Non-homologous end-joining factor 1 (NHEJ1), also known as Cernunnos or XRCC4-like factor (XLF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHEJ1 gene.[5] XLF was originally discovered as the protein mutated in five patients with growth retardation, microcephaly, and immunodeficiency.[6] The protein is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair. Patients with XLF mutations also have immunodeficiency due to a defect in V(D)J recombination, which uses NHEJ to generate diversity in the antibody repertoire of the immune system. XLF interacts with DNA ligase IV and XRCC4 and is thought to be involved in the end-bridging or ligation steps of NHEJ. The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) homolog of XLF is Nej1.[7]
In contrast to the profound immunodeficiency phenotype of XLF deletion in humans, deletion of XLF alone has a mild phenotype in mice.[8] However, combining a deletion of XLF with deletion of the ATM kinase causes a synthetic defect in NHEJ, suggesting partial redundancy in the function of these two proteins in mice.[9]
Structureedit
XLF is structurally similar to XRCC4, existing as a constitutive dimer with an N-terminal globular head domain, an alpha-helical stalk, and an unstructured C-terminal region (CTR).[10]
Interactionsedit
XLF has been shown to interact with XRCC4,[11] and with Ku protein,[12] and it can also interact weakly with DNA.[13][14] Co-crystal structures of XLF and XRCC4 suggest that the two proteins can form hetero-oligomers via head-to-head interaction of alternating XLF and XRCC4 subunits.[15][16][17] These XRCC4-XLF filaments have been proposed to bridge DNA prior to end ligation during NHEJ. Formation of XRCC4-XLF oligomers can be disrupted by interaction of the C-terminal domain of XRCC4 with the BRCT domain of DNA ligase IV.[15]
Hematopoietic stem cell agingedit
Deficiency of NHEJ1 in mice leads to premature aging of hematopoietic stem cells as indicated by several lines of evidence including evidence that long-term repopulation is defective and worsens over time.[18] Using a human induced pluripotent stem cell model of NHEJ1 deficiency, it was shown that NHEJ1 has an important role in promoting survival of the primitive hematopoietic progenitors.[19] These NHEJ1 deficient cells possess a weak NHEJ1-mediated repair capacity that is apparently incapable of coping with DNA damages induced by physiological stress, normal metabolism, and ionizing radiation.[19]
Referencesedit
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000187736 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026162 – Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Buck D, Malivert L, de Chasseval R, Barraud A, Fondanèche MC, Sanal O, Plebani A, Stéphan JL, Hufnagel M, le Deist F, Fischer A, Durandy A, de Villartay JP, Revy P (Jan 2006). "Cernunnos, a novel nonhomologous end-joining factor, is mutated in human immunodeficiency with microcephaly". Cell. 124 (2): 287–99. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.030. PMID 16439204. S2CID 13075378.
^Callebaut I, Malivert L, Fischer A, Mornon JP, Revy P, de Villartay JP (May 2006). "Cernunnos interacts with the XRCC4 x DNA-ligase IV complex and is homologous to the yeast nonhomologous end-joining factor Nej1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (20): 13857–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.C500473200. PMID 16571728.
^Li G, Alt FW, Cheng HL, Brush JW, Goff PH, Murphy MM, Franco S, Zhang Y, Zha S (Sep 2008). "Lymphocyte-specific compensation for XLF/cernunnos end-joining functions in V(D)J recombination". Molecular Cell. 31 (5): 631–40. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.017. PMC2630261. PMID 18775323.
^Zha S, Guo C, Boboila C, Oksenych V, Cheng HL, Zhang Y, Wesemann DR, Yuen G, Patel H, Goff PH, Dubois RL, Alt FW (Jan 2011). "ATM damage response and XLF repair factor are functionally redundant in joining DNA breaks". Nature. 469 (7329): 250–4. Bibcode:2011Natur.469..250Z. doi:10.1038/nature09604. PMC3058373. PMID 21160472.
^Andres SN, Modesti M, Tsai CJ, Chu G, Junop MS (Dec 2007). "Crystal structure of human XLF: a twist in nonhomologous DNA end-joining". Molecular Cell. 28 (6): 1093–101. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.10.024. PMID 18158905.
^Deshpande RA, Wilson TE (Oct 2007). "Modes of interaction among yeast Nej1, Lif1 and Dnl4 proteins and comparison to human XLF, XRCC4 and Lig4". DNA Repair. 6 (10): 1507–16. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.04.014. PMC2064958. PMID 17567543.
