fraser's novel Flashman at the Charge.[31]

Al Qaeda

Al-Qaeda ideologue Mustafa Setmariam Nasar praised Yaqub and his establishment of educational institutions for Islam, and mosques called him "Attalik Ghazi" and a "good man" for his war against Buddhists and the Chinese.[32]

The Doğu Türkistan Haber Ajansı (East Turkestan News Agency) published an article from Al-Qaeda branch Al-Nusra Front's English language Al-Risalah magazine (مجلة الرسالة), second issue (العدد الثاني), translated from English into Turkish and titled Al Risale: "Türkistan Dağları" 2. Bölüm (The Message: "Turkistan Mountains" Part 2), which praised the Sharia implemented by Yaqub and cited him as an upholder of Jihad, attacking the Qing.[33][34]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Olivieri, Chiara (2018). "Religious Independence of Chinese Muslim East Turkestan "Uyghur"". In Dingley, James; Mollica, Marcello (eds.). Understanding Religious Violence: Radicalism and Terrorism in Religion Explored Via Six Case Studies. ISBN 9783030002848.
  2. ^ "Atalik". Encyclopaedia of Islam: Supplement. Vol. 12. 1980. p. 98. ISBN 9004061673. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
  3. ^ "Yakub Beg". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  4. ^ "Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier", by Sarah C. M. Paine (1996) ISBN 1-56324-723-2
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Kim, Hodong (February 25, 2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780804767231 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ "Yakub Beg: Tajik adventurer". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  7. ^ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
  8. ^ Herbert Allen Giles (1898). A Chinese biographical dictionary, Volume 2. London: B. Quaritch. p. 894. Retrieved 2011-07-13.(STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY)
  9. ^ Boulger, page 118 and 220
  10. ^ Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1878). The life of Yakoob Beg: Athalik ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar. London: W. H. Allen. p. 152. Retrieved 2012-01-18.
  11. ^ Wolfram Eberhard (1966). A history of China. Plain Label Books. p. 449. ISBN 1-60303-420-X. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  12. ^ Linda Benson; Ingvar Svanberg (1998). China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks. M.E. Sharpe. p. 19. ISBN 1-56324-782-8. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  13. ^ Kim, Hodong (2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780804767231.
  14. ^ John King Fairbank (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Late Chʻing, 1800–1911, pt. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3.
  15. ^ a b c d e Kim (2004), pp. 167–169
  16. ^ metmuseum.org. 2006. Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  17. ^ The stroke (Russian: удар) version e.g. here: N. Veselovsky (Н. Веселовский), Badaulet Yaqun Beg, Ataliq of Kashgar (Бадаулет Якуб-бек, Аталык Кашгарский), in «Записки Восточного отделения Русского археологического общества», No. 11 (1899).
  18. ^ George Curzon Curzon (2010). Problems of the Far East – Japan-Korea-China. READ BOOKS. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-4460-2557-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  19. ^ John Stuart Thomson (1913). China revolutionized. INDIANAPOLIS: The Bobbs-Merrill company. p. 310. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  20. ^ {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/appletonsannualc04newy#page/144/mode/2up |title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events, Volume 4|year=1880|publisher=TD. Appleton and company|location=NEW YORK|page=145|access-date=2011-05-12|
  21. ^ Herbert Allen Giles (1898). A Chinese biographical dictionary, Volume 2. London: B. Quaritch. p. 894. Retrieved 2011-07-13.(STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY)[1]
  22. ^ Translations of the Peking Gazette. SHANGHAI. 1880. p. 83. Retrieved 2011-05-12.(Original from the University of California)REPRINTED FROM THE "NORTH-CHINA HERALD AND SUPREME COURT AND CONSULAR GAZETTE."
  23. ^ {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/appletonsannualc04newy#page/144/mode/2up |title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events, Volume 4|year=1888|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|location=NEW YORK|page=145|access-date=2011-05-12
  24. ^ James D. Hague (1904). Clarence King Memoirs: The Helmet of Mambrino. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 50. Retrieved 2016-09-19. Cruelty to Children Yakoob Beg.
