William Cowper

This article is about the poet. For other people with the same name, see William Cowper (disambiguation).

William Cowper (/ˈkuːpər/ KOO-pər; 26 November 1731 – 25 April 1800^[a]) was an English poet and Anglican hymnwriter. One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed the direction of 18th-century nature poetry by writing of everyday life and scenes of the English countryside. In many ways, he was one of the forerunners of Romantic poetry. Samuel Taylor Coleridge called him "the best modern poet", whilst William Wordsworth particularly admired his poem "Yardley-Oak".^[2]

William Cowper
A 1792 portrait by Lemuel Francis Abbott^[1]
Born	(1731-11-26)26 November 1731 Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England
Died	25 April 1800(1800-04-25) (aged 68) East Dereham, Norfolk, England
Education	Westminster School
Occupation	Poet

After being institutionalised for insanity, Cowper found refuge in a fervent evangelical Christianity. He continued to suffer doubt about his salvation and, after a dream in 1773, believed that he was doomed to eternal damnation. He recovered, and went on to write more religious hymns.

His religious sentiment and association with John Newton (who wrote the hymn "Amazing Grace") led to much of the poetry for which he is best remembered, and to the series of Olney Hymns. His poem "Light Shining out of Darkness" gave English the phrase: "God moves in a mysterious way/ His wonders to perform."

He also wrote a number of anti-slavery poems, and his friendship with Newton, who was an avid anti-slavery campaigner, resulted in Cowper's being asked to write in support of the Abolitionist campaign.^[3] Cowper wrote a poem called "The Negro's Complaint" (1788) which rapidly became very famous, and was often quoted by Martin Luther King Jr. during the 20th-century civil rights movement.^[4] He also wrote several other less well-known poems on slavery in the 1780s, many of which attacked the idea that slavery was economically viable.^[5]

Life

 

William Cowper

Cowper was born in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, where his father John Cowper was rector of the Church of St Peter.^[6][7] His father's sister was the poet Judith Madan. His mother was Ann née Donne. He and his brother John were the only two of seven children to live past infancy. Ann died giving birth to John on 7 November 1737. His mother's death at such an early age troubled William deeply and was the subject of his poem "On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture", written more than fifty years later. He grew close to her family in his early years. He was particularly close with her brother Robert and his wife Harriot. They instilled in young William a love of reading and gave him some of his first books – John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and John Gay’s Fables.

Cowper was first enrolled in Westminster School in April 1742 after moving from school to school for a number of years. He had begun to study Latin from a young age, and was an eager scholar of Latin for the rest of his life. Older children bullied Cowper through many of his younger years. At Westminster School he studied under the headmaster John Nicoll. At the time, Westminster School was popular amongst families belonging to England's Whig political party. Many intelligent boys from families of a lower social status also attended, however. Cowper made lifelong friends from Westminster. He read through the Iliad and the Odyssey, which ignited his lifelong scholarship and love for Homer’s epics. He grew skilled at the interpretation and translation of Latin, which he put to use for the rest of his life. He was skilled in the composition of Latin as well and wrote many verses of his own.^[8]

After education at Westminster School, Cowper was articled to Mr Chapman, solicitor, of Ely Place, Holborn, to be trained for a career in law. During this time, he spent his leisure at the home of his uncle Bob Cowper, where he fell in love with his cousin Theodora, whom he wished to marry. But as James Croft, who in 1825 first published the poems Cowper addressed to Theodora, wrote, "her father, from an idea that the union of persons so nearly related was improper, refused to accede to the wishes of his daughter and nephew." This refusal left Cowper distraught. He had his first severe attack of depression/mental illness, referred to at the time as melancholy.^[9]

In 1763 he was offered a Clerkship of Journals in the House of Lords, but broke under the strain of the approaching examination; he experienced a worse period of depression and insanity. At this time he tried three times to commit suicide and was sent to Nathaniel Cotton's asylum at St. Albans for recovery. His poem beginning "Hatred and vengeance, my eternal portions" (sometimes referred to as "Sapphics") was written in the aftermath of his suicide attempt.

After recovering, he settled at Huntingdon with a retired clergyman named Morley Unwin and his wife Mary. Cowper grew to be on such good terms with the Unwin family that he went to live in their house, and moved with them to Olney. There he met curate John Newton, a former captain of slave ships who had devoted his life to the gospel. Not long afterwards, Morley Unwin was killed in a fall from his horse; Cowper continued to live in the Unwin home and became greatly attached to the widow Mary Unwin.