^Yano K, Morotomi-Yano K, Wang SY, Uematsu N, Lee KJ, Asaithamby A, Weterings E, Chen DJ (Jan 2008). "Ku recruits XLF to DNA double-strand breaks". EMBO Reports. 9 (1): 91–6. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7401137. PMC2246615. PMID 18064046.
^Tsai CJ, Chu G (Jun 2013). "Cooperative assembly of a protein-DNA filament for nonhomologous end joining". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (25): 18110–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.464115. PMC3689955. PMID 23620595.
^Lu H, Pannicke U, Schwarz K, Lieber MR (Apr 2007). "Length-dependent binding of human XLF to DNA and stimulation of XRCC4.DNA ligase IV activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (15): 11155–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M609904200. PMID 17317666.
^ abAndres SN, Vergnes A, Ristic D, Wyman C, Modesti M, Junop M (Feb 2012). "A human XRCC4-XLF complex bridges DNA". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (4): 1868–78. doi:10.1093/nar/gks022. PMC3287209. PMID 22287571.
^Wu Q, Ochi T, Matak-Vinkovic D, Robinson CV, Chirgadze DY, Blundell TL (Oct 2011). "Non-homologous end-joining partners in a helical dance: structural studies of XLF-XRCC4 interactions". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (5): 1387–92, suppl 2 p following 1392. doi:10.1042/BST0391387. PMID 21936820. S2CID 8814152.
^Ropars V, Drevet P, Legrand P, Baconnais S, Amram J, Faure G, Márquez JA, Piétrement O, Guerois R, Callebaut I, Le Cam E, Revy P, de Villartay JP, Charbonnier JB (Aug 2011). "Structural characterization of filaments formed by human Xrcc4-Cernunnos/XLF complex involved in nonhomologous DNA end-joining". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (31): 12663–8. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10812663R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100758108. PMC3150875. PMID 21768349.
^Avagyan S, Churchill M, Yamamoto K, Crowe JL, Li C, Lee BJ, Zheng T, Mukherjee S, Zha S (2014). "Hematopoietic stem cell dysfunction underlies the progressive lymphocytopenia in XLF/Cernunnos deficiency". Blood. 124 (10): 1622–5. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-05-574863. PMC4155271. PMID 25075129.
^ abTilgner K, Neganova I, Singhapol C, Saretzki G, Al-Aama JY, Evans J, Gorbunova V, Gennery A, Przyborski S, Stojkovic M, Armstrong L, Jeggo P, Lako M (2013). "Brief report: a human induced pluripotent stem cell model of cernunnos deficiency reveals an important role for XLF in the survival of the primitive hematopoietic progenitors". Stem Cells. 31 (9): 2015–23. doi:10.1002/stem.1456. PMID 23818183. S2CID 3623309.
Further readingedit
Pastwa E, Malinowski M (May 2007). "Non-homologous DNA end joining in anticancer therapy". Current Cancer Drug Targets. 7 (3): 243–50. doi:10.2174/156800907780618284. PMID 17504121.
Dai Y, Kysela B, Hanakahi LA, Manolis K, Riballo E, Stumm M, Harville TO, West SC, Oettinger MA, Jeggo PA (Mar 2003). "Nonhomologous end joining and V(D)J recombination require an additional factor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (5): 2462–7. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.2462D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0437964100. PMC151363. PMID 12604777.
Buck D, Malivert L, de Chasseval R, Barraud A, Fondanèche MC, Sanal O, Plebani A, Stéphan JL, Hufnagel M, le Deist F, Fischer A, Durandy A, de Villartay JP, Revy P (Jan 2006). "Cernunnos, a novel nonhomologous end-joining factor, is mutated in human immunodeficiency with microcephaly". Cell. 124 (2): 287–99. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.030. PMID 16439204. S2CID 13075378.
Ahnesorg P, Smith P, Jackson SP (Jan 2006). "XLF interacts with the XRCC4-DNA ligase IV complex to promote DNA nonhomologous end-joining". Cell. 124 (2): 301–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.031. PMID 16439205. S2CID 12902760.
Callebaut I, Malivert L, Fischer A, Mornon JP, Revy P, de Villartay JP (May 2006). "Cernunnos interacts with the XRCC4 x DNA-ligase IV complex and is homologous to the yeast nonhomologous end-joining factor Nej1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (20): 13857–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.C500473200. PMID 16571728.
Revy P, de Villartay JP (2006). "[Cernunnos, a novel DNA repair factor essential for the immune system]". Médecine/Sciences. 22 (6–7): 569–70. doi:10.1051/medsci/20062267569. PMID 16828027.