  25. ^ "THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN.; CASE OF THE KINGMA CHILDREN--LETTER FROM THE STATE DEPARTMENT". The New York Times. New York. 1880-03-20. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
  26. ^ Jung Chang (2014). Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China. New York: Anchor. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-385-35037-2. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  27. ^ Rebiya Kadeer; Alexandra Cavelius (2009). Dragon Fighter: One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China. Kales Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-9798456-1-1.
  28. ^ Thwaites, Richard (1986). "Real Life China 1978–1983". Rich Communications, Canberra, Australia. 0-00-217547-9. Retrieved December 14, 2006.
  29. ^ Michael Dillon (1 August 2014). Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century. Routledge. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-317-64721-8.
  30. ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (9 October 1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. CUP Archive. pp. 225–. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1.
  31. ^ Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur. BRILL. p. 74. ISBN 978-90-04-16675-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  32. ^ Mustafa Setmariam Nasar (aliases Abu Musab al-Suri and Umar Abd al-Hakim) (1999). "Muslims in Central Asia and The Coming Battle of Islam".
  33. ^ *. Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı. Bahar Yeşil. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    • . ISLAH HABER "Özgür Ümmetin Habercisi". Bahar Yeşil. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  34. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (October 25, 2015). "New issue of the magazine: "al-Risālah #2"". JIHADOLOGY: A clearinghouse for jihādī primary source material, original analysis, and translation service.
  1. ^ he was also known as Muhhammad Lațit

Sources

  • Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1878). The Life of Yakoob Beg, Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet, Ameer of Kashgar. London: W. H. Allen. (Full text is available on Internet Archive; a recent reprint is available as e.g. ISBN 0-7661-8845-0)
  • Kim Hodong (2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4884-5.
  • Yakub Beg in Encyclopædia Britannica
  • (At Kashgar City official website – quite detailed, although, admittedly, not in very grammatical English)

In literature

  • Yakub Beg is a secondary character in the novel Flashman at the Charge, published in 1973.
  • Demetrius Charles Boulger, The life of Yakoob Beg; Athalik Ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, London: Wm.H. Allen & Co., 1878 (From the Open Library)
  • A fictionalization of Yakub Beg's life appears in the novel Tales of Inner Asia by Todd Gibson

External links

  • Works by or about Yaqub Beg at Internet Archive
  • - Rashiddin and Yakub Beg
  • Verin Noravank Gospels, dating from 1487, includes a rare mention of Yakub Beg

January 29, 2023
yaqub, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, september, 2020, lea. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Yaqub Beg news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Muhammad Yaqub Bek محمد یعقوب بیگ Uzbek Yakub bek Ya qub bek Chinese 阿古柏 1820 30 May 1877 was a Khoqandi ruler of Yettishar Kashgaria during his invasion of Xinjiang from 1865 to 1877 1 He held the title of Atalik Ghazi Champion Father 2 3 Yaqub BegBorn1820Piskent Khanate of Kokand now Uzbekistan Died 1877 05 30 May 30 1877OccupationAmir of Yettishar Contents 1 Spelling variants 2 Background 3 Life 3 1 Early life 3 2 Career 3 3 Qipchaq massacre 4 Invasion of Xinjiang 4 1 Initial attacks 1865 4 2 Later reign 4 2 1 Popularity 5 Death 6 Legacy 6 1 Tributes 6 1 1 In media 6 2 Al Qaeda 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Notes 8 2 Sources 9 In literature 10 External linksSpelling variants EditIn English language literature the name Yaqub Beg has also been spelt as Yakub Beg Encyclopaedia