Wolframite
Wolframite is an iron, manganese, and tungstate mineral with a chemical formula of (Fe,Mn)WO4 that is the intermediate mineral between ferberite (Fe2+ rich) and hübnerite (Mn2+ rich).[4] Along with scheelite, the wolframite series are the most important tungsten ore minerals. Wolframite is found in quartz veins and pegmatites associated with granitic intrusives.[5] Associated minerals include cassiterite, scheelite, bismuth, quartz, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite.
| Wolframite | |
|---|---|
| General | |
| Category | Oxide minerals |
| Formula (repeating unit) | (Fe,Mn)WO4 |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | Prismatic (2/m) (same H-M symbol) |
| Space group | P2/c |
| Unit cell | a = 4.77 Å, b = 5.73 Å c = 4.98 Å; β = 90.2°; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Grayish to brownish black |
| Crystal habit | Tabular to short prismatic crystals |
| Cleavage | Perfect {010} |
| Fracture | Uneven to rough |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4–4.5 |
| Luster | Submetallic to resinous |
| Streak | Reddish brown |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque |
| Specific gravity | 7–7.5 |
| Fusibility | 3–4 to magnetic globule |
| References | [1][2][3] |
This mineral was historically found in Europe in Bohemia, Saxony, and in the UK in Devon and Cornwall. China reportedly has the world's largest supply of tungsten ore with about 60%.[6] Other producers are Spain, Canada, Portugal, Russia, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Rwanda, Bolivia, the United States, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[7]
Properties edit
The wolframite series is mainly formed through magmatic-hydrothermal processes associated with felsic magmas, namely skarns, or through metamorphic processes. In the more common granitic deposits, wolframite minerals can be found in both greisen and veins as its formation is tied to these two structures.[8]
Crystal structure edit
The wolframite series consists of two endmembers, ferberite (Fe2+ end member), hübnerite (Mn2+ end member), with Wolframite, (Fe,Mn)WO4 itself being a solid solution between the two endmembers.[4] These two end members can be present in any proportion within wolframite, from 100% ferberite to 100% hübnerite. Wolframite Contains the following percentages of its components, 60.63% W+6, 9.21% Fe+2, 9.06% Mn+2, 21.10% O−2.[9] Wolframite ore exhibits massive form with a dark grey to reddish black coloration.[5] Wolframite in its pure crystal form exhibits a monoclinic crystal system with a perfect cleavage of {010} and an iron black color. Wolframite in its crystalline form also displays lamellar and prismatic habit.[10]
Name edit
The name "wolframite" is derived from German "wolf rahm", the name given to tungsten by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747. This, in turn, derives from "Lupi spuma", the name Georg Agricola used for the element in 1546, which translates into English as "wolf's frot" or "wolf's cream". The etymology is not entirely certain but seems to be a reference to the large amounts of tin consumed by the mineral during its extraction, the phenomenon being likened to a wolf eating a sheep.[11] Wolfram is the basis for the chemical symbol W for tungsten as a chemical element.
World mine production and reserves edit
As of 2022, estimated world mine production was 84,000 metric tons of tungsten.[12] The foremost producer of Tungsten is China with an estimated 71,000 metric tons produced and as such world tungsten supply was dominated by China and Chinese exports. The next highest producers are Vietnam, Russia, Bolivia, and Rwanda with an estimated 4,800, 2,300, 1,400, and 1,100 respectively.[12]
As of 2022, the estimate world reserves of tungsten is 3,800,000 metric tons. Again China contains the greatest reserve at 1,800,000 metric tons of tungsten. The following countries have the next highest reserves: Russia, Vietnam, Spain, and Austria with an estimated reserve of 400,000, 100,000, 56,000, and 10,000 respectively.[12]
Use edit
Wolframite is highly valued as the main source of the metal tungsten, a strong and very dense material with a high melting temperature used for electric filaments and armor-piercing ammunition, as well as hard tungsten carbide machine tools. During World War II, wolframite mines were a strategic asset, due to its use in munitions and tools.[13]
Tungsten salts were used in the 19th century to dye cotton and to make stage costumes which were fire retardant. Additionally in the 19th century tungsten sulfides were sparingly used as lubrication for machining. Wolframite is also used to make tungstic acid which is used in the textile industry.[14]
A major modern day use of tungsten is as a catalyst for various chemical reactions. One such catalytic use of tungsten is as a hydrocracking catalyst which is used to improve the yield of organic components such as gasoline in hydrocarbon refinement as well as reducing harmful pollution and by products. Another catalytic use of tungsten is as a De-NOX catalyst which is used in the treatment of nitrogen oxide emissions to convert harmful nitrogen oxides into inert N2 gas.[14]
Another modern day use of tungsten is as a lubricant. Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is a lubricant with a dynamic coefficient of friction of ~0.03. Tungsten disulfide can be used at temperatures of 583 °C and 1316 °C in air and vacuum respectively. These characteristics allow this lubricant to operate in extreme conditions.[14]
Wolframite was considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, during the Congo Wars.[15]
See also edit
- List of minerals
- Wolfram Crisis during WW II
References edit
- ^ Barthelmy, Dave. "Wolframite Mineral Data". webmineral.com.
- ^ "Wolframite: Wolframite mineral information and data". www.mindat.org.
- ^ Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed. 1985, pp. 355-356 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- ^ a b King, R.J. (2005-03-01). "Minerals explained 41". Geology Today. 21 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2005.00493.x. ISSN 0266-6979.
- ^ a b Haldar, S. K. (2020). Introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-85136-7. OCLC 1181840467.
- ^ "USGS Circular 930–O: International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report—Tungsten". pubs.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ "Clean them up". The Economist. 19 August 2010.
- ^ P., Kwak, T. A. (2014). W-Sn Skarn Deposits : and Related Metamorphic Skarns and Granitoids. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-59792-2. OCLC 1044727909.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ PIRSSON, LOUIS V.; KNOPF, ADOLPH (November 1947). "Rocks and Rock Minerals". Soil Science. 64 (5): 434. doi:10.1097/00010694-194711000-00020. ISSN 0038-075X.
- ^ "Wolframite Mineral Data". webmineral.com. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten". Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- ^ a b c Shedd, Kim B. (January 2023). "Tungsten" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ^ . 2011-08-19. Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
- ^ a b c Christian, J.; Singh Gaur, R.P.; Wolfe, T.; Trasorras, J. R. L. (June 1, 2011). "Tungsten Chemicals and their Applications" (PDF). International Tungsten Industry Association. pp. 1–12. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
- ^ "Clean them up: Congo's conflict minerals". The Economist. Vol. 396, no. 8696. 21 August 2010. p. 41. Retrieved 24 August 2010.