Cantagrel V, Lossi AM, Lisgo S, Missirian C, Borges A, Philip N, Fernandez C, Cardoso C, Figarella-Branger D, Moncla A, Lindsay S, Dobyns WB, Villard L (Apr 2007). "Truncation of NHEJ1 in a patient with polymicrogyria". Human Mutation. 28 (4): 356–64. doi:10.1002/humu.20450. PMID 17191205. S2CID 15221701.
Lu H, Pannicke U, Schwarz K, Lieber MR (Apr 2007). "Length-dependent binding of human XLF to DNA and stimulation of XRCC4.DNA ligase IV activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (15): 11155–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M609904200. PMID 17317666.
Tsai CJ, Kim SA, Chu G (May 2007). "Cernunnos/XLF promotes the ligation of mismatched and noncohesive DNA ends". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (19): 7851–6. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.7851T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702620104. PMC1859989. PMID 17470781.
Deshpande RA, Wilson TE (Oct 2007). "Modes of interaction among yeast Nej1, Lif1 and Dnl4 proteins and comparison to human XLF, XRCC4 and Lig4". DNA Repair. 6 (10): 1507–16. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.04.014. PMC2064958. PMID 17567543.
Wu PY, Frit P, Malivert L, Revy P, Biard D, Salles B, Calsou P (Nov 2007). "Interplay between Cernunnos-XLF and nonhomologous end-joining proteins at DNA ends in the cell". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (44): 31937–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M704554200. PMID 17720816.
January 01, 1970
homologous, joining, factor, nhej1, also, known, cernunnos, xrcc4, like, factor, protein, that, humans, encoded, nhej1, gene, originally, discovered, protein, mutated, five, patients, with, growth, retardation, microcephaly, immunodeficiency, protein, required. Non homologous end joining factor 1 NHEJ1 also known as Cernunnos or XRCC4 like factor XLF is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHEJ1 gene 5 XLF was originally discovered as the protein mutated in five patients with growth retardation microcephaly and immunodeficiency 6 The protein is required for the non homologous end joining NHEJ pathway of DNA repair Patients with XLF mutations also have immunodeficiency due to a defect in V D J recombination which uses NHEJ to generate diversity in the antibody repertoire of the immune system XLF interacts with DNA ligase IV and XRCC4 and is thought to be involved in the end bridging or ligation steps of NHEJ The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of XLF is Nej1 7 NHEJ1Available structuresPDBOrtholog search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes2QM4 2R9A 3Q4F 3RWR 3SR2 3W03IdentifiersAliasesNHEJ1 XLF non homologous end joining factor 1External IDsOMIM 611290 MGI 1922820 HomoloGene 11714 GeneCards NHEJ1 OMA NHEJ1 orthologsGene location Human Chr Chromosome 2 human 1 Band2q35Start219 075 317 bp 1 End219 160 865 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 1 mouse 2 Band1 1 C4Start75 006 298 bp 2 End75 101 844 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inrectummonocytegastrocnemius musclesmooth muscle tissueAchilles tendonislet of Langerhanskidneypopliteal arteryganglionic eminenceright adrenal glandTop expressed inyolk sacsecondary oocytespermatocytespermatidproximal tubulemorulathymusseminiferous tubulelensskeletal muscle tissueMore reference expression dataBioGPSn aGene ontologyMolecular functionDNA binding protein binding DNA end bindingCellular componentnonhomologous end joining complex nucleus nucleoplasm fibrillar center DNA ligase IV complexBiological processresponse to ionizing radiation B cell differentiation central nervous system development positive regulation of ligase activity T cell differentiation double strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining cellular response to DNA damage stimulus double strand break repair DNA repairSources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez7984075570EnsemblENSG00000187736ENSMUSG00000026162UniProtQ9H9Q4Q3KNJ2RefSeq mRNA NM 024782NM 029342RefSeq protein NP 079058NP 001364427NP 001364428NP 083618Location UCSC Chr 2 219 08 219 16 MbChr 1 75 01 75 1 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit Mouse Contents 1 Phenotypes 2 Structure 3 Interactions 4 Hematopoietic stem cell aging 5 References 6 Further readingPhenotypes editIn contrast to the profound