Britannica Yakoob Beg Boulger 1878 or Ya qub Beg Kim Hodong 2004 Authors using Russian sources have also used the spelling Yakub bek Paine 1996 4 A few publications in English written by Chinese authors spell his name Agubo which is the Pinyin transcription of the Chinese transcription of his name 阿古柏 Chinese 阿古柏帕夏 pinyin Agǔbo paxia The first name Muhammad is subject to the usual variations in spelling as well Ya qub is an Arabic analogue of Jacob and Beg is a Turkic noble title Background EditBeg s ethnic background is uncertain According to his biographer D Boulger Beg was a Tajik and a descendant of Timur but the claim is self contradictory as a Tajik Beg would have had to have a link on his mother s side in order to be considered Timur s offspring but Timur was actually a Turco Mongol from the Barlas tribe Hodong Kim suggests the claim is an unsupported fabrication intended to glorify Beg s genealogy by ascribing his descent to both Timur and Genghis Khan 5 According to H Bellew a member of the British embassy Beg s physiognomy reflected a mixture of Mongol and Turkic features rather than Tajik ones 5 The face has the general outlines of the Tatar physiognomy with its asperities softened and rounded by Uzbak blood and presents a broad full countenance without wrinkle or a scam and with less of commanding weight than of sensual passion in its expression H Bellew Beg s forefathers had lived in the mountainous part of Karategin before moving to Dehbid near Samarkand Beg s father Pur Muhhammad a was born in Samarkand and completed his education in Khojent later working as a qadi a judge at Piskent He married a local qadi as his second wife She bore his son Ya qub Beg in 1820 5 Life EditEarly life Edit Yakub Beg was born in the town of Pskente in the Khanate of Kokand now in Uzbekistan 6 Career Edit Beg s lax lifestyle worried his uncle who sent him to Tashkent to become a weaver However Beg quickly became bored and returned to Piskent where he obtained a minor job under the general Ghadai Bai 5 78 He later worked under the governor of Khojent Muhhammad Karim Khaska When Aziz Bacha was appointed as the governor of Tashkent Muhhammad Karim Khaska was transferred to the Khanate of Kokand along with Beg but Kashka was soon assassinated by Musulman Quli This juncture caused Beg to seek service in cavalry under Bacha Kilauchi s governor Nar Muhhammad married Beg s sister around this time In 1847 Nar Muhhammad succeeded Kashka as governor of Tashkent and Beg was appointed as Beg of Chinaz Around 1849 he was transferred and appointed as commander of Ak Mechet primarily owing to his brother in law s influence 5 79 Beg soon amassed a large fortune He was involved in the complex factional shifts of the Khanate of Kokand The internal rivalry between Musalman Quli who was the Mingbashi at the time and Nar Muhhammad led to a clash in 1852 where Quli fled and one of Nar s allies Utambai became Mingbashi Beg was subsequently recalled back to Tashkent where he was promoted to the rank of military officer with the title of Baturbashi 5 80 Qipchaq massacre Edit In late 1852 Muhammad Khudayar Khan taking advantage of the disunity between the nomadic Qipchaqs and wishing to end their interference in the politics of the Khanate attempted a coup The rival Qipchaqs Nar Muhhammad and Quli were both captured and executed According to Vladimir Nalivkin Beg conspired against the Nar and allied himself with Khudayar however the veracity of this claim is doubtful Many Qipchaqs were massacred and this led to an end of the domination of the Qipchaqs over Khokand There is some uncertainty as to the whereabouts of Beg between 1852 and 1864 In 1864 however he helped defend Tashkent during the first Russian attack 5 78 80 Invasion of Xinjiang EditMain article Xinjiang Yakub Beg Initial attacks 1865 Edit As a result of the Dungan Revolt 1862 77 by 1864 the Chinese held only the citadels of Kashgar and a few other places The Kyrgyz or Kazakh Sadic Beg entered Kashgar but were unable to take the citadel and were sent to Tashkent as a Khoja to become ruler Burzug Khan the only