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Western Samoa Trust Territory

January 07, 2023

Western Samoa Mandate, then Western Samoa Trust Territory, officially Territory of Western Samoa was the name of Western Samoa during its civil administration by New Zealand between 1920 and Samoan independence in 1962. Six years earlier, German Samoa was captured by the British shortly after the outbreak of World War I, but it would not be formally annexed by the British Empire until then.

Territory of Western Samoa
Sāmoa
1914–1962
Coat of arms
Anthems:
"God Defend New Zealand"
(Māori: "Aotearoa")

"God Save the Queen"[a]
StatusOccupied territory of New Zealand (1914–1920)
Mandate of New Zealand (1920–1947)
United Nations Trust Territory of New Zealand (1947–1962)
CapitalApia
13°50′S 171°45′W / 13.833°S 171.750°W / -13.833; -171.750
Common languagesEnglish (official)
Samoan
Austronesian languages
Papuan languages
GovernmentExternal Territory of New Zealand
Monarch 
• 1920–1936
George V
• 1936–1936
Edward VIII
• 1936–1952
George VI
• 1952–1962
Elizabeth II
Administrator 
• 1914–1919
Robert Logan
• 1919–1923
Robert Tate
• 1923–1928
George Richardson
• 1928–1931
Stephen Allen
• 1931–1935
Herbert Hart
• 1935–1946
Alfred Turnbull
• 1960–1962
Jack Wright
Historical eraBritish Empire
30 August 1914
• Established
17 December 1914
• Trusteeship
13 December 1946
• Independence
1 January 1962
CurrencyPound sterling (1914–1930)
New Zealand pound (1930–1962)
Western Samoan pound (1930–67)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Today part ofSamoa

History

Main article: History of Samoa

Occupation of German Samoa in World War I

 
The Union Flag raised in Apia, 30 August 1914
Main article: Occupation of German Samoa

At the outbreak of World War I German Samoa was a German colony. On 7 August 1914, the British government indicated to New Zealand (which was at this time a British dominion), that the seizure of a wireless station near Apia, the colony's capital which was used by the German East Asia Squadron, would be a "great and urgent Imperial service".[2] This was followed by the first action of New Zealand in the war, the sailing of a Samoa Expeditionary Force on 15 August, which landed at Apia two weeks later. Although Germany refused to officially surrender the colonies, no resistance was offered and the occupation took place without any fighting. Despite claims that German Samoa was the first enemy territory to fall to imperial forces, the first seizure of a German colony had occurred four days earlier when Togoland was captured as part of the West Africa Campaign.[3]

Colonel Robert Logan, who had commanded the Samoan Expeditionary Force, was the military administrator of the colony for the remainder of the war.[4] By 1918, Samoa had a population of some 38,000 Samoans and 1,500 Europeans.[5] Approximately one fifth of the population died in the Influenza epidemic of 1918–1919.[6] In 1919, The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Epidemic concluded that there had been no epidemic of pneumonic influenza in Western Samoa before the arrival of the SS Talune from Auckland on 7 November 1918, which was allowed to berth by Logan without quarantine precautions. Within seven days of this ship's arrival influenza had become epidemic in Upolu and had then spread rapidly throughout the territory.[7]

Mandate

On 17 December 1920, the League of Nations formally conferred a Class C Mandate over the former German Colony of Samoa to the Dominion of New Zealand.[8][9] The mandate was supported by the Samoa Constitution Order, 1920, which had replaced the military occupation with a civil administration on 1 May 1920.[8][10] On 1 April 1922, the Samoa Act 1921 came into force.[11]

Under the Samoa Act the New Zealand Governor-General appointed an administrator based in Apia to hold executive power and to report to the New Zealand Minister of External Affairs in Wellington; lawmaking power was held by the administrator and a local legislative council, although Wellington had final authority.[8] New Zealand administrators repressed freedom of media, freedom of association, and free speech on Western Samoa, as well as banished those who criticized New Zealand's rule.[12]

After 1945, the classification of the mandate was changed to a United Nations Trust Territory.[13]

From Mau protests to independence

The Mau (translates as "strongly held opinion") was a popular non-violent movement which had its beginnings in the early 1900s (decade) in Savai'i. It was first led by Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe, an orator chief deposed by the German administration. The 1920s saw the resurgence of the Mau in opposition to the New Zealand administration. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant.[14] Nelson was exiled by the administration during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically.