At Olney, Newton invited Cowper to contribute to a hymnbook that he was compiling. The resulting volume, known as Olney Hymns, was not published until 1779 but includes hymns such as "Praise for the Fountain Opened" (beginning "There is a fountain fill'd with blood")^[10] and "Light Shining out of Darkness" (beginning "God Moves in a Mysterious Way"), which remain some of Cowper's most familiar verses. Several of Cowper's hymns, as well as others originally published in the Olney Hymns, are today preserved in the Sacred Harp, which also collects shape note songs.

In 1773, Cowper experienced an attack of insanity, imagining not only that he was eternally condemned to hell, but that God was commanding him to make a sacrifice of his own life. Mary Unwin took care of him with great devotion, and after a year he began to recover. In 1779, after Newton had moved from Olney to London, Cowper started to write poetry again. Mary Unwin, wanting to keep Cowper's mind occupied, suggested that he write on the subject of The Progress of Error. After writing a satire of this name, he wrote seven others. These poems were collected and published in 1782 under the title Poems by William Cowper, of the Inner Temple, Esq.

 

Crazy Kate, illustration for Cowper's The Task by Henry Fuseli (1806–1807).

In 1781 Cowper met a sophisticated and charming widow named Lady Austen who inspired new poetry. Cowper himself tells of the genesis of what some have considered his most substantial work, The Task, in his "Advertisement" to the original edition of 1785:

...a lady, fond of blank verse, demanded a poem of that kind from the author, and gave him the SOFA for a subject. He obeyed; and, having much leisure, connected another subject with it; and, pursuing the train of thought to which his situation and turn of mind led him, brought forth at length, instead of the trifle which he at first intended, a serious affair – a Volume!

In the same volume Cowper also printed "The Diverting History of John Gilpin", a notable piece of comic verse. G. K. Chesterton, in Orthodoxy, later credited the writing of "John Gilpin" with saving Cowper from becoming completely insane.^[11]

 

Harriett Hesketh by Francis Coates

Cowper and Mary Unwin moved to Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire, in 1786, having become close with his cousin Lady Harriett Hesketh (Theodora's sister).^[12] During this period he started his translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into blank verse. His versions (published in 1791) were the most significant English renderings of these epic poems since those of Alexander Pope earlier in the century. Later critics have faulted Cowper's Homer for being too much in the mould of John Milton.^[13]

In 1789 Cowper befriended a cousin, Dr John Johnson, a Norfolk clergyman, and in 1795 Cowper and Mary moved to Norfolk to be near him and his sister Catharine. They originally stayed at North Tuddenham, then at Dunham Lodge near Swaffham and then Mundesley before finally settling in East Dereham (all places in Norfolk) with the Johnsons, after Mary Unwin became paralysed.^[14]

Mary Unwin died in 1796, plunging Cowper into a gloom from which he never fully recovered. He did continue to revise his Homer for a second edition of his translation. Aside from writing the powerful and bleak poem "The Castaway", he penned some English translations of Greek verse and translated some of the Fables of John Gay into Latin.

Death and memorials

 

Stained-glass window depicting Cowper in St Nicholas's Church, East Dereham, Norfolk

Cowper was seized with edema (also known as dropsy) in the spring of 1800 and died on the 25th of April. He is buried in the chapel of St Thomas of Canterbury, St Nicholas's Church in East Dereham, and a stained-glass window there commemorates his life.^[2]

In St Peter's Church in Berkhamsted there are two windows in memory of Cowper: The east window by Clayton & Bell (1872) depicts Cowper at his writing desk accompanied by his pet hares, and bears the inscription "Salvation to the dying man, And to the rising God" (a line from Cowper's poem "The Saviour, what a noble flame"); and in the north aisle, an etched glass window is inscribed with lines from "Oh! for a closer walk with God" and "The Task". In the same church there is also a memorial tablet to the poet's mother, Ann Cowper.^[15][16] Cowper is also commemorated (along with George Herbert) by another Clayton & Bell stained-glass window in St George's Chapel, Westminster Abbey.^[17][18]

In 1823, Cowper's correspondence was published posthumously from the original letters in the possession of his kinsman John Johnson.^[19][20]

Near the village of Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire, where Cowper once resided, is a folly named Cowper's Alcove. The folly was built by the Lord of the Manor of Weston House, a member of the Throckmorton family in 1753.^[21] Cowper was known to visit here frequently for inspiration for his poetry. The alcove is mentioned in Cowper's "The Task".^[22] The folly was dedicated to Cowper by the Buckinghamshire county council green belt estate, and a plaque with the verse from "The Task" referencing the alcove was installed.