immunodeficiency phenotype of XLF deletion in humans deletion of XLF alone has a mild phenotype in mice 8 However combining a deletion of XLF with deletion of the ATM kinase causes a synthetic defect in NHEJ suggesting partial redundancy in the function of these two proteins in mice 9 Structure editXLF is structurally similar to XRCC4 existing as a constitutive dimer with an N terminal globular head domain an alpha helical stalk and an unstructured C terminal region CTR 10 Interactions editXLF has been shown to interact with XRCC4 11 and with Ku protein 12 and it can also interact weakly with DNA 13 14 Co crystal structures of XLF and XRCC4 suggest that the two proteins can form hetero oligomers via head to head interaction of alternating XLF and XRCC4 subunits 15 16 17 These XRCC4 XLF filaments have been proposed to bridge DNA prior to end ligation during NHEJ Formation of XRCC4 XLF oligomers can be disrupted by interaction of the C terminal domain of XRCC4 with the BRCT domain of DNA ligase IV 15 Hematopoietic stem cell aging editDeficiency of NHEJ1 in mice leads to premature aging of hematopoietic stem cells as indicated by several lines of evidence including evidence that long term repopulation is defective and worsens over time 18 Using a human induced pluripotent stem cell model of NHEJ1 deficiency it was shown that NHEJ1 has an important role in promoting survival of the primitive hematopoietic progenitors 19 These NHEJ1 deficient cells possess a weak NHEJ1 mediated repair capacity that is apparently incapable of coping with DNA damages induced by physiological stress normal metabolism and ionizing radiation 19 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000187736 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000026162 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Entrez Gene NHEJ1 nonhomologous end joining factor 1 Buck D Malivert L de Chasseval R Barraud A Fondaneche MC Sanal O Plebani A Stephan JL Hufnagel M le Deist F Fischer A Durandy A de Villartay JP Revy P Jan 2006 Cernunnos a novel nonhomologous end joining factor is mutated in human immunodeficiency with microcephaly Cell 124 2 287 99 doi 10 1016 j cell 2005 12 030 PMID 16439204 S2CID 13075378 Callebaut I Malivert L Fischer A Mornon JP Revy P de Villartay JP May 2006 Cernunnos interacts with the XRCC4 x DNA ligase IV complex and is homologous to the yeast nonhomologous end joining factor Nej1 The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 20 13857 60 doi 10 1074 jbc C500473200 PMID 16571728 Li G Alt FW Cheng HL Brush JW Goff PH Murphy MM Franco S Zhang Y Zha S Sep 2008 Lymphocyte specific compensation for XLF cernunnos end joining functions in V D J recombination Molecular Cell 31 5 631 40 doi 10 1016 j molcel 2008 07 017 PMC 2630261 PMID 18775323 Zha S Guo C Boboila C Oksenych V Cheng HL Zhang Y Wesemann DR Yuen G Patel H Goff PH Dubois RL Alt FW Jan 2011 ATM damage response and XLF repair factor are functionally redundant in joining DNA breaks Nature 469 7329 250 4 Bibcode 2011Natur 469 250Z doi 10 1038 nature09604 PMC 3058373 PMID 21160472 Andres SN Modesti M Tsai CJ Chu G Junop MS Dec 2007 Crystal structure of human XLF a twist in nonhomologous DNA end joining Molecular Cell 28 6 1093 101 doi 10 1016 j molcel 2007 10 024 PMID 18158905 Deshpande RA Wilson TE Oct 2007 Modes of interaction among yeast Nej1 Lif1 and Dnl4 proteins and comparison to human XLF XRCC4 and Lig4 DNA Repair 6 10 1507 16 doi 10 1016 j dnarep 2007 04 014 PMC 2064958 PMID 17567543 Yano K Morotomi Yano K Wang SY Uematsu N Lee KJ Asaithamby A Weterings E Chen DJ Jan 2008 Ku recruits XLF to DNA double strand breaks EMBO Reports 9 1 91 6 doi 10 1038 sj embor 7401137 PMC 2246615 PMID 18064046 Tsai CJ Chu G Jun 2013 Cooperative assembly of a protein DNA filament for nonhomologous end joining The Journal of Biological Chemistry 288 25 18110 20 doi 10 1074 jbc M113 464115 PMC 3689955 PMID 23620595 Lu H Pannicke U Schwarz K Lieber MR Apr 2007 Length dependent binding of human XLF to DNA and stimulation of XRCC4 DNA ligase IV activity The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 15 11155 62 doi 10 1074 jbc M609904200 PMID 17317666 a b Andres SN Vergnes A Ristic D Wyman C Modesti M Junop M Feb 2012 A human XRCC4 XLF complex bridges DNA Nucleic Acids Research 40 4 1868 78 doi 10 1093 nar gks022 PMC 3287209 PMID 22287571 Wu Q