On 28 December 1929, the newly elected leader, high chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia.[15] The New Zealand police attempted to arrest the high chief. When he resisted, a struggle occurred between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the Mau.[16] Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately fifty were injured by gunshots and police batons.[17]

That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch. After repeated efforts by the Samoan people, Western Samoa gained independence in 1962 and signed a Friendship Treaty with New Zealand. Samoa was the first country in the Pacific to become independent.

In 2002, New Zealand's prime minister Helen Clark, on a trip to Samoa, formally apologised for New Zealand's role in the banishment of Samoan leaders, the failure to quarantine SS Talune, and the Appia shootings.[18][19]

Notes

  1. ^ "God Save the Queen" was officially a national anthem, but generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.[1]

References

  1. ^ "Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
  2. ^ Smith 1924, p. 14.
  3. ^ McGibbon 2007, p. 65.
  4. ^ Munro, Doug. "Robert Logan". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  5. ^ "Wartime administration – capture of German Samoa". NZHistory.net.nz. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  6. ^ "The 1918 flu pandemic". NZHistory.net.nz. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  7. ^ Albert Wendt. "Guardians and Wards: (A study of the origins, causes, and the first two years of the Mau in Western Samoa.)".
  8. ^ a b c "New Zealand in Samoa: Colonial administration". NZHistory. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  9. ^ "League of Nations Mandate for German Samoa". NZHistory. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  10. ^ Samoa Constitution Order, 1920 (1 April 1920; N.Z. Gaz. 1920, p. 1619). Treaties of Peace Act 1919 (29 October 1919; 10 GEO V 1919 No 20); "[...] The Governor-General is hereby empowered to make, by Order in Council, such provisions as he deems necessary [...] for the government of the said Islands of Western Samoa[...]". The Western Samoa Order in Council, 1920 (11 March 1920; Statutory Rules and Orders 1920, vol 1, pp 745–746; Gazette, 21 May 1920, p 1819; 113 BFSP 18).
  11. ^ Samoa Act 1921 (7 December 1921; 12 GEO V 1921 No 16)
  12. ^ Pedersen, Susan (2015). The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–192. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-957048-5.
  13. ^ "Imperialism as a Vocation: Class C Mandates". Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  14. ^ Laracy, Hugh. "Nelson, Olaf Frederick 1883 – 1944". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  15. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  16. ^ Field 2006.
  17. ^ "History and migration: Who are the Samoans?". Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  19. ^ "Prime Minister Helen Clark's Historic Apology".
  • Field, Michael (2006). Black Saturday: New Zealand's tragic blunders in Samoa. Auckland, N.Z.: Reed Publishing (NZ). ISBN 0-7900-1103-4.
  • McGibbon, Ian (2007). "The Shaping of New Zealand's War Effort, August–October 1914". In Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (eds.). New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies & the First World War. Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle Publishing. pp. 49–68. ISBN 978-0-908988-85-3.
  • Smith, Stephen John (1924). The Samoa (N.Z.) Expeditionary Force 1914–1915. Wellington, New Zealand: Ferguson & Osborn. OCLC 8950668.