Works

Poems

• The Snail, 1730
• The Winter Nosegay, 1777
• Olney Hymns, 1778–1779, in collaboration with John Newton
• John Gilpin, 1782
• Epitaph on a Hare, 1782
• Cowper's first independent volume, Poems by William Cowper, of the Inner Temple, Esq., 1782
• The Rose, 1783
• The Task, 1785
• The Morning Dream, 1788
• Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, 1791 (translations from the Greek).
• The Retired Cat, 1791
• To Mary, 1793
• On the Ice Islands Seen Floating in the German Ocean, 1803
• The Castaway, 1803
• Hatred and vengeance, my eternal portion, 1815
• The Poplar-Field, 1785
• Lines Written During a Period of Insanity, 1816

Further information: English_translations_of_Homer § Cowper

Hymns

Cowper is represented with fifteen hymns in American Presbyterian Edwin Hatfield's 1872 opus The Church Hymn Book for the Worship of God.

• 127 Jesus! where'er thy people meet
• 357 The Spirit breathes upon the word
• 450 There is a fountain, filled with blood
• 790 Hark! my soul! it is the Lord
• 856 To Jesus, the Crown of my hope
• 871 Far from the world, O Lord! I flee
• 885 My Lord! how full of sweet content (1782 translation)
• 932 What various hindrances we meet
• 945 Oh! for a closer walk with God
• 965 When darkness long has veiled my mind
• 1002 'Tis my happiness below
• 1009 O Lord! in sorrow I resign (1782 translation)
• 1029 O Lord! my best desire fulfill
• 1043 There is a safe and secret place
• 1060 God of my life! to thee I call

Familiar quotations

GOD moves in a mysterious way, His wonders to perform; He plants his footsteps in the sea, And rides upon the storm. "Light Shining out of Darkness", Olney Hymns, 1779 There is a fountain fill'd with blood Drawn from Emmanuel's veins; And sinners, plung'd beneath that flood, Lose all their guilty stains. "Praise for the Fountain Opened", Olney Hymns, 1779 Oh! for a closer walk with GOD, A calm and heav'nly frame; A light to shine upon the road That leads me to the Lamb! "Walking with God", Olney Hymns, 1779 God made the country, and man made the town. "The Sofa", The Task, vol. I, 1785, line 749 There is a pleasure in poetic pains Which only poets know. "The Timepiece", The Task, vol. II, 1785, lines 285–286

Variety's the very spice of life, That gives it all its flavour. "The Timepiece", The Task, vol. II, 1785, lines 606–607 I am monarch of all I survey, My right there is none to dispute; From the centre all round to the sea, I am lord of the fowl and the brute. Verses Supposed to be Written by Alexander Selkirk, 1782, lines 1–4 No voice divine the storm allay'd, No light propitious shone; When, snatch'd from all effectual aid, We perish'd, each alone; But I beneath a rougher sea, And whelmed in deeper gulphs than he. The Castaway, 1799, lines 61–66 'Tis pleasant, through the loopholes of retreat, To peep at such a world; to see the stir Of the great Babel, and not feel the crowd; To hear the roar she sends through all her gates At a safe distance, where the dying sound Falls a soft murmur on the uninjur'd ear. "The Winter Evening", The Task, vol. IV, 1785, lines 88–93

See also

• List of abolitionist forerunners
• Frances Maria Cowper

Notes

1. Date of birth is given in New Style (Gregorian calendar). Old Style date is 15 November 1731. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Calendar" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