Ochi T Matak Vinkovic D Robinson CV Chirgadze DY Blundell TL Oct 2011 Non homologous end joining partners in a helical dance structural studies of XLF XRCC4 interactions Biochemical Society Transactions 39 5 1387 92 suppl 2 p following 1392 doi 10 1042 BST0391387 PMID 21936820 S2CID 8814152 Ropars V Drevet P Legrand P Baconnais S Amram J Faure G Marquez JA Pietrement O Guerois R Callebaut I Le Cam E Revy P de Villartay JP Charbonnier JB Aug 2011 Structural characterization of filaments formed by human Xrcc4 Cernunnos XLF complex involved in nonhomologous DNA end joining Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 31 12663 8 Bibcode 2011PNAS 10812663R doi 10 1073 pnas 1100758108 PMC 3150875 PMID 21768349 Avagyan S Churchill M Yamamoto K Crowe JL Li C Lee BJ Zheng T Mukherjee S Zha S 2014 Hematopoietic stem cell dysfunction underlies the progressive lymphocytopenia in XLF Cernunnos deficiency Blood 124 10 1622 5 doi 10 1182 blood 2014 05 574863 PMC 4155271 PMID 25075129 a b Tilgner K Neganova I Singhapol C Saretzki G Al Aama JY Evans J Gorbunova V Gennery A Przyborski S Stojkovic M Armstrong L Jeggo P Lako M 2013 Brief report a human induced pluripotent stem cell model of cernunnos deficiency reveals an important role for XLF in the survival of the primitive hematopoietic progenitors Stem Cells 31 9 2015 23 doi 10 1002 stem 1456 PMID 23818183 S2CID 3623309 Further reading editPastwa E Malinowski M May 2007 Non homologous DNA end joining in anticancer therapy Current Cancer Drug Targets 7 3 243 50 doi 10 2174 156800907780618284 PMID 17504121 Dai Y Kysela B Hanakahi LA Manolis K Riballo E Stumm M Harville TO West SC Oettinger MA Jeggo PA Mar 2003 Nonhomologous end joining and V D J recombination require an additional factor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 5 2462 7 Bibcode 2003PNAS 100 2462D doi 10 1073 pnas 0437964100 PMC 151363 PMID 12604777 Buck D Malivert L de Chasseval R Barraud A Fondaneche MC Sanal O Plebani A Stephan JL Hufnagel M le Deist F Fischer A Durandy A de Villartay JP Revy P Jan 2006 Cernunnos a novel nonhomologous end joining factor is mutated in human immunodeficiency with microcephaly Cell 124 2 287 99 doi 10 1016 j cell 2005 12 030 PMID 16439204 S2CID 13075378 Ahnesorg P Smith P Jackson SP Jan 2006 XLF interacts with the XRCC4 DNA ligase IV complex to promote DNA nonhomologous end joining Cell 124 2 301 13 doi 10 1016 j cell 2005 12 031 PMID 16439205 S2CID 12902760 Callebaut I Malivert L Fischer A Mornon JP Revy P de Villartay JP May 2006 Cernunnos interacts with the XRCC4 x DNA ligase IV complex and is homologous to the yeast nonhomologous end joining factor Nej1 The Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 20 13857 60 doi 10 1074 jbc C500473200 PMID 16571728 Revy P de Villartay JP 2006 Cernunnos a novel DNA repair factor essential for the immune system Medecine Sciences 22 6 7 569 70 doi 10 1051 medsci 20062267569 PMID 16828027 Cantagrel V Lossi AM Lisgo S Missirian C Borges A Philip N Fernandez C Cardoso C Figarella Branger D Moncla A Lindsay S Dobyns WB Villard L Apr 2007 Truncation of NHEJ1 in a patient with polymicrogyria Human Mutation 28 4 356 64 doi 10 1002 humu 20450 PMID 17191205 S2CID 15221701 Lu H Pannicke U Schwarz K Lieber MR Apr 2007 Length dependent binding of human XLF to DNA and stimulation of XRCC4 DNA ligase IV activity The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 15 11155 62 doi 10 1074 jbc M609904200 PMID 17317666 Tsai CJ Kim SA Chu G May 2007 Cernunnos XLF promotes the ligation of mismatched and noncohesive DNA ends Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 19 7851 6 Bibcode 2007PNAS 104 7851T doi 10 1073 pnas 0702620104 PMC 1859989 PMID 17470781 Deshpande RA Wilson TE Oct 2007 Modes of interaction among yeast Nej1 Lif1 and Dnl4 proteins and comparison to human XLF XRCC4 and Lig4 DNA Repair 6 10 1507 16 doi 10 1016 j dnarep 2007 04 014 PMC 2064958 PMID 17567543 Wu PY Frit P Malivert L Revy P Biard D Salles B Calsou P Nov 2007 Interplay between Cernunnos XLF and nonhomologous end joining proteins at DNA ends in the cell The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 44 31937 43 doi 10 1074 jbc M704554200 PMID 17720816 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Non homologous end joining factor 1 amp oldid 1183943735, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