External links

Coordinates: 13°35′S 172°20′W / 13.583°S 172.333°W / -13.583; -172.333

January 07, 2023
western, samoa, trust, territory, western, samoa, mandate, then, officially, territory, western, samoa, name, western, samoa, during, civil, administration, zealand, between, 1920, samoan, independence, 1962, years, earlier, german, samoa, captured, british, s. Western Samoa Mandate then Western Samoa Trust Territory officially Territory of Western Samoa was the name of Western Samoa during its civil administration by New Zealand between 1920 and Samoan independence in 1962 Six years earlier German Samoa was captured by the British shortly after the outbreak of World War I but it would not be formally annexed by the British Empire until then Territory of Western SamoaSamoa1914 1962Flag Coat of armsAnthems God Defend New Zealand Maori Aotearoa source source source track track track track track track track God Save the Queen a StatusOccupied territory of New Zealand 1914 1920 Mandate of New Zealand 1920 1947 United Nations Trust Territory of New Zealand 1947 1962 CapitalApia13 50 S 171 45 W 13 833 S 171 750 W 13 833 171 750Common languagesEnglish official SamoanAustronesian languagesPapuan languagesGovernmentExternal Territory of New ZealandMonarch 1920 1936George V 1936 1936Edward VIII 1936 1952George VI 1952 1962Elizabeth IIAdministrator 1914 1919Robert Logan 1919 1923Robert Tate 1923 1928George Richardson 1928 1931Stephen Allen 1931 1935Herbert Hart 1935 1946Alfred Turnbull 1960 1962Jack WrightHistorical eraBritish Empire Occupation30 August 1914 Established17 December 1914 Trusteeship13 December 1946 Independence1 January 1962CurrencyPound sterling 1914 1930 New Zealand pound 1930 1962 Western Samoan pound 1930 67 Preceded by Succeeded byGerman Samoa Western SamoaToday part ofSamoa Contents 1 History 1 1 Occupation of German Samoa in World War I 1 2 Mandate 1 3 From Mau protests to independence 2 Notes 3 References 4 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Samoa Occupation of German Samoa in World War I Edit The Union Flag raised in Apia 30 August 1914 Main article Occupation of German Samoa At the outbreak of World War I German Samoa was a German colony On 7 August 1914 the British government indicated to New Zealand which was at this time a British dominion that the seizure of a wireless station near Apia the colony s capital which was used by the German East Asia Squadron would be a great and urgent Imperial service 2 This was followed by the first action of New Zealand in the war the sailing of a Samoa Expeditionary Force on 15 August which landed at Apia two weeks later Although Germany refused to officially surrender the colonies no resistance was offered and the occupation took place without any fighting Despite claims that German Samoa was the first enemy territory to fall to imperial forces the first seizure of a German colony had occurred four days earlier when Togoland was captured as part of the West Africa Campaign 3 Colonel Robert Logan who had commanded the Samoan Expeditionary Force was the military administrator of the colony for the remainder of the war 4 By 1918 Samoa had a population of some 38 000 Samoans and 1 500 Europeans 5 Approximately one fifth of the population died in the Influenza epidemic of 1918 1919 6 In 1919 The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Epidemic concluded that there had been no epidemic of pneumonic influenza in Western Samoa before the arrival of the SS Talune from Auckland on 7 November 1918 which was allowed to berth by Logan without quarantine precautions Within seven days of this ship s arrival influenza had become epidemic in Upolu and had then spread rapidly throughout the territory 7 Mandate Edit On 17 December 1920 the League of Nations formally conferred a Class C Mandate over the former German Colony of Samoa to the Dominion of New Zealand 8 9 The mandate was supported by the Samoa Constitution Order 1920 which had replaced the military occupation with a civil administration on 1 May 1920 8 10 On 1 April 1922 the Samoa Act 1921 came into force 11 Under the Samoa Act the New Zealand Governor General appointed an administrator based in Apia to hold executive power and to report to the New Zealand Minister of External Affairs in Wellington lawmaking power was held by the administrator and a local legislative council although Wellington had final authority 8 New Zealand administrators repressed freedom of media freedom of association and free speech on Western Samoa as well as banished those who criticized New Zealand s rule 12 After 1945 the classification of the mandate was changed to a United Nations Trust Territory 13 From Mau protests to independence Edit The Mau translates as strongly held opinion was a popular non violent movement