surviving son of Jahangir Khoja left Tashkent with six men He joined by Yakub Beg left Kokand with 68 men and crossed the border of China in January 1865 Sadic Beg defeated by Yakub Beg was driven beyond the mountains Yakub went southeast to Yarkand the largest town in the region and was driven out by an army from Kucha He next besieged the Chinese at Yangi Hissar for 40 days and massacred the garrison Sadic Beg reappeared was defeated and talked into becoming an ally Invaders from Badakshan were also talked into an alliance A Dungan force from Kucha and eastward arrived at Maralbeshi and was defeated with 1 000 of the Dungans joining Yakub Beg Yarkand had decided to submit to Burzug Khan and his great vizier In September 1865 the second in command and 3 000 men surrendered converted to Islam and joined Yakub Beg The commander refused and blew himself up along with his family the commanders of Yarkand and Kulja had done the same An army of rebels from Kokand arrived and joined Yakub Later in the year Burzug Khan and Yakub went to Yarkand to deal with a disturbance The Dungan faction suborned Yakub s Dungans and he was reduced to a few hundred men Burzug drew off to a separate camp Yakub defeated the Dungans Burzug Khan fled to Kashgar and declared Yakub a traitor The religious leaders supported Yakub and Burzug was seized in his palace He was confined for 18 months exiled to Tibet and later found his way to Kokand In little more than a year Yakub had become master of Kashgar Yarkand and Maralbashi areas stretching roughly from the western end of the Tarim Basin to as far as the Yarkand River The Tarim Basin was conquered by Beg acting as a Khoqandi foreigner and not as a local 7 Kashgar Maralbashi Uqturpan Aksu Kucha Lontai Korla Karashar Toksun Turfan Hami Jade Gate Yangi Hissar Yarkand Khotan Tacheng Kulja Manas Urumchi Gucheng Jade Gate Kokandclass notpageimage Map of places of Yakub Beg about 800 miles wide Later reign Edit The Khan of Kokand had some claim over Barzug Khan as a subject but did nothing in practice Yaqub entered into relations and signed treaties with the Russian Empire and Great Britain but failed in trying to get their support for his invasion 8 Yaqub Beg was given the title of Athalik Ghazi Champion Father of the Faithful by the Amir of Bokhara in 1866 The Ottoman Sultan also granted him the title of Amir 9 Popularity Edit Yaqub Beg s rule was unpopular among the natives with one of the local Kashgaris a warrior and a chieftain s son commenting During the Chinese rule there was everything there is nothing now Trade also declined 10 Yakub was disliked by his Turkic Muslim subjects burdening them with heavy taxes and subjecting them to a harsh interpretation of Islamic Sharia law 11 12 Korean historian Kim Hodong points out the fact that his disastrous and inexact commands failed the locals and they in turn welcomed the return of Chinese troops 13 Qing dynasty general Zuo Zongtang wrote that The Andijanis are tyrannical to their people government troops should comfort them with benevolence The Andijanis are greedy in extorting from the people government troops should rectify this by being generous 14 Death Edit Qing dynasty s campaign against Yaqub Beg and his allies His precise manner of death is unclear The Times of London and the Russian Turkestan Gazette both reported that he had died after a short illness 15 Historian Musa Sayrami stated that he was poisoned on May 30 1877 in Korla by the former hakim local city ruler of Yarkand Niyaz Hakim Beg as part of a conspiracy with Qing Dynasty forces in Jungaria 15 However in a letter to the Qing authorities Niyaz denied any involvement in the death of Yakub claiming that the Kashgarian ruler had committed suicide 15 Other sources also state that he was killed in battle with the Chinese 16 While contemporaneous Muslim writers usually explained Yakub Beg s death by poisoning and the suicide theory was the accepted truth among the Qing generals of the time modern historians according to Kim Hodong think that natural death of a stroke is the most plausible explanation 15 17 18 