References

1. Abbott, Lemuel Francis (1792), Cowper (portrait)
2. Cameron. "William CowperDereham Norfolk". www.poetsgraves.co.uk.
3. "Abolitionist campaigners". www.bl.uk.
4. King, Martin Luther Jr., Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; et al. (eds.), The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Threshold of a new decade
5. "Great campaigners", Abolition background, UK: BL
6. Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714. Vol. Abannan–Kyte. 1891. pp. 338–365. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
7. Taylor, Thomas (1835). The Life of William Cowper, Esq. Seeley.
8. Rhodes, N., (ed.), William Cowper: Selected Poems, Psychology Press, 2003, p. 8.^{[ISBN missing]}
9. Price, Martin (1973). The restoration and the eighteenth century. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195016149. OCLC 2341106.
10. Cowper, William (1772). "There Is a Fountain". Hymnary.org (hymn). Retrieved 1 February 2018.
11. To be precise, Chesterton was making, in Chapter 2 of Orthodoxy [1], the point that contrary to some assumptions poetry does not make men mad, but if anything logic does. He then takes the example of Cowper: "only one great English poet went mad, Cowper. And he was definitely driven mad by logic, by the [...] logic of predestination. Poetry was not the disease, but the medicine; poetry partly kept him in health. [...] He was damned by John Calvin; he was almost saved by John Gilpin."
12. "James William Kelly, 'Hesketh, Harriet, Lady Hesketh (bap. 1733, d. 1807)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13124. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
13. Blackie, John Stuart (1866), Homer and the Iliad, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, p. 139, OCLC 4731357, [...] we have had great poets, like Cowper, who do not seem to have been able to distinguish between the tone of Milton and the tone of Homer.
14. Catharine Bodham Johnson, Introduction to Letters of Lady Hesketh to the Rev. John Johnson LL.D. (1901), pp. 5–8
15. "Interactive Guide". www.stpetersberkhamsted.org.uk. St Peter's Great Berkhamsted. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
16. Birtchnell, Percy Charles (1988). A Short History of Berkhamsted. Book Stack. p. 24. ISBN 978-1871372007.
17. Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 35.
18. "Commemorations: William Cowper". westminster-abbey.org. Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
19. Private correspondence of William Cowper, Esq., with several of his most intimate friends, now first published from the originals in the possession of his kinsman, John Johnson (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn. 1824.
20. "Review of Private Correspondence of William Cowper". The Quarterly Review. 30: 185–199. October 1823.
21. "Cowper's Alcove – Wood Lane, Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire, UK – Best Kept Secrets on". Waymarking.com. 25 October 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
22. "The Task, by William Cowper".

Bibliography

• The Church Hymn Book for the Worship of God, 1872, edited by Edwin F. Hatfield. New York and Chicago.

Sources

• Harold Child, "William Cowper", in Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1907–21. As given at Bartleby.com. (Some biographical data utilised.)
• H. S. Milford, The Complete Poetical Works of William Cowper. London: Oxford University Press, 1913. ("Chronological Table" on pp. xxiv–xxx heavily utilised for biographical data.)

Further reading

• King, James (1986), William Cowper: A Biography, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822305132.
• Hutchings,Bill(1983) The Poetry of William Cowper Beckenham:Croom Helm.
• Newey, Vincent (1981), Cowper's Poetry: A Critical Study and Reassessment, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, ISBN 978-0853233442
• "Cowper, William" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 349–351.
• The Town of Cowper by Thomas Wright (First Edition. May 1886)
• Cecil, David (1929). The Stricken Deer: the biography. and later editions.
• Risk, Louise B. (2004). A Portrait of William Cowper: His Own Interpreter in Letters and Poems.

External links

 

Wikisource has original works by or about:
William Cowper

 

Wikiquote has quotations related to William Cowper.

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Cowper.

• "Cowper, William (1731–1800)" . Dictionary of National Biography. 1885–1900.
• William Cowper at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
• Works by William Cowper at Project Gutenberg
• Works by William Cowper at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  
• Portraits of William Cowper at the National Portrait Gallery, London  
• Cowper and Newton Museum
• William Cowper's Cat Poems
• Cowper's Grave
• "Archival material relating to William Cowper". UK National Archives.  
• Essays by William Cowper at Quotidiana.org
• Complete Poetical Works of William Cowper at CCEL
• Hymns by William Cowper 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• Selected Poems at The Poets' Corner
• Electronic text of Cowper's "Odyssey" translation at bibliomania.com
• Audio: Robert Pinsky reads "Epitaph On A Hare" by William Cowper (via poemsoutloud.net)