which had its beginnings in the early 1900s decade in Savai i It was first led by Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe an orator chief deposed by the German administration The 1920s saw the resurgence of the Mau in opposition to the New Zealand administration One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant 14 Nelson was exiled by the administration during the late 1920s and early 1930s but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically On 28 December 1929 the newly elected leader high chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia 15 The New Zealand police attempted to arrest the high chief When he resisted a struggle occurred between the police and the Mau The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun mounted in preparation for this demonstration was used to disperse the Mau 16 Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators screaming Peace Samoa Ten others died that day and approximately fifty were injured by gunshots and police batons 17 That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday The Mau grew remaining steadfastly non violent and expanded to include a highly influential women s branch After repeated efforts by the Samoan people Western Samoa gained independence in 1962 and signed a Friendship Treaty with New Zealand Samoa was the first country in the Pacific to become independent In 2002 New Zealand s prime minister Helen Clark on a trip to Samoa formally apologised for New Zealand s role in the banishment of Samoan leaders the failure to quarantine SS Talune and the Appia shootings 18 19 Notes Edit God Save the Queen was officially a national anthem but generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions 1 References Edit Protocol for using New Zealand s National Anthems Ministry for Culture and Heritage Retrieved 17 February 2008 Smith 1924 p 14 McGibbon 2007 p 65 Munro Doug Robert Logan Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Ministry for Culture and Heritage Retrieved 30 September 2016 Wartime administration capture of German Samoa NZHistory net nz Retrieved 18 October 2010 The 1918 flu pandemic NZHistory net nz Retrieved 26 November 2007 Albert Wendt Guardians and Wards A study of the origins causes and the first two years of the Mau in Western Samoa a b c New Zealand in Samoa Colonial administration NZHistory New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Retrieved 27 December 2015 League of Nations Mandate for German Samoa NZHistory New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Retrieved 27 December 2015 Samoa Constitution Order 1920 1 April 1920 N Z Gaz 1920 p 1619 Treaties of Peace Act 1919 29 October 1919 10 GEO V 1919 No 20 The Governor General is hereby empowered to make by Order in Council such provisions as he deems necessary for the government of the said Islands of Western Samoa The Western Samoa Order in Council 1920 11 March 1920 Statutory Rules and Orders 1920 vol 1 pp 745 746 Gazette 21 May 1920 p 1819 113 BFSP 18 Samoa Act 1921 7 December 1921 12 GEO V 1921 No 16 Pedersen Susan 2015 The Guardians The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire Oxford University Press pp 169 192 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199570485 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 957048 5 Imperialism as a Vocation Class C Mandates Retrieved 23 August 2011 Laracy Hugh Nelson Olaf Frederick 1883 1944 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Ministry for Culture and Heritage Retrieved 29 June 2011 The Mau Movement PDF Archived from the original PDF on 1 December 2007 Retrieved 27 November 2007 Field 2006 History and migration Who are the Samoans Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga Retrieved 27 November 2007 New Zealand s apology to Samoa Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 Retrieved 23 August 2011 Prime Minister Helen Clark s Historic Apology Field Michael 2006 Black Saturday New Zealand s tragic blunders in Samoa Auckland N Z Reed Publishing NZ ISBN 0 7900 1103 4 McGibbon Ian 2007 The Shaping of New Zealand s War Effort August October 1914 In Crawford John McGibbon Ian eds New Zealand s Great War New Zealand the Allies amp the First World War Auckland New Zealand Exisle Publishing pp 49 68 ISBN 978 0 908988 85 3 Smith Stephen John 1924 The Samoa N Z Expeditionary Force 1914 1915 Wellington New Zealand Ferguson amp Osborn OCLC 8950668 External links EditSamoa Act 1921 12 GEO V 1921 No 16 at the New Zealand Legal Information Institute Coordinates 13 35 S 172 20 W 13 583 S 172 333 W 13 583 172 333 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Western Samoa Trust Territory amp oldid 1125654579, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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