19 The exact date of Yakub s death is uncertain Although Sayrami claimed that he died on April 28 1877 modern historians think that this is impossible as Przewalski met him on May 9 Chinese sources usually give May 22 as the date of his death while Aleksey Kuropatkin thought it to be May 29 Late May 1877 is therefore thought to be the most likely time period 15 20 21 22 23 Official sources from the US State Department and activists involved in the incident state that Yaqub s sons and grandson had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment with a fund provided for their support 24 25 26 Legacy Edit Night interview with Yakub Beg King of Kashgaria 1868 Rebiya Kadeer praised Yakub Beg 27 Tributes Edit A son of general and politician Yulbars Khan was named after Yaqub Beg 28 29 30 In media Edit Yaqub makes an appearance in the second half of George Macdonald Fraser s novel Flashman at the Charge 31 Al Qaeda Edit Al Qaeda ideologue Mustafa Setmariam Nasar praised Yaqub and his establishment of educational institutions for Islam and mosques called him Attalik Ghazi and a good man for his war against Buddhists and the Chinese 32 The Dogu Turkistan Haber Ajansi East Turkestan News Agency published an article from Al Qaeda branch Al Nusra Front s English language Al Risalah magazine مجلة الرسالة second issue العدد الثاني translated from English into Turkish and titled Al Risale Turkistan Daglari 2 Bolum The Message Turkistan Mountains Part 2 which praised the Sharia implemented by Yaqub and cited him as an upholder of Jihad attacking the Qing 33 34 See also EditXinjiang under Qing rule Dungan Revolt 1862 77 Qing reconquest of XinjiangReferences EditNotes Edit Olivieri Chiara 2018 Religious Independence of Chinese Muslim East Turkestan Uyghur In Dingley James Mollica Marcello eds Understanding Religious Violence Radicalism and Terrorism in Religion Explored Via Six Case Studies ISBN 9783030002848 Atalik Encyclopaedia of Islam Supplement Vol 12 1980 p 98 ISBN 9004061673 Retrieved 2010 08 22 Yakub Beg Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 September 2019 Retrieved 15 November 2019 Imperial Rivals China Russia and Their Disputed Frontier by Sarah C M Paine 1996 ISBN 1 56324 723 2 a b c d e f g Kim Hodong February 25 2004 Holy War in China The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia 1864 1877 Stanford University Press p 77 ISBN 9780804767231 via Google Books Yakub Beg Tajik adventurer Encyclopaedia Britannica James A Millward 2007 Eurasian Crossroads A History of Xinjiang Columbia University Press pp 117 ISBN 978 0 231 13924 3 Herbert Allen Giles 1898 A Chinese biographical dictionary Volume 2 London B Quaritch p 894 Retrieved 2011 07 13 STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Boulger page 118 and 220 Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger 1878 The life of Yakoob Beg Athalik ghazi and Badaulet Ameer of Kashgar London W H Allen p 152 Retrieved 2012 01 18 Wolfram Eberhard 1966 A history of China Plain Label Books p 449 ISBN 1 60303 420 X Retrieved 2010 11 30 Linda Benson Ingvar Svanberg 1998 China s last Nomads the history and culture of China s Kazaks M E Sharpe p 19 ISBN 1 56324 782 8 Retrieved 2010 11 30 Kim Hodong 2004 Holy War in China The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia 1864 1877 Stanford University Press p 172 ISBN 9780804767231 John King Fairbank 1978 The Cambridge History of China Late Chʻing 1800 1911 pt 2 Cambridge University Press pp 221 ISBN 978 0 521 22029 3 a b c d e Kim 2004 pp 167 169 Central and North Asia 1800 1900 A D metmuseum org 2006 Archived from the original on December 14 2006 Retrieved December 14 2006 The stroke Russian udar version e g here N Veselovsky N Veselovskij Badaulet Yaqun Beg Ataliq of Kashgar Badaulet Yakub bek Atalyk Kashgarskij in Zapiski Vostochnogo otdeleniya Russkogo arheologicheskogo obshestva No 11 1899 George Curzon Curzon 2010 Problems of the Far East Japan Korea China READ BOOKS p 328 ISBN 978 1 4460 2557 4 Retrieved 2010 06 28 John Stuart Thomson 1913 China revolutionized INDIANAPOLIS The Bobbs Merrill company p 310 Retrieved 2010 06 28 cite book url https archive org stream appletonsannualc04newy page 144 mode 2up title Appletons annual cyclopaedia and register of important events Volume 4 year 1880 publisher TD Appleton and company location NEW YORK page 145 access date 2011 05 12 Herbert Allen Giles 1898 A Chinese biographical dictionary Volume 2 London B Quaritch p 894 Retrieved 2011 07 13 STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1 Translations of the Peking Gazette SHANGHAI 1880 p 83 Retrieved 2011 05 12 Original from the University of California REPRINTED FROM THE NORTH CHINA HERALD AND SUPREME COURT AND CONSULAR GAZETTE cite book url https archive org stream appletonsannualc04newy page 144 mode 2up title Appletons annual cyclopaedia and register of important events Volume 4 year 1888 publisher D Appleton and Company location NEW YORK page 145 access date 2011 05 12 James D Hague 1904 Clarence King Memoirs The Helmet of Mambrino New York G P Putnam s Sons p 50 Retrieved 2016 09 19 Cruelty to Children Yakoob Beg THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN CASE OF THE KINGMA CHILDREN LETTER FROM THE STATE DEPARTMENT The New York Times New York 1880 03 20 Retrieved 2016 09 19 Jung Chang 2014 Empress Dowager Cixi The Concubine Who Launched Modern China New York Anchor p 131 ISBN 978 0 385 35037 2 Retrieved 2016 11 03 Rebiya Kadeer Alexandra Cavelius 2009 Dragon Fighter One Woman s Epic Struggle for Peace with China Kales Press pp 6 ISBN 978 0 9798456 1 1 Thwaites Richard 1986 Real Life China 1978 1983 Rich Communications Canberra Australia 0 00 217547 9 Retrieved December 14 2006 Michael Dillon 1 August 2014 Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century Routledge pp 11 ISBN 978 1 317 64721 8 Andrew D W Forbes 9 October 1986 Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911 1949 CUP Archive pp 225 ISBN 978 0 521 25514 1 Ildiko Beller Hann 2008 Community matters in Xinjiang 1880 1949 towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur BRILL p 74 ISBN 978 90 04 16675 2 Retrieved 2010 06 28 Mustafa Setmariam Nasar aliases Abu Musab al Suri and Umar Abd al Hakim 1999 Muslims in Central Asia and The Coming Battle of Islam Al Risale Turkistan Daglari 2 Bolum Dogu Turkistan Bulteni Haber Ajansi Bahar Yesil 29 October 2015 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint others link El Risale Dergisi nden Turkistan Daglari 2 Bolum ISLAH HABER Ozgur Ummetin Habercisi Bahar Yesil 30 October 2015 Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint others link Zelin Aaron Y October 25 2015 New issue of the magazine al Risalah 2 JIHADOLOGY A clearinghouse for jihadi primary source material original analysis and translation service he was also known as Muhhammad Lațit Sources Edit Boulger Demetrius Charles 1878 The Life of Yakoob Beg Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet Ameer of Kashgar London W H Allen Full text is available on Internet Archive a recent reprint is available as e g ISBN 0 7661 8845 0 Kim Hodong 2004 Holy War in China The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia 1864 1877 Stanford Calif Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 4884 5 Yakub Beg in Encyclopaedia Britannica Yakub Beg Invasion At Kashgar City official website quite detailed although admittedly not in very grammatical English In literature EditYakub Beg is a secondary character in the novel Flashman at the Charge published in 1973 Demetrius Charles Boulger The life of Yakoob Beg Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet Ameer of Kashgar Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine London Wm H Allen amp Co 1878 From the Open Library A fictionalization of Yakub Beg s life appears in the novel Tales of Inner Asia by Todd GibsonExternal links EditWorks by or about Yaqub Beg at Internet Archive Copper coins of the Rebels Rashiddin and Yakub Beg Verin Noravank Gospels dating from 1487 includes a rare mention of Yakub Beg Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yaqub Beg amp oldid 